"Vashoma vevanhuwo zvavo vanoziva kuti zvematongerwo enyika nemutemo zvakashatiswa nemakumi emakore ekukurudzira makambani"(1)
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, mazwi ePublic Relations (PR) uye kubiridzira akashandiswa zvakasiyana zvakasiyana. Lobbying inoreva kutaurirana zvakananga nevanoita mitemo. PR ndiyo yakawanda uye inoreva kutaurirana kwese. IUS yakaunza mirau yekurambidza zviitiko zvevamiriri, saka vanomiririra vakaedza kutenderera iyi mirau nekunyora mabasa avo sePR. Ikozvino pane kupindirana kukuru pakati pezviitwa zviviri izvi. Iyi posvo inotaura nezvezviitwa zvagara zvichizivikanwa sekukurudzira.
Zvematongerwo enyika Huori โ Haisi Chiokomuhomwe Kana Uchichidaidza kuti 'Donation'
Izwi rekuti huwori rinounza mifananidzo yemahamvuropu ebrown akazadzwa azere neakashandiswa manotsi achipfuudzwa pasi petafura sechiokomuhomwe. Zvisinei, iyi inongova imwe mhando yehuori. MuBritain, Europe neUS, huwori hunonyanya kukosha hunovakirwa muhurongwa, nenzira dzezvipo, nyasha uye pesvedzero. (Izvi dzimwe nguva zvinodaidzwa kunzi collusive corruption, apo vezvematongerwo enyika nevemabhizinesi vanodyidzana). Makambani makuru anofara kushandisa mamiriyoni mashoma emadhora/maeuro/paunzi pa'zvipo' zvezvematongerwo enyika kana vakadzosa mabhiriyoni emubereko nekuda kwemitemo nemirau yakarerekera kune avo, (2) kana kubva kumitemo iripo iri kuneteswa. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu tingati ichi chiokomuhomwe.
Zvematongerwo enyika muUS zvinodhura. Mabhizinesi mazhinji emuUS ave kuita chiokomuhomwe chikuru kumapato makuru ezvematongerwo enyika emuUS.(3) Nzira huru inozivikanwa se'kuunganidza mari'. Ichi chiitiko apo makambani anobhadhara mari zhinji kune vezvematongerwo enyika vachishandisa lobbyist semurevereri. Vezvematongerwo enyika vanoziva kwakabva mari yacho, uye vanoziva kuti ndiani anotarisira kuti pave nemutemo wakanaka. Uchapupu hunoratidza zvikuru kuti mari neupfumi zvinopesvedzera mutemo.(4) Mumwe aimbova muzivi akati nezvebasa ravo:
"Kana uine mari yakawanda, izwi rako rinonyanya kunzwika ... Kwaive kutenderera kusinga peri kwekutengesa mari mawoko kuti uwane mavhotiโฆ yese fundraiser chiokomuhomwe chiri pamutemo"(6)
America inyika inotungamirwa nebhizinesi. Muenzaniso wakanaka ungave makambani einishuwarenzi nemishonga, anoita purofiti yakakura kubva kune iripo US healthcare system. Makambani anoshandisa mazana emamiriyoni emadhora gore rega rega achipa vezvematongerwo enyika chiokomuhomwe kuti vadzivise shanduko dzinogona kuderedza purofiti yavo.(7) Mutungamiri Obama vakaunza dzimwe shanduko, asi mutemo wekupedzisira wakadzikiswa zvekuti hurongwa hwehutano hweUS hahusati hwave pedyo nerudzi rweNyika. Health Service iyo inowanikwa kune imwe nzvimbo. Zvimwe zvekuchinja zvichawedzera purofiti yemakambani einishuwarenzi yehutano.(8) Mipiro muBritain idiki pane yekuUS, asi yave inobudirira mukukanganisa hupfumi hweBritain kuti hubatsire vapfumi vachirasikirwa nevamwe vese. . Masevhisi ezvehutano emuEurope, kusanganisira eBritain, ari kuchengetedzwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Iko kugonesa makambani kutora purofiti.
Lobbying Indasitiri Yakakura
Hukuru chaihwo hwekugombedzera hahuzivikanwi. Yave iri indasitiri yemabhiriyoni emadhora muUS kwemakore mazhinji, uko mari yepamutemo yekukurudzira inosvika mabhiriyoni manomwe emadhora pagore, asi pane zvakawanda zvekunyengetedza zvakavanzika, saka iyo yose inofungidzirwa inofungidzirwa kuva pedyo nemadhora mabhiriyoni gumi nemana. . Munguva ichangopfuura, kubvunzurudza muBrussels kuti vashandise mitemo yeEurope kwasvika pamwero wakafanana.(7) Zvakanga zvichifungidzirwa muna 14 kuti paiva ne10 lobbyists muBrussels. Britain ine indasitiri yechitatu pakukura pasi rose, inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika mabhiriyoni maviri emadhora gore rega rega. (2017) Zvisineyi, kubvunzira muBritain kwakatonyanya kuvanzika kupfuura kuUS, saka nepo mienzaniso yakawanda yekukurudzira yakanyorwa zvakanaka, tinozviita. kusava nemufananidzo wakajeka wezvose zvinoenderera mberi.
Kuita kuti kukwezva kwavo kunyanye kushanda, makambani ari muindasitiri anoungana kuti aumbe masangano, akadai seEuropean Banking Federation, kuvamiririra. Kune zvinopfuura chiuru zveizvi muBrussels. Kunyange mapoka makuru, akadai seBusiness Europe, achamiririra mabhizimisi akawanda. Aya mapoka ane mari yakawanda uye ane simba. Nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwavo vachatanga nhaurirano pamusoro pemitemo, uye kunyange kunyora zvikumbiro zvekutanga zvemitemo mitsva kana mirau. Bhanga iri, Citigroup, rakanyora mutemo wekuAmerica muna 1,000 kuti rione kuti mabhanga anogona kubvisiswa mari yechibatiso zvichitevera kunetsa kwemari mune ramangwana. Vakuru vezvematongerwo enyika vakatsigira bhiri vakawana mipiro mikuru kubva kumakambani emari.(2014)
David vs Goriyati
Mupfungwa, mamwe mapoka, akadai semapoka evatengi, masangano evashandi, vezvemamiriro ekunze uye masangano asiri ehurumende (NGOs) vanokwanisawo kukurudzira, asi kushandisa kwavo uye pesvedzero zvinowedzera chikamu chidiki chekukurudzira makambani. Mumwe mutsvakurudzi akagumisa kuti โPa$1 yoga yoga yaishandiswa nemapoka anofarira veruzhinjiโฆ makambani akashandisa madhora makumi matatu nemana.โ(34) Ongororo yeUS muna 13 yakawana kuti makambani ezvemari ega akashandisa vamiriri vashanu kunhengo imwe neimwe yekongiresi.(2010) Mune mamwe maindasitiri. , zvakadai sekubhengi, hapana chishoro chakarongeka kubhengi rekambani.(5)
Hunhu hwekunyengetedza hunogonawo kuve hwakanyanya, hunosanganisira hukama hwekugara uye hwekushanda kwenguva refu, kudya kwemasikati, kudya kwemanheru, uye mikana yebasa kuhama neshamwari. Mabhiriyoni, akadai saRichard Branson, vanogona kukoka Prime Minister kuzororo pachitsuwa chavo chakavanzika. VaRupert Murdoch, muridzi wenhau dzakawanda munyika dzakawanda, vakakwanisa kuita misangano yavo vega nemutungamiri weAmerica, VaTrump, makurukota akasiyana siyana, nevapi vemazano vavo vepedyo. Mhando yemusangano uyu inoonekwa seyakanakira mapato ese. MaNGO nemamwe mapoka haawanzo kuve nehukama hwepedyo uhu. Vashandi vemakambani vanotora mari yakawanda, vanoshandisa vanhu vakawanda, vane vakawanda vanobatika uye ruzivo rwemukati, vane mukana uri nani kune vanogadzira mitemo uye ruzivo rwuri nani. Izvi zvinokanganisa hutongi hwejekerere, uye zvinoumba hurumende dzinoshanda zvakanaka kune vakapfuma nevane simba, asi kwete kune vamwe vese.(16)
Echo Chambers
Mazano ekutsvaga anobudirira zvakanyanya kana ruzivo ruchiita serunobva kune akati wandei, senge akazvimirira, masosi. Naizvozvo ma lobbyists anoshandisa akawanda emaitiro akafanana sevanopa mazano ePR, senge midhiya, matangi ekufunga uye vadzidzi, semakamuri echo kusimbisa meseji yavo. Izvi zvakakosha nekuti makambani haavimbike seakavimbika masosi eruzivo. Ukama hwavo nevezvenhau hunogona kunge hwakaoma. Lobbyists vanoshingairira kutora vaimbova vatori venhau nekuda kwehukama hwavo hwezvematongerwo enyika. Vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu vanopa nhau kumapepanhau, asi vanoedzawo kumisa nyaya dzisina kunaka dzichibuda.(17) Dzimwe nguva vanokwanisa kunyengetedza vatapi venhau kuti vadonhe nyaya, kungave nekupa imwe nyaya, kana kutyisidzira kuti havazokwanisi kuwana vatengi vavo mune ramangwana. . Izvi zvinoshanda nekuti vatapi venhau vanowana nyaya dzakawanda kubva kune vanomiririra, saka kurasikirwa kwekuwana kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakaipa kwavari. Kana zvimwe zvese zvikatadza ma lobbyists anotyisidzira danho remutemo. Izvi zvave kushanda zvakanyanya, kunyanya muUK.
Lobbying masevhisi anopihwa zvakare nema think tanks, magweta, manejimendi consultants uye accountant. Izvi zvinogadzira kukakavara kwakakomba kwechido, sezvo mafemu eakaunzi nevarairidzi vanowanzopa hurumende mazano, asi vobva vapa zano vatengi kuti vofamba sei nemirairo mimwecheteyo. Izvi zvanyanya kujeka mubazi remabhanga, uko maaccountant anoshanda mabhizinesi ane mari zhinji vachiyambira vatengi vavo vakapfuma pane zviitiko zvakaita sekumisikidza mapoka emakambani nemakambani anobata, kuitira kuti vakwanise kuviga midziyo yavo mhiri kwemakungwa munzvimbo dzemitero, kana kutamba hurongwa kuitira kuti. purofiti yavo inoonekwa munzvimbo yakaderera yemutero.(18)
Madhoo Anotenderera uye Kupokana kweKufarira
Nyaya ye'masuo anotenderera', apo vanhu vanotama kubva kumabasa muhurumende kuenda kumabasa mumabhizinesi makuru, uye zvakasiyana, yakambotaurwa mune imwe post pamusoro peindasitiri yezvombo. Dambudziko rakapararira zvakanyanya uye rinokanganisa zvikamu zvebhizinesi zvakakosha muBritain, Europe neUS. Apo vaichimbova vemabhizimisi vanoenda kunoshanda nehurumende, vachaona nyika nemaonero emabhizimisi makuru, pasinei zvapo nokuipa kunzanga yose. MuBritain izvi zvinonyanya kujeka muHealth Service, uko vaimbove vashandi vemakambani makuru eUS Healthcare vanga vachigadzirazve National Health Service (NHS) zvishoma nezvishoma, uye nekuita zvikamu zvayo, kuitira kuti vagovani vatore hupfumi kubva mairi. (Izvi zvichakurukurwa zvakadzama mune inotevera positi nezve NHS).
Dambudziko rakakoshawo kana vanhu vachifamba vakasiyana, kubva kuhurumende kuenda kune bhizinesi. Semuyenzaniso, vazhinji vevezvematongerwo enyika vekuBritain vane chekuita nesarudzo nezve privatisiti yehutano hwehutano vakaenderera mberi nekutora mabasa anobhadharwa zvakanaka nemakambani akazvimirira akabatsirikana kubva pasarudzo idzodzo. Kupesanisa (conflict of interest) zvinoreva mamiriro ezvinhu apo munhu ari kuita sarudzo pamusoro penyaya, asi achiwana pachake kubva pazvisarudzo izvozvo. MuUK muna 2008 maive 30 vaimbove makurukota ehurumende (vachiri vezvematongerwo enyika) vaive nemabasa nemakambani.(19) Ongororo yakazoitwa muna 2010 yakaratidza kuti paive nenhengo dzinodarika zana nemakumi mana dzeHouse of Lords dzine chekuita nemari kumakambani ezveutano.( 140) Basa ravo guru nderekubatsira bhizinesi kutonga hurumende, nekushandisa vavanobatika, kana kushandisa ruzivo rwavo rwekusasimba mumutemo uripo.
Maitiro ari kukura ndeekuti vanoita zvemitemo vajoine makambani ekubiridzira, uye zvinopesana. Lobbyists vanoshingairira kutsvaga vashandi vehurumende vakabatanidzwa mukunyora mutemo. MuUS, "inosvika hafu yemaseneta ari kuenda pamudyandigere uye chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chenhengo dzeImba dziri kusiya basa dzinonyoresa sevamiriri." (21) Avhareji yemuhoro inopeta kakapetwa ka10 kupfuura yebasa ravo rehurumende. Zvimwe chetezvo zvinoitika muEurope, uko vatongi vebhanga vanoenda kunotambira mihoro mikuru vachishanda sevashandi vebhangi, uye vaimbove vatsigiri vanogadzwa kumabasa epamusoro nemasangano anofanirwa kudzora mamwe maindasitiri(22). Muna 2019, mukuru wevamiriri veSantander Bank, Jose Manuel Campa, akava mukuru mutsva weEuropean Banking Authority. Saka hazvigoneki kuti mabhanga ange achidzorwa zvakanaka munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Iyo Yakanyanya Simba Rokukurudzira Sangano Munyika iHurumende yeUS
Kune imwezve danho rekubiridzira iro rakakosha zvakanyanya, asi rinenge risina kumbokurukurwa pachena nevezvenhau. Hurumende dzega dzega dzinokurudzira dzimwe hurumende nemasangano. Izvi zvinoonekwa mune zvemari, uko hurumende yeBritain yakatsvaga zvakasimba kudzivirira kuomarara kwemari neEurope zvichitevera dambudziko remari ra2008. Mune imwe nzvimbo inotevera tichataura pamusoro pezvematongerwe enyika uye zvekutonga (izvi dzimwe nguva zvinonzi ideological capture), apo vezvematongerwo enyika vanoona nyika kubva pakuona kwemakambani makuru. Vezvematongerwo enyika vanotsvaga mitemo inobatsira makambani, asi inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa kune vagari venyika.(23)
Hurumende yeUS inoshandisa musanganiswa wekutyisidzira uye chiokomuhomwe kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvayo pasi rose. Inokurudzira kuUN kuti igadzire rutsigiro rwehondo dzayo dzisiri pamutemo; inokurudzira dzimwe hurumende kuti makambani ayo efodya abvumidzwe kutengesa nekushambadza fodya yavo kunze kwenyika; inoshandisa vamiriri vayo nevamiriri vezvekutengeserana kuronga zvibvumirano zvinobatsira vatengesi vayo. Kunyengetedza Hurumende kwakangofanana nekubiridzira makambani, kunosanganisira madhiri ekuseri, uye vimbiso dzerubatsiro nezvikwereti mukutsinhana mavhoti. Nyika zhinji dzinoedza kuita zvimwe chetezvo, asi kukura kwekutyisidzira kwehupfumi hweUS uye chiokomuhomwe, zvichitsigirwa nekuda kwayo kutemera zvirango nekupidigura hurumende vachishandisa mauto avo, zvinoreva kuti kazhinji inokwanisa kuwana nzira yayo, zvisinei nekuderera kwe vanhu mune dzimwe nyika. Izvi zvinogadzira mabhenefiti makuru kumakambani eUS.
Kujeka Kwakakosha, Asi Hazvizoshandure Chero Chinhu Chega
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru ekukwezva nderekuti mazhinji acho ndeakavanzika. Kujeka kwakanyanya kunogona kubatsira, asi pamwe ingori chikamu chidiki chemhinduro chero yeramangwana. Vanhu vazhinji vakakakavadzana kuti vawane ruzivo pamusoro pezvinobhadharwa nevakuru. Iye zvino tine pfungwa yakanaka yekubhadhara kwevakuru, asi hazvina kutungamira kune shanduko yakakomba.
Kubva 2005-2010 pakanga paine mubairo wepagore unozivikanwa seWorst EU Lobby Award, uko vanhu vakavhotera vapari vemakambani akaipisisa, uye mhirizhonga yakaipisisa yekufarira nevezvematongerwo enyika vari kubatsira kushandura mitemo vachimiririra makambani. Muna 2005, sangano repasi pasi remanyepo, C4C (Campaign for Creativity) rakatsvaga kodzero dzemvumo dzakasimba. Muna 2006 kambani yemafuta yeExxonMobil yakahwina kubhadhara mamirioni emadhora kuitira kupa mari kumapoka makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe evanoshora mamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvakapa pfungwa yokuti vatsoropodzi vezvekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze vanobva kunzvimbo dzinoremekedzwa, apo vazhinji vavo vanobhadharwa kunyora propaganda yekambani.(39) Muna 24 BMW, Daimler nePorsche vakakunda nokuda kwekukurudzira kuderedzwa kwecarbon dioxide (CO2007). Muna 2 agrofuel (zvirimwa zvakashandiswa sehuni) vamiriri vakaedza kutaura kuti zvinogoneka, ivo vasina. Muna 2008, Goldman Sachs neboka revanobva kuUSDA vakakumbira kuchengetedza zvigadzirwa zvavo zvemari zvakaomarara, zvisinei nenjodzi dzavanogadzira, uye kambani yemagetsi, npower, yaiti yakanga yakasvibira ichiedza kuchengeta marasha emarasha akavhurika. Ipo mibairo iyi yaitsamwisa vanhu vari mubhizinesi uye muindasitiri yekukurudzira vanhu, havana kugamuchira kuburitswa kwenhau, saka vanhu vashoma vaiziva nezvayo, uye havana chavakaita mukuchinja chero chinhu.
Mazano akasiyana akakurukurwa kuti kubiridzira kuve pachena, asi hapana kana imwe yematanho akaedza kusvika parizvino ane mazino. Lobbyists havadi kuti zviitiko zvavo zvibude pachena, uye hurumende dzinofarira kuva nehukama hwepachivande nenzvimbo dzakapfuma kwazvo dzenzanga. EU neUK dzine izvo zvinozivikanwa semarejista epachena ekutarisa malobbyists, asi haashande. Rejista yeUK yakatsanangurwa seโhaina kutombokodzera chinangwaโ.(25) Panguva imwe cheteyo, vatsigiri vemakambani vanoramba vachishanda seri kwezvinoitika kuti vaderedze kujeka.(26) Kujeka pachako hakuna kukwana. Ingori pokutanga. Pfungwa yese yekugombedzera kwemakambani inoda kupikiswa zvakanyanya zvakanyanya.
Nheyo dzinokosha
Corporate Lobbying iindasitiri hombe. Ivo vane hukuru hukuru hwekupesvedzera mutemo kupfuura chero ani zvake, kunyangwe zvakaderera kune vanhuwo zvavo.
Kukurudzira kwemakambani kuzhinji kwakavanzika.
Kukurudzira hurumende-ku-hurumende zvakare kwakavanzika uye kunogadzira mabhenefiti makuru kune mamwe makambani, kunyanya ayo anobva kuUS.
Kuverenga Zvakare
Lee Drutman: Bhizinesi reAmerica riri Lobbying
Tamasin Cave naAndy Rowell: Shoko Rakanyarara
Peter Geoghehan, Democracy Inotengeswa: Mari Yakasviba uye Nematongerwo Enyika
Inobatsira Mawebhusaiti
badinfluence.net - Blog nezve kubiridzira uye privatization yezvikoro uye hutano hwehutano
corporateeurope.org - Corporate Europe Observatory inofumura kubiridzira
alter-eu.org - Mubatanidzwa weLobbying Transparency uye Ethics Regulation
powerbase.info -Nhungamiro kune network yesimba, kukwezva uye hukama neveruzhinji
www.opendemocracy.net/en/dark-money-investigations/
George Monbiot, 'Hard Graft', maonero ehuori muBritain, pa www.monbiot.com/2015/03/18/hard-graft/
References
1) Ichi chinyorwa chinonzi chakapihwa nemunyori anonzi Steven Magee, asi ndatadza kuwana kwakabva.
2) Bill Allison naSarah Hakins, 'Fixed Fortunes: Zvikuru Zvikuru Zvematongerwo enyika Zvido zvinoshandisa mabhiriyoni, kuwana matrillions', Sunlight Foundation, 17 Nov 2014, pa
3) Laura McCamy, 'Makambani anopa mamirioni kuzvikonzero zvezvematongerwo enyika kuti ataure muhurumende - heano gumi akapa zvakanyanya muna 10', 2018 Gumiguru 13, pa
4) RepresentUs, '5 Crazy Chokwadi Nezve Lobbyists', 11 Feb 2016, pa
https://represent.us/action/5-facts-lobbyists/
5) Martin Gilens naBenjamin Peji, 'Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups and Average Citizens', Maonero ezvematongerwo enyika, Sep 2014, Vol.12, No. 3, pa
6) Jimmy Williams, 'Ndakanga ndiri mutevedzeri wemakore anopfuura matanhatu. Ndakarega. Ini handichakwanisa kuitora zvakare', Vox, 6 June 29, pa
https://www.vox.com/first-person/2017/6/29/15886936/political-lobbying-lobbyist-big-money-politics
7) 'Sector Profile: Health', pa
https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/sectors/summary?id=H
8) John Nichols, 'Kucinich's Health Reform Inopokana Nekufanirwa Kufungwa', The Nation, 9 Kurume 2010, pa
http://www.thenation.com/blog/kucinichs-health-reform-dissents-merit-consideration
9) Rachel Tansey, 'Iyo inokambaira privatization yehutano hwehutano: Dambudziko reEU marongero uye yekambani yekushambadzira kusundira', 2 June 2017, pa
https://corporateeurope.org/en/power-lobbies/2017/06/creeping-privatisation-healthcare
10) Lobbying Database pa, http://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/
11) Bako reTamasin naAndy Rowell, Izwi rakanyarara: Lobbying, Crony Capitalism uye Broken Politics muBritain, 2014, p.8
12) Mansur, Gidfar, 'Pane Chimwe Chinhu Chakanyanya Kupengesa Zvirikuitika Mumba Izvozvi', bulletin.represent.us, 29 Oct 2103, pa
https://bulletin.represent.us/theres-something-absolutely-insane-happening-house-right-now/
13) https://www.vox.com/2016/1/15/10775788/revolving-door-lobbying
14) The Center for Public Integrity, 21 Chivabvu 2010, yakagadziridzwa 19 Chivabvu 2014, pa
15) Bako reTamasin naAndy Rowell, Izwi rakanyarara: Lobbying, Crony Capitalism uye Broken Politics muBritain, 2014
16) Sarah Clarke, 'Kusaenzana kuri kuwedzera nekuti demokrasi yedu yaputsika', 16 Chivabvu 2019, pa
https://leftfootforward.org/2019/05/inequality-is-spiraling-because-our-democracy-is-broken/
17) Bako reTamasin naAndy Rowell, Izwi rakanyarara: Lobbying, Crony Capitalism uye Broken Politics muBritain, 2014
18) Rachel Tansey, 'Accounting for Influence: kuti iwo makuru mana akaiswa sei muEU kuita mutemo pakudzivirira mutero', Corporate Europe Observatory, Chikunguru 2018, pa
https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/tax-avoidance-industry-lobby-low-res.pdf
19) 'Kumanikidzwa Kuburitsa Vaimbova Maminisita' Kunze Kwekubhadhara', Financial Times, Wed, Kurume 26
20) Bako reTamasin naAndy Rowell, Izwi rakanyarara: Lobbying, Crony Capitalism uye Broken Politics muBritain, 2014, p.34
21) Lee Drutman, 'Inenge hafu yemaseneta ari kuenda pamudyandigere uye chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chenhengo dzeImba dziri kuenda pamudyandigere vanonyoresa sevamiriri', Vox, 15 Ndira 2016, pa
https://www.vox.com/2016/1/15/10775788/revolving-door-lobbying
22) Duncan Lindo, 22 Kukadzi 2019, 'Ndichiri kutenderera mudenderedzwa: Mukova unotenderera pakati pemabhangi nevamiriri vawo', Finance Watch, 22 Feb 2019, pa
23) Vicky Cann naBelen Belanya, 'Nyika Dzakatorwa: Kana hurumende dzeEU dziri nzira yezvido zvemakambani', Corporate Europe Observatory, Kukadzi 2019, pa
https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/ceo-captured-states-final_0.pdf
24) Corporate Europe Observatory, 'Ziso reshiri pamakore gumi nemashanu CEO', 15 May 2, pa
https://corporateeurope.org/en/power-lobbies/2012/05/bird-eye-view-15-years-ceo
25) Tamasin Cave, 'Mukana waTheresa May wekuvhenekera mwenje pakubata', Spinwatch, 2 Sep 2016, pa
26) Jonathan Cook, Capitalism inotibhadharisa kaviri: Isu tinobhadhara kubva muzvikwama zvedu chete kuti ramangwana redu ribirwe kubva kwatiri ', 25 Gumiguru 2020, pa
https://www.jonathan-cook.net/blog/2020-10-25/capitalism-double-billing/
Rod Mutyairi inguva-yenguva mudzidzi anonyanya kufarira de-bunking yemazuva ano US neBritish propaganda. Iyi inguva yegumi nenhanhatu munhevedzano ine musoro unoti Nzou Mukamuri, iyo inoedza kupa gwara revanotangisa kuti vanzwisise zviri kuitika chaizvo zvine chekuita nehondo, hugandanga, hupfumi nehurombo, pasina zvisina maturo munhau dzenhau.
Ichi chinyorwa chakatanga kutumirwa pa medium.com/elephantsintheroom
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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