Kunobva: The Atlantic
Pane imwe nguva, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, apo munda wehutano hwevanhu hwakanga hwakasimba uye hune chido. Boka rakavhengana ravanachiremba, masayendisiti, vezvokugadzira zvinhu, uye vanoshingaira munzanga vose vakazviona vamene โsorutivi rweiyi nhamburiko huru yokugadziridza nzanga yakanga ichizochinja utano hworudzi,โ David Rosner, wezvenhau wezveutano hwavose paColumbia University, andiudza. Vakanga vakabatana nepfungwa yakapfava asi yakadzama: yokuti vamwe vanhu vaiwanzobatwa nehosha nemhaka yezvinetso zvenzanga. Uye vakashanda kugadzirisa matambudziko ekutanga โ nharaunda dzakasakara, dzimba dzakazara vanhu, nzvimbo dzekushanda dzisina kuchengetedzeka, hutsanana husina kunaka - "nechokwadi chetsika maererano nekudikanwa kwekuita," Rosner nevamwe vake vakanyora. mubepa ra2010.
Makore zana nehafu gare gare, hutano hweveruzhinji hwavepo akabudirira zvinoshamisa nemamwe matanho, kurebesa hupenyu uye kuunza zvirwere zvakawanda kune chitsitsinho. Asi denda re coronavirus payakasvika kuUnited States, rakawana hurongwa hwehutano hwevanhu huri kuparara. Hurongwa ihwohwo, nevashandi vayo vakawandirwa, bhajeti shoma, zvivakwa zvinoputsika, uye midziyo yechinyakare, zvaisagona kurarama nehurwere senguva dzose, tisingatauri nezveutachiona hutsva, hunokurumidza kupararira.
Nekutaura kumwe, utano hweveruzhinji hwakava nyajambwa wokubudirira kwahwo humene, ukoshi hwahwo hwakafukidzwa nokusakendenga kwoutano hwakanaka. Neakaundi yakasiyana, nhandare yemishonga inokwikwidza yakadzvinyirira hutano hwevanhu, iyo yakatyisidzira mararamiro emari ekurapa zvirwere mu (inshuwarisi) vanhu. Asi idzi nganonyorwa dzepasi pasi hadzitore nyaya izere yekuti simba rehutano hweveruzhinji rakapera sei. Muchokwadi, "hutano hweveruzhinji hwakatora chikamu mukusarudzika kwayo," Daniel Goldberg, munyori wenhoroondo dzekurapa paYunivhesiti yeColorado, akandiudza. Sezvo zana remakore rechi20 rakafambira mberi, munda wacho wakabva pane pfungwa yokuti kuchinja kwevanhu kwaiva chikamu chinodiwa chekudzivirira zvirwere uye nekuzvidira kunyaradza izwi rayo rezvematongerwe enyika. Nekushambira pamwe chete nekuchinja kuri kuita mafungiro eAmerica, yakanyudza huzhinji hweunhu hwakaita kuti hunyatsoshanda.
โฆโฆโฆ
Kuchinja kwehutano hweveruzhinji, maererano akawanda Nhoroondo nhoroondo, yakauya mushure mekuonekwa kuti zvirwere zvinotapukira ibasa reutachiona. Rondedzero yeutachiona yakapa chiono chitsva chinokwezva chokukurira hosha: Kunyange zvazvo utano hweveruzhinji hwekare โhwakatsvaka manyuko ehosha inotapukira mumhoteredzo yomunhu; zvitsva zvinozviwana mumunhu pachake," akanyora kudaro Hibbert Hill Hutano Hutsva Hwevanhu muna 1913. Kana kuti, sokutaura kwakaita William Thompson Sedgwick, nyanzvi yeutachiona uye aimbova purezidhendi weAmerican Public Health Association (APHA), kuti: โ1880 asati asvika hapana chataiziva; pashure pa1890 takazviziva zvose.โ
Kuchinja uku kwekufunga kwakapa rezinesi rehutano hweveruzhinji kuti risave neshanduko shoma. Varapi vazhinji havachanzwa vachimanikidzwa kubata nematambudziko anonamira, akakura akadai sehurombo, kusaenzana, uye rusaruraganda (kana kufunga nezve basa ravo pachavo mukuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu). โIvo vaisafanira kuzvifunga vamene savashori,โ Rosner akadaro. "Zvakanga zviri nyore kuona munhu abatwa nechirwere uye kuvarapa pane kuvakazve guta." Vatungamiriri vehutano hweveruzhinji vakatoseka nhamburiko dzevakavatangira pakuvandudza magariro, izvo vaiona sezvisina basa uye zvisina kururama. Vamwe vakashora basa rinonakidza resangano rehutsanana, iro rakanga razadza maguta ese, seโnyaya yemapombi. "
Sezvo hutano hweveruzhinji hwakapinda murabhoritari, nyanzvi yakamanikana yakabatana nezvikoro zvitsva zvedzidzo yakatanga kutonga iyo yaimbove yakakura. "Yaive nzira yekubatanidza simba: kana usina dhigirii rehutano hweveruzhinji, hausi hutano hweveruzhinji," Amy Fairchild, munyori wenhoroondo uye mukuru weCollege of Public Health paOhio State University, akandiudza. . Kuziva sainzi itsva yebhakitiriya "kwakava chiratidzo chepfungwa," kusiyanisa zvakanyanya chizvarwa chekare chevasina kudzidza kubva kune chitsva chenyanzvi dzesainzi, akanyora munyori wenhau dzakaitika Elizabeth Fee.
Zvipatara, zvakadaro, zvakange zvave kuita zvepakati pehutano hweAmerica, uye mushonga waikurumidza kuunganidza mari nemukurumbira nekudzoreredza kutsvagurudzo yebiomedical. Varapi vezvehutano hweveruzhinji vakafunga kuti nekunamatira kune imwecheteyo paradigm, "vanogona kusimbisa nekuwedzera simba ravo uye kuunza hutano hweveruzhinji kusvika padanho rekuremekedzwa nesimba iro mushonga wanga watanga kunakidzwa," Fairchild akandiudza.
Hutano hweveruzhinji hwakatanga kuzvizivisa sendima yechinangwa, kunze kwevacherechedzi venzanga pachinzvimbo chevamiriri vekuchinja kwevanhu. Yaitora seti diki yemabasa aisanganisira kuunganidzwa kwedata, masevhisi ekuongorora kune varapi, kutsvaga chirwere, uye dzidzo yehutano. Tichifunga kuti sainzi yaro yaigona kuzvitaurira pachayo, nharaunda yacho yakabva kune vanobatana nayo vakaita semibatanidzwa yevashandi, vanovandudza dzimba, uye masangano ezvemagariro akanaka akanga atsigira zvirongwa zvoutsanana zvemaguta, kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo yebasa, uye zvimwe zvirongwa zveshungu zveutano hweveruzhinji. Izvo zvakasiya hutano hweveruzhinji munzvimbo isina njodzi - vachiri mumumvuri wemishonga, asi pasina hwaro hwezvematongerwo enyika "ndiyo yanga iri bviro yesimba rayo," Fairchild akandiudza.
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, biomedicine yakararama up kuchivimbiso chayo, uye pfungwa dzeAmerica dzakatendeukira zvakasimba kumunhu oga. Maonero anopesana nemakomunisti akaita kuti kutsigira shanduko dzemagariro kuve kwakaoma - kunyangwe kuve nengozi - ukuwo kutengwa kwakasimudzira kutenda kuti munhu wese aive nekuwana hupenyu hwakanaka. Kuona hutano husina kunaka se nyaya yekusaita basa nemunhu pachinzvimbo chekuora kwevanhu kwakava kwechisikigo.
Kunyange utano hweveruzhinji hwakatanga kubata vanhu sokunge kuti vaigara munzanga. Vanamazvikokota veEpidemiologists zvino vakatsvaga "zvinhu zvine njodzi," sekusaita basa uye kunwa doro, izvo zvakaita kuti vanhu vanyanye kubatwa nechirwere uye vakagadzira mishandirapamwe yekusimudzira hutano iyo yakakurudzira vanhu kuti vachinje maitiro avo, kubatanidza hutano kune simba nenzira inoramba iripo nhasi.
Iyi nzira yakafadzawo, kune maindasitiri ane simba ane chishuwo chekuburitsa kutadza kwemunhu pane njodzi yezvigadzirwa zvavo. Makambani efodya akapa zvikoro zvehutano zveveruzhinji pa Duke University nemamwe masangano. Indasitiri inotungamira yakabhadhara mari yekutungamira yekutsvaga kuJohns Hopkins uye Harvard mayunivhesiti. Munguva ino, Rosner akati, โchirwere chedenda hachisi chikamu chevanorwira kodzero dzevanhu vanoti, โMwari, asbestos inotyisa,โ asi masayendisiti ari kuverenga mukana wokuti mumwe munhu afe nokuda kweizvi kana kuti izvo.โ
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi20, vamwe vatungamiriri vehutano hwevanhu vakatanga kukumbira kuti zvinhu zvichinje. Muna 1971, Paul Cornely, aive mutungamiri weAPHA uye wekutanga mutema wekuAmerica kuwana Ph.D. muhutano hweveruzhinji, akadaro "Kana masangano ezvehutano enyika ino aine hanya nezvehupenyu hwevagari vayo, vanobuda mumhepo yavo isina hutachiona uye yesainzi vosvetukira mumvura yakasvibiswa yenyika chaiyo umo chiito chiri hwaro hwekupona." Zvimwe zvekuchinja ikoko kwakaitika: Vanorwira AIDS vakamanikidza munda kuti udzore chikamu chemweya wayo wecrusading, nepo mafungu matsva eโsocial epidemiologistsโ vakatangazve kufunga nezverusaruraganda, urombo, uye zvimwe zvinetso zvegadziriro.
Asi, sezvakaratidzwa neCOVID, nhaka yezana ramakore rapfuura haisati yaburitsa kubata kwayo pahutano hweveruzhinji. Maonero ezvehutano ehutano achiri kutonga, sezvinoratidzwa nehutungamiriri hweBiden hunotarisa kune vaccine pamari yemasks, kukurumidza bvunzo, uye zvimwe "zvisiri zvemishonga." Hutano hweveruzhinji hwagara huchimiririrwa nevatungamiriri vane magariro akanyanya mukurapa kwekiriniki, avo vakaramba vachikanda denda iri. mazwi emunhu oga: "Hutano hwako huri mumaoko ako," akadaro director weCDC, Rochelle Walensky, muna Chivabvu, mushure mekuzivisa kuti vajekiseni vanogona kusiya masking yemukati. "Maitiro evanhu mudenda iri haana kutibatsira zvakanyanya," akadaro mwedzi uno.
Kana paine chero chinhu, denda rakaratidza izvo varapi vehutano hweveruzhinji vakanzwisisa mukupera kwe19th uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20: kukosha kwenharaunda yehutano. Vanhu havagone kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe kana vakashanda mabasa emari shoma vasina zororo rekurwara rinobhadharwa, kana vachigara mudzimba dzine vanhu kana majeri. Havakwanise kuwana majekiseni kana vasina zvitoro zvemishonga zviri pedyo, vasina zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji, kana kuti vasina hukama nevarapi vezvipatara. Havakwanise kubatsirwa nemishonga mitsva inoshanda kana vasina inishuwarenzi. Mukuumbwa kwekutanga, hutano hweveruzhinji hunogona kunge hwave mukuwanda kwematambudziko aya, asi mumamiriro ayo aripo, kushaya zviwanikwa, mvumo, uye dzimwe nguva kuda kuzvigadzirisa.
โฆโฆโฆ
Hutano hweveruzhinji ikozvino hwakavharirwa muchisungo chisingagoneki. "Kana ikazvibata pachayo zvishoma, ichapomerwa mhosva yekusaona ... Kana ikazvibata pachayo zvakanyanya, ichapomerwa mhosva yekunyanyisa," akanyora kudaro Lawrence Gostin, wekuGeorgetown University, muna 2008. "Utano hweveruzhinji hunovimbika kubva kuomerera kwaro kusayenzi, uye kana rikanyura zvikuru mukureverera zvematongerwe enyika, ringarasikirwa nechitarisiko chokusavimbika,โ akadaro.
Asi vamwe vanoti kuedza kwehutano hweveruzhinji kuve wezvematongerwo enyika kunosundira mberi kune kusakosha. Chokwadi, hutano hweveruzhinji ndehwezvematongerwo enyika zvisinganzvengeki, zvisingaite nekuti "inofanirwa kuita sarudzo pamberi pehumbowo huri kukurumidza kubuda uye hunopokana," Fairchild akandiudza. Humbowo ihwohwo hunenge husingambozvitauri pachahwo, zvinoreva kuti sarudzo dzinobva pazviri dzinofanira kuvakirwa pahunhu. Izvo zvakakosha, Fairchild akadaro, zvinofanirwa kusanganisira kuenzana uye kudzivirira kukuvadza kune vamwe, "asi munhoroondo yedu, takarasikirwa nekugona kutora aya misimboti."
Makakatanwa aya auya kakawanda mukutaura kwangu. Kunyange zvazvo sangano rezvokurapa rakaramba riri mutori ane chido uye ane simba mumutemo, hutano hweveruzhinji hwakaita kuve nyore kupfuura nakare kose kunyarara. Hachifaniri kuramba chiri mumutsara iwoyo. "Mitemo yekuzorora-vanorwara, kuvharwa kweinishuwarenzi yehutano, kukosha kwedzimba ... zvinhu izvi zviri kunze kwekugona kwehutano hweveruzhinji kuita, asi isu tinofanira kusimudza manzwi edu nezvazvo," akadaro Mary Bassett, weHarvard, uyo achangobva kugadzwa se. Komisheni wezvehutano muNew York. "Ndinofunga tinogona kutaura zvakajeka."
Nyanzvi dzezvehutano hweveruzhinji dzimwe nguva dzinokwikwidza kuti matambudziko makuru enzanga ari kunze kwekuregererwa kwemunda wavo. Dzimba inyaya yekuronga maguta. Hurombo inyaya yekodzero dzevanhu. Nharo inoenda kuti "harisi basa rehutano hweveruzhinji kutungamira shanduko," akadaro Goldberg. Asi iye nevamwe havabvumirani nazvo. Mafungiro iwayo akabuda nekuti hutano hweveruzhinji hwakabva pahureveri, uye nekuti hunyanzvi hwedzidzo yepamusoro hwakaipatsanura kubva kumabasa ezvemagariro evanhu, zvemagariro evanhu, uye mamwe maitiro. Iyi minda yakakamukana inogona kubata zviri nyore matambudziko emunhu wese sedambudziko remumwe munhu.
Ramangwana rinogona kunge riri mukumutsiridza zvekare, uye nekuvhurazve amburera yehutano hweveruzhinji kuti isanganise vanhu vasina dhigirii repamutemo kana basa kubazi rezvehutano. Vashandi vakawandisa vasingakwanisi kubata neSDD kana kupindwa muropa neopioid havangatarisirwi kugadzirisa urombo uye rusarura-asi havafaniri. Ko kana, panzvimbo pezvo, takafunga nezveBlack Lives Matter movement sesangano reruzhinji-utano, American Rescue Plan sebhiri rehutano hweveruzhinji, kana kubvisirwa mhosva, sezvakataurwa neAPHA munguva pfupi yapfuura, sechinangwa chehutano hweveruzhinji? Nenzira iyi yokufunga, zvakare, vashandirwi vanotanga mitemo inochengetedza hutano hwevashandi vavo ivo pachavo vamiriri vehutano hweveruzhinji.
"Tinofanirwa kugadzirazve hukama nevamwe uye kuvabatsira kuti vanzwisise kuti zvavari kuita hutano hweveruzhinji," Fairchild akadaro. Munda mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 wakanga usiri nhamburiko yesayenzi asi yakanga yakatambanukira munzanga yakawanda. Iwo ma network akafararira uye zvishuwo zvakakura zvakakosha izvozvi kugadzirisa matambudziko anotsanangura hutano hweveruzhinji.
Ed Yong mutori wenhau wesainzi anoshuma The Atlantic. Iye anogara muWashington, DC.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta