Heino chirevo mukati Nguva Yemhirizhonga, chinyorwa chepeji 531 cheaimbova mukuru weFederal Reserve Alan Greenspan, icho chakakonzera kusagadzikana kukuru muWashington svondo rapfuura: "Ndine urombo kuti hazvina kunaka mune zvematongerwo enyika kubvuma izvo munhu wese anoziva: hondo yeIraq inonyanya kutaura nezveoiri." Kutendeseka uye kwakarurama, yaive neresonance yeBill Clinton's election campaign mantra, "Ihwo hupfumi, hupenzi." Asi, achizviwana iye chinangwa chekurwiswa kweWhite House - mutauriri wehutongi rakanyorwa kutaura kwake, "Georgetown cocktail party analysis" - Greenspan akadzokera kumashure pasi pechivharo che verbose elaboration. Hapana chimwe cheizvi, zvisinei, chakaita mutsauko kune chokwadi chiri pasi.
Heino pfupiso yemuchuchisi wechinzvimbo chekuti "Hondo yeIraq yakanyanya nezvemafuta":
Humbowo hwekutanga hunoratidza kuti hutongi hweBush hwakashuvira mafuta eIraqi kubva pakutanga hunobva kunzvimbo mbiri dzakasiyana asi dzakavimbika: Paul O'Neill, Secretary of Treasury (2001-2003) pasi peMutungamiri George W. Bush; naFalah Al Jibury, chipangamazano wemafuta eIraqi-America akabatana, anga aita seMutungamiri Ronald Reagan "nzira yekumashure" kuMutungamiriri weIraq Saddam Hussein panguva yeHondo yeIraq-Iran ya1980-88. Humbowo hwechipiri hunobva pazvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa zvakaita se New York Times uye Wall Street Journal.
Maererano naO'Neill's memoirs, Mutengo Wekuvimbika: George W. Bush, White House, uye Dzidzo yaPaul O'Neill, rakanyorwa nemutori wenhau Ron Suskind uye rakabudiswa muna 2004, chinhu chepamusoro pamusangano weNational Security Council musangano wekutanga mushure mokunge Bush apinda muOval Office yaiva Iraq. Iwoyo wakanga uri January 30, 2001, mwedzi inopfuura minomwe kurwisa kwa9/11 kusati kwaitika. Musangano unotevera weNational Security Council (NSC) muna Kukadzi 1 wakazvipira chete kuIraq.
Vachikurudzira "kutevera Saddam" pamusangano waNdira 30, Munyori weDziviriro, VaDonald Rumsfeld, vakati, sekureva kwaO'Neill, "Fungidzira kuti dunhu racho raizotaridzika sei pasina Saddam uye nehutongi hunoenderana nezvido zveUS. Zvaizochinja zvese zviri mudunhu nekumhiri. Zvaizoratidza kuti mutemo weUS ndeyei. " Akazokurukura mushure meSaddam Iraq - maKurds kuchamhembe, minda yemafuta, uye kuvakwa patsva kweupfumi hwenyika. (Suskind, peji 85)
Pakati pemagwaro akakodzera akazotumirwa kunhengo dzeNSC, kusanganisira O'Neill, aive akagadzirwa neDefence Intelligence Agency (DIA). Yakanga yatotora mepu yeminda yemafuta eIraq nenzvimbo dzekuongorora, uye yakanyora makambani eAmerica angangove anofarira kutora chikamu muindasitiri yepetroleum yeIraq.
Rimwe gwaro reDIA mupasuru, rine musoro unoti "Foreign Suitors for Iraqi Oilfield Contracts," rakanyora makambani anobva kunyika makumi matatu - France, Germany, Russia, neBritain, pakati pevamwe - hunyanzvi hwavo uye nhoroondo dzekubira. Mamepu akabatanidzwa anonongedza "nzvimbo huru yemafuta," "imwe nzvimbo yemafuta," uye "yakatemerwa kugovanisa kugadzirwa," uye yakakamura iyo isina kugadzirwa asi ine mafuta ekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweIraq kuita zvitunha zvipfumbamwe, zvichiratidza nzvimbo dzinovimbisa dzekuongorora mune ramangwana. (Suskind., peji 30)
Maererano nekubhururuka kwakakwirira, Falah Al Jibury aipinda muoiri, hutungamiriri hweBush hwakatanga kuronga indasitiri yemafuta eIraq "mumavhiki mashoma" Bush achitora chigaro muna Ndira 2001. Muhurukuro neBBC. Newsnight purogiramu, izvo kurapa musi waKurume 17, 2005, akataura nezvekupinda kwake mumisangano yakavanzika muCalifornia, Washington, uye Middle East, uko, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akabvunzurudza vatevedzeri vaSaddam Hussein.
Pakazosvika Ndira 2003, chirongwa chemafuta eIraq chakagadzirwa neDhipatimendi reHurumende nevakuru vemafuta chakabuda chichitungamirwa naAmy Myers Jaffe weJames A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy paRice University. Yakakurudzira kuchengetedza iyo iri pasi penyika yeIraq National Oil Company, iyo yakabva ku1961 - asi ivhure kune yekudyara kunze kwenyika mushure menguva yekutanga iyo mamaneja akatenderwa neUS-aizotungamira kugadziridzwa kwehondo yakakuvadzwa nemafuta. Kuvapo kweboka iri kwaizobuda pachena mumushumo we Wall Street Journal musi waMarch 3, 2003.
Hazvizivikanwe kune vagadziri vechirongwa ichi, maererano ne zvakafanana BBC Newsnight report, varongi vePentagon, sezviri pachena vakapesvedzerwa nemaneocons ane simba mukati nekunze kwehutungamiriri, vakagadzira hurongwa hwavo hwechakavanzika. Zvaisanganisira kutengeswa kweminda yese yeoiri yeIraqi kumakambani akazvimirira nechinangwa chekuwedzera kuburitsa zvakanaka pamusoro pechikamu chakatarwa neOrganisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) yeIraq kuitira kuti ishaye simba, uye nekuparadza, OPEC.
Secondary Evidence
Musi waOctober 11, 2002 New York Times yakashuma kuti Pentagon yaitove nehurongwa hwekutora nekudzora minda yemafuta yeIraq. Mangwana acho Economist yakatsanangurwa vanhu vekuAmerica mukuziva vakadaidza nzira yemvura inoganhura miganhu yekumaodzanyemba kweIraq neIran "Klondike paShatt al Arab," ukuwo Ahmed Chalabi, mukuru weIraqi National Congress inopihwa mari neUS uye aidiwa neocon, akange atosvitsa meseji iyi: "Makambani eAmerica achave nepfuti huru pamafuta eIraqi - kana akwanisa kumhanyisa show."
Musi waOctober 30, Oiri uye Gasi International yakaratidza kuti Bush manejimendi yaida boka rinoshanda revanhu gumi nevaviri kusvika makumi maviri (a) kukurudzira nzira dzekugadzirisa indasitiri yemafuta eIraq "kuitira kuwedzera mafuta kunze kwenyika kuti abhadhare hurumende inogona kutora mauto eUS," (b) funga nezveIraq. kuenderera mberi kwenhengo yeOPEC, uye (c) funga nezvekukudza zvibvumirano zvakapihwa naSaddam Hussein kumakambani emafuta asiri ekuAmerica.
Pakupera kwaGumiguru 2002, munyori wenhau Maureen Dowd we New York Times wakaramba gare gare zivisa, Halliburton, kambani yemagetsi yaimbotungamirwa neMutevedzeri weMutungamiri Dick Cheney, yakanga yagadzira gwaro rakavanzika remapeji 500 pamusoro pemabatiro eindasitiri yemafuta eIraq mushure mekupinda nekugara muIraq. Ichi chaive, akadaro Dowd, "chirongwa [Halliburton] chakanyora mwedzi yakati wandei Iraq isati yapinda, uye isati yawana kondirakiti yekusabvumira kuita hurongwa (uye kuwedzeredza US)." Akataurawo kuti a Times' chikumbiro chekopi yechirongwa chakaratidza kushomeka kwakasiyana kwemhinduro kubva kuPentagon.
Paruzhinji, hongu, hutongi hweBush hwakavaka nyaya yayo yekupinda muIraq pasina kutaura nezvemafuta emunyika iyoyo kana kuti yaive nenzvimbo yechitatu pakukura kwepetroleum pasi rose. Asi zvakaitika musingaonekwi yaiva imwe nyaya. Pamusangano weNSC wakavanzika weMutungamiriri muna Kukadzi 24, 2003, wakanzi, "Kuronga kweIraqi Petroleum Infrastructure," nyanzvi yezvehupfumi muDhipatimendi reHurumende, Pamela Quanrud, akaudza Bush kuti zvinodhura madhora mazana manomwe nemakumi masere ekuvaka patsva zvivakwa zvemafuta, kana. Saddam akafunga kuputitsa matsime emafuta enyika yake, maererano Washington Post mutori wenhau Bob Woodward mubhuku rake ra2004, Urongwa hwekurwisa (p. 322-323). Quanrud sezviri pachena aive nhengo yeboka reDhipatimendi reHurumende rinotungamirwa naAmy Myers Jaffe.
Apo mauto eAnglo-America akapinda nechisimba musi waMarch 20, 2003, aitarisira kuona matsime eoiri achipfuta. Saddam Hussein akavaratidza kuti havana kururama. Sezvo aifarira nyika, zviri pachena kuti aisada kupinda munhoroondo semurume akakuvadza zviwanikwa zveIraq zvakanyanya.
Pakupinda muBaghdad musi wa9 Kubvumbi, mauto eAmerica akamira pedyo nevapambi vachipisa nekuparadza zvivakwa zveveruzhinji, kusanganisira makurukota ehurumende - kunze kweOiri Ministry, yavaichengetedza nemoyo wose. Mumazuva mashoma akatevera, pamusangano wakavanzika muLondon, chirongwa chePentagon chekutengeswa kweminda yese yemafuta eIraq chakawana kuenderera mberi.
Zvinotaurwa neBush manejimendi kuti oiri yaisava chikonzero chikuru chekupinda muIraq hazvina kunyengedza maIraqi. Ongororo yaChikunguru 2003 yevagari veBaghdad - vaimiririra chikamu chimwe muzvina chevagari veIraqi - neLondon. Muoni yakaratidza kuti nepo 23% yakatenda chikonzero chehondo yeAnglo-America paIraq yaive "kutisunungura kubva muhudzvanyiriri," kaviri vazhinji vakapindura, "kuwana mafuta". (Yakanyorwa muna Dilip Hiro, Zvakavanzika uye Nhema: Operation "Iraqi Rusununguko" uye Mushure, p. 398.)
Semugari mukuru weIraq, Bush White House haina kuita chakavanzika chehurongwa hwayo hwekukurumidzira kubvisa chikamu chehurumende chakasimba chenyika iyi. Kana mutongi gava wemuAmerica wekutanga, General Jay Garner, akasiya basa, akaisa pfungwa dzake pakuita sarudzo dzemuno kwete kuita kuti hupfumi hwenyika huve nehumbimbindoga, akabva adzingwa basa.
Zvipingamupinyi paKushambadzira Oiri Zvinoratidza Kuti Hazvifambiki
Mutsivi waGarner, L. Paul Bremer III, akazviwana achishanda naPhilip Carroll - aimbove Chief Executive Officer weAmerican Operations ye (Anglo-Dutch) Royal Dutch Shell muHouston - akagadzwa neWashington semukuru mukuru weindasitiri yeoiri yeIraq. Carroll akasarudza kusafunga nezvemuridzi weindasitiri uye akaudza Bremer kudaro. "Kwaisafanira kuve nekubiridzira zviwanikwa zveIraqi mafuta kana zvivakwa ini ndichibatanidzwa," Carroll akadaro muhurukuro neBBC. Newsnight purogiramu yaMarch 17, 2005.
Izvi zvaive, zvakadaro, asi tsananguro shoma yekuti sei Bremer akasiya indasitiri yemafuta pakuburitsa Order 39 munaGunyana 2003 ichibiridzira makambani eruzhinji eIraqi e200 nekuavhura kusvika ku100% varidzi vekunze. Bush White House yakange yaonawo panguva iyoyo kuti kuburitsa indasitiri yemafuta senyika kwaizove kutyora kuri pachena kwezvibvumirano zveGeneva izvo zvinorambidza simba riripo kuti risandure chimiro chakakosha chehupfumi hwenzvimbo inogarwa.
Pakanga pane, zvakare, chinetso chinotambudza chokugadzirisa zvibvumirano 30 zvikuru zvekugadzirwa kweoiri iyo hurumende yaSaddam yakanga yasaina nemakambani aiva muCanada, China, France, India, Italy, Russia, Spain, neVietnam. Nyaya yakakosha isina kugadziriswa yaive yekuti mafemu aya akange asaina zvibvumirano nehurumende yeSaddam Hussein, iyo yakanga isisipo, kana neRepublic of Iraq iyo yakaramba yakasimba.
Zvimwe chakanyanya kukosha kwaive kumira kwakatorwa naGrand Ayatollah Ali Sistani, mufundisi mukuru wechiShiite munyika uye munhu uyo โโmaAmerica aigara aifarira kusamubvisa. Haana kuita chakavanzika chekusatendera kwake kutengeswa kwemakambani makuru eIraq. Kana zviri zvicherwa - oiri ndiyo inonyanya kukosha - Sistani akataura kuti ndeye "nharaunda," zvichireva nyika. Semutemo wechitendero wakabudiswa naayatollah mukuru, chirevo chake chaive nehuremu hukuru.
Zvakatonyanya kushanda kwaive kuita kwechisimba kwevashandi veindasitiri kune runyerekupe rwekuti privatization. Mune yake Newsnight kubvunzurudza Jibury akati, "Takaona kuwedzera kwekubhomba kwezvivakwa zveoiri nemapaipi akavakirwa pafungidziro yekuti kushambadzira kuri kuuya."
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, midziyo yakawanda yakapambwa mumapaipi, zviteshi zvekupomba, uye zvimwe zvivako zveoiri. Pakazosvika Nyamavhuvhu 2003, mwedzi mina mushure mekunge mauto eAmerica apinda muBaghdad, oiri yainge yangosvika madhiramu miriyoni nemazana maviri pazuva, ingangoita zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvishanu zvedanho risati rapinda. Kufembera (kana zviroto) zvevarongi veAmerica 'kuti kugadzirwa kwemafuta kwaizosvetukira kumabharari emamiriyoni matanhatu pazuva panosvika 1.2 uye nekubhadharira mari nyore basa nekuvakazve nyika, zvakange zvaonekwa nezvavaive - chikamu chehupo hwakaparadzirwa pachivande neAmerica. neocons kutengesa pfungwa yekupinda Iraq kune veruzhinji.
Nekumukira kuri kuitika, kurwiswa kwepombi dzemafuta uye zviteshi zvekupomba kwakawedzera maviri pasvondo mukati mehafu yechipiri ye2003. Iyo pombi inobatanidza nzvimbo huru yeoiri yekuchamhembe pedyo neKirkuk - ine huwandu hwekutengesa kunze kwe550,000-700,000 mbiya pazuva - kuTurkey. chiteshi chengarava cheCeyhan chakatanga kusashanda. Nenguva isipi, mafuta ega aitengeswa kunze kwenyika aibva kuminda yakanga isina kukanganiswa, kunyanya maShiite kumaodzanyemba kweIraq.
MunaGunyana 2003, Mutungamiri Bush vakakumbira Congress yemadhora 2.1 bhiriyoni kuchengetedza nekugadzirisa nzvimbo dzemafuta eIraq. Chirongwa cheTask Force Shield chakazoitwa kuchengetedza 340 makiyi ekuisa uye 4,000 mamaira (6,400 km) yepombi yemafuta. Yakanga isiri kusvika muchirimo cha2004 iyo yakabuda zvakare yakasvika paavhareji yehondo isati yasvika miriyoni mazana maviri neshanu pazuva - uye izvo hazvina kubata. Nenguva isipi, chigadzirwa chakaderera zvakare. Michina yekunatsa yeIraq, pari zvino, yaingogadzira zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvishanu zvemamiriyoni makumi maviri nemana emarita epeturu anodiwa nenyika zuva nezuva, saka kwaiwanzova nemitsetse yemazuva mazhinji pazviteshi zvemasevhisi.
Achitaura kumusangano wechimakumi maviri nenhanhatu weOiri neMari muLondon munaGunyana 26, 21, Issam Chalabi, anga ari gurukota rezvemafuta eIraqi mukupera kwema2005. yairehwa kushaikwa kwekuchengetedza uye kushaikwa kwemitemo yakajeka yekutonga indasitiri, uye kukahadzika kana Iraq yaigona kudzoka kune 1979 peak yemabhirioni 3.5 miriyoni pazuva pamberi pe2009, kana zvakadaro.
Zvichakadaro, hurumende yeIraq yakazviwana ichitsamira pamari yemafuta emari ye90% yemari yainowana, rekodhi panguva iyo huwori muhushumiri hwayo hwakanga hwatekeshera. Musi waNdira 30, 2005, Stuart W. Bowen, special inspector general akagadzwa neUS occupation authority, Zvinonzi iyo inoda kusvika madhora mazana mapfumbamwe emadhora emari yemafuta eIraq, yakaendeswa kumakurukota, yakanga yashaika. Chikwata chekuongorora cheCongressional chinotevera Zvinonzi muna Chivabvu 2006 kuti Task Force Shield yakanga yakundikana kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvayo nekuda kwe "kushaikwa kwemaitiro ekutonga akajeka uye kusazvidavirira kwakashata", uye akawedzera kuti pakanga paine "zviratidzo zvehutsotsi hunogona" izvo zvaive zvichiongororwa naInspector General.
Kutsigirwa kwebumbiro idzva reIraqi nereferendamu muna Gumiguru 2005 zvakazouraya tarisiro yekuzara kwemafuta privatization. Chinyorwa 109 chegwaro iro chakataura zvakajeka kuti mahydrocarbon aive "enyika yeIraqi pfuma". Ndiko kuti, mafuta negesi zvaizoramba zviri muhurumende.
Muna Kurume 2006, makore matatu mushure mekupinda kweAnglo-America muIraq, petroleum yaitengeswa kunze kwenyika yaive 30% kusvika 40% pasi pemazinga asati apinda.
Bush Anosundidzira kuIraq Yakashata Draft Hydrocarbon Law
Muna Kukadzi 2007, zvinoenderana nebumbiro remutemo, gwaro remutemo wehydrocarbon iro hurumende yeIraq yakaunzwa kuparamende yakachengeta mafuta negasi muchikamu chenyika. Yakati zvakare kudzoreredza kamwe chete Iraqi National Oil Company yaizopihwa mhosva yekubvisa mari yemafuta kumatunhu pamunhu. VaBush manejimendi vakabatirira pane icho chirongwa chekunyepedzera 43-chinyorwa cheIraqi bhiri sekiyi yekuyananisa pakati peSunni nemaShiites - sezvo nzvimbo dzeSunni dzeIraq dzisina mahydrocarbons - uye zvakaisanganisira (sezvakaitwa neCongress) murondedzero yayo ye "mabhenji" hurumende yeIraq yaifanira kusangana.
Yakafuratirwa neWashington yaive nzira iyo chinyorwa, mushure mekutaura kugovaniswa kwemari, chakataura kuti Federal Revenue Law yakaparadzana yaizodikanwa kugadzirisa nyaya yekugovera - yekutanga gwaro rakangoburitswa mwedzi mina gare gare munaChikumi.
Kupfuura kugovanisa mari nekuyananisa, zvakadaro, chainyanya kufarirwa neBush White House yaive kurudziro yekudiridza kuti mafemu ekunze aise mari muindasitiri yehydrocarbon yeIraq iri mumutemo wekunyorwa. Vakavimbisa kupa mikana yakawanda kuAmerica's Oil Majors kuti vawane pundutso muIraq yakapfuma neoiri iyo gwenga guru rekumadokero rakanga risati ranyatsoongororwa mahydrocarbons. Saka VaBush vakamanikidza hurumende yeIraqi kuti mutemo unodiwa upasiswe pamberi pezororo reparamende muna Nyamavhuvhu - hazvina chazvakabatsira.
Kutadza kwehutongi hweBush kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvenguva pfupi hakubvisi chokwadi chepamusoro - chakasimbiswa nehumbowo hwakawanda hwakarongwa muchinyorwa chino - kuti kuwana rombo rekuwana mafuta eIraq kumakambani eAmerica chaive chinangwa chikuru chekupinda kwePentagon muIraq.
Dilip Hiro ndiye munyori we Zvakavanzika uye Nhema: Operation "Iraqi Rusununguko" uye Mushure, uyewo, munguva pfupi yapfuura, Ropa rePasi: Hondo yeNyika Inoparara Zviwanikwa zveOiri, ose akabudiswa neNation Books.
[Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kubuda Tomdispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, muvambi we iyo American Empire Project uye munyori we Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro (University of Massachusetts Press), iyo ichangobva kunyatsogadziridzwa mune ichangoburwa edition inobata nekukunda kwetsika yekuparara-uye-kupisa sequel muIraq.]
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