Kwemakumi emakore akati wandei, zvinyorwa nemabhuku anonyora mhosva dzehondo, hutsinye, uye mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika unorerekera kuhondo weUnited States zvakapa zvakawanda. Inonyanya kuongororwa mibvunzo ine hukama: Ndeapi mapoka ezvematongerwo enyika neehupfumi, ndeapi mapato anotonga nemapoka, ipfungwa dzipi dzinoita kuti vatungamiriri vakasarudzwa vaparadze matrillion emadhora mumari yemutero pahondo dzisiri pamutemo nemabasa ehutsinye hunowedzera - hondo idzo mauto anotyora mipimo yakafanana neiyo Japan neGermany yakambotyora. mwero mukuru chose? Izvi zvinokwanisika sei?
Blame kushandura vatungamiriri vemauto eAmerica uye mauto mazhinji anorwa kuita matsotsi anorwa hondo dzisina maturo dzehukasha, zvinotanga pamasangano ezvematongerwo enyika eAmerica ane zvikanganiso uye hurongwa hwemutemo, tsika dzayo dzemauto-bureaucratic, uye dzidziso dzayo dzese dzinotsigira rusaruraganda, rusaruraganda, uye mhirizhonga yekudzikinura. . Kumwe kufungisisa kunoratidza kuti masangano aya nemafungiro anoumba kunzwisisa kwedu kwenyika.
In Bomb Power: Hutungamiri hwemazuva ano uye National Security State (2010), Garry Wills anotarisa nezvebhomba reatomu uye nekushandura kwarakaita basa reAmerica pasi rose, kukanganisa chikamu chezvematongerwo enyika, kugadziridza simba remutungamiri wenyika, uye "kuisa chimiro chekutya."[1] Wills anopokana kuti kushandurwa kweUS kuita nyika isingaparadzike yenyika-chengetedzo, yakatsaurirwa kuchengetedza hutongi hweUS hwepasi rose, yakatanga nekutanga kweHondo Yenyika II uye kuzivisa kweMutungamiri Roosevelt nezvemamiriro ehondo. Ipapo kwakauya mvumo yePearl Harbor neFDR yechakavanzika, isiri pamutemo Manhattan Project kuvaka bhomba reatomu.
Chikamu chekugadzira chakaenderera mberi pasi peTruman, uyo akawedzera masimba ake ehondo, achienderera mberi nechitendero chemukuru-mukuru-mukuru anokwanisa kuda kuendesa nyika kuhondo inogumbura. CIA, "mhiko yekuvimbika," uye "rondedzero" yemagweta makuru emasangano akarambidzwa zvose zvakatangira muna 1947. Zvaive zvakagadzirirwa kuvhara kushandiswa kwesimba reU. Vaviri vekupedzisira vakanyanya kudzoreredza zvematongerwo enyika kuSarem uroyi miedzo. Mamwe masangano ebazi anodyidzana akatevera, kusanganisira National Security Agency (NSA), iyo yakavambwa muchivande muna 1952 uye zvino yavasori vevagari vomuU.S..[2] Zvichakadaro mitemo yehondo inotonhora yekurwisa Soviet Union yakaita seNSC-68 yakakurudzira kuunganidza hondo, kuvanzika kwakawanda uye kusazvidavirira.
Sangano rekuchengetedzwa kwenyika rakazozvinyudza zvakanyanya muhutongi, hupfumi, mayunivhesiti, uye Congress. Hondo dzemutungamiri wenyika dzesarudzo kubva kuKorea kuenda kuVietnam dzakawedzera kuita uku. Sezvo hondo yakava magumo pachayo, hutongi hweAmerica hwakawedzera kuparadza. Nekudonha kweSoviet Union, iyo chete yekunze kuzvidzora pakuratidzira kwevatungamiriri vedu kwehumambo hubris yakanyangarika, ichisiya vagari vane hanya nevatorwa sevapomeri vakuru vehurumende mhosva dzehondo dzeUS.
Zvakadaro maitiro ehurongwa hwechimiro chenyika yeAmerica anotadza kutiendesa kure zvakakwana. Imwe tsananguro yekuwedzera kwakashata kwemaitiro eUS uye maitiro ehondo anogona kuwanikwa mukushandurwa kwemazano emutemo nemafungiro pakati pevakuru vekutonga, zvichibva (a) kusimuka kwenyika-chengetedzo yenyika, (b) tsika yepamutemo positivism, iyo inotora mutemo wepasi rose sechido chehurumende chisina kudzika muhunhu, uye (c) maonero eMachiavellian evapi vesarudzo vanopikisa hondo vanoshandisa mutemo wepasi rose wezvinangwa zvemauto nezvematongerwo enyika. Nguva refu isati yarwiswa 9/11, vezvematongerwo enyika vakamanikana vakaramba pfungwa yemutemo wepasi rose sekudzora kushandiswa kwesimba. Vakanga vasvika pakuona kutonga kwemutemo, panzvimbo pezvo, senzira yekuratidza simba reU.S. uye kubvumidza hunhu hweudzvanyiriri hweU.S..[3]
Dare reBush cabinet nevapi vemazano varo vakashora zvikuru mutemo wepasi rose sesangano rekutarisa kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwesimba, zvakanyorwa muUN Charter neGeneva Conventions. Nokudaro vakamisa mutemo wenyika dzakawanda, vachibvumira (mukuona kwavo) chisimba, kuponda, uye kutambudzwa kweavo vavakaisa kunze kwe "budiriro" nekuvati "varwi vevavengi vasiri pamutemo." Uye iyo UN Security Council yakakurumidza kuzvidzikisa nekuve nekuramba iri muranda weUS, ichiipa kodzero dzekugara uye kubvumidza mhosva dzayo dzehondo.
Rumsfeld naCheney vakaratidza kuzvidza mutemo kwevatongi nekupa mvumo uye nekuzvibata ivo pachavo mukurwadzisa. Mutevedzeri wemunyori weRumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz akapa dhipatimendi reDziviriro musi waKurume 25, 2002 iro "rakasunungura mitemo inopokana nekuedza kwevanhu pavasungwa" uye yakazoshandiswa pavasungwa kujeri rekutambudzirwa reGuantanamo Bay. kwenguva refu yaida kuteererwa kwakasimba neNuremberg Directive yeKuedza Kwevanhu. Zvichakadaro magweta e“Bush Six” anoshanda mubazi guru - Alberto Gonzales, David Addington, John Yoo, Jay Baybee, William S. Haynes II, naDouglas J. Feith (kwete gweta) - vakabatsira hutungamiriri hwaBush kuti hudzokere muhutsinye. mumaitiro ayo ehondo uye maitiro ayo emuvengi.
Nzira yechitatu yekuona zvikonzero zvekudzokera kuAmerica kubarbarism inopiwa muna John W. Dower's. Tsika dzeHondo: Pearl Harbor/Hiroshima/9-11/Iraq, nhoroondo yekufananidza yeJapan neAmerica Strategic follies. Dower anoongorora anowirirana, akavharwa, epurovhinzi, ezvematongerwo enyika evaBush manejimendi epamusoro vanogadzira mitemo. Anoratidza kuti vepamusoro muBush manejimendi, pamwe neavo vezvenhau vemakambani vakagovana kufunga kwavo, vakafuratira vatsoropodzi vehondo uye vakamhanyisa nyika kuhondo neIraq. Dower anopedzisa fungidziro yake nekuona kuti dzinza reAmerica muhutsotsi muIraq rakaitika pamwe chete nekuwedzera kudzvanyirira hupfumi kumba nekune dzimwe nyika uye nekuregeredza kwetsika nehunhu pakati pevezvematongerwo enyika veWashington neveWall Street vane mari. Zvakajairika kune vese vemauto nevezvehupfumi, mauto nevatungamiriri vemakambani, kwaive kushamwaridzana kwavo mukupara mhosva uye kuzvinyengera. Kufunga kwavo “kwakavakirwa pakutenda,” kuzvidza mutemo, uye kushayikwa kwokuzvifungisisa kwakatungamirira kusarudzo nemitongo isina kururama iyo yakaunza kutambura kukuru norufu.[5]
Mudzi wemaitiro asiri pamutemo evatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika veAmerica, vehupfumi, uye vemauto ari muhupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika, hwakanangana ne "muchina wekugadzira hondo" unonzi Pentagon.[6] Pano mapurojekiti ehupfumi, ezvematongerwo enyika, uye echiuto akabatanidzwa, masimba ehurumende neakavanzika anobatana kune mukana wevakuru vemakambani vanoita purofiti. Mune yega yega vatungamiriri vevakuru vakuru - "vagari vemauto" -vanotenderedza zvinzvimbo, kubva kumadhipatimendi ehurumende nemasangano kuenda kumakambani makuru emakambani uye mazano, kana kuita sevamiriri vemakambani anoita bhizinesi nehurumende. Kubhadharisa mutero nekudzora mari hombe uye vanotambira mari yepamusoro-soro kuitira kuti vape zvakawanda zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemari yavanotambira kupfuura iyo nzanga yese ingaite, kwechinguvana, kushandura zvinokosheswa nehupfumi hweAmerica uye nekuita zvisina kunanga kumutemo wekunze webellicose. Asi izvo hazviite kuti zviitike uye, zvega, hazvizombokwani kugadziridza hupfumi hweUS.
Tsananguro yekushivirira kwevanhu vekuAmerica kupara mhosva yehondo yevatungamiriri vavo inoda kuti tigadzirise zvimwe zvakawanda zvakakosha zvakaenzana. Kurwisana kweIsrael nePalestine, somuenzaniso, kunoparadzira ruvengo rweUnited States. Nekuti Washington ndiyo inogonesa uye mubatsiri muhondo dzeIsrael, kuponda, uye kuvharirwa kwevaPalestine pasina mhosva kana kutongwa. Inosimudzira kubiwa kweIsrael kwepasi rePalestine uye zvakare mudziviriri weIsrael kubva kune chero dhigirii reUN masanctions. Vanhu vekuAmerica havangagoni kutarisana nemhosva dzavo dzehondo vachiramba vachipembedza kutyora kweIsrael mutemo wenyika dzakawanda.[7] Zvinotonyanya kunetsa, vatsigiri vazhinji vekuAmerica veIsrael vanotsigira marongero ayo akashata anoenderana nekusangana kwezvinzvimbo nehurongwa hwehondo hwaObama hwakatanga muna 2009.
Imwe nyaya ibasa repropaganda remakambani ari kutsvaga purofiti emakambani-media mukuchengetedza vagari vakachengeteka mukati memiganhu yekugadzwa kwekubvumirana panyaya dzehondo nerunyararo. CNN, NBC, MSNBC, NPR nhau, Fox, uye avo vakatenderwa zviri pamutemo vezvenhau uye pundits vanotsveta nhau zuva nezuva kuitira kuumba uye kunanga kutsamwa kwevanhu, kuchengetedza vanhu vezvematongerwo enyika, uye kuvanyorera kudivi rehurumende. Vanokurudzira vagari vemo kuti vatende nhema dzevakuru vakuru vehurumende uye kuita nekutya uye kusachengeteka. Nekutaura kwekutaura nekutaura kwevakuru vari kutonga vamwe, vanozviti "vatori venhau," vanowana mihoro yemamiriyoni emadhora.
Vatori venhau vazhinji, zvisinei, havadi kutengwa nevemabhizimisi vane mari. Mirangariro nemipimo yakagoverana zvinovatungamirira mukurondedzera “tyisidziro,” mukushuma pamusoro pechinjo musimba renyika, uye mukusarudza sezvinoitika zvakati “sezvinoshuviwa” uye kwete zvimwe. Mafungiro avo uye kukonzeresa kuboka-kufunga kunovabatanidza mune yenyika-chengetedzo mamiriro. Kuzviongorora uye kuwanda kwemaonero anotenderwa kunoratidza nhau dzenhau dzeU.S. Dhinda midhiya kusataura zvisirizvo kwenhau uye kusarura uko vavengi veAmerica vane madhimoni vane hanya zvinozivikanwa. Yakaongororwa zvinotyisa muzvidzidzo zvekare naNoam Chomsky naEdward S. Herman, naHoward Friel naRichard Falk.[8]
Somuenzaniso, muIraq pamberi kupinda nekugara kweUS zvisiri pamutemo, izvo vanyori vekunyora nevatori venhau ve New York Times yakasimudzirwa zvakasimba, mitemo yeU.S. neBritish yakaparadza hupfumi hweIraqi uye zvakaita kuti huwandu hwevanhu vafa pakati pevaIraqi vese hukwire. Sezvo Joy Gordon anonyora mukati Hondo Isingaoneki: United States neIraq Zvirango (2010), “zvizhinji zvezvidzidzo pamusoro penguva yezvirango zvinoratidza zvakasimba kuti, kwenguva kubva [Kubvumbi] 1990 kusvika [Kurume] 2003 . . . vana vanenge 500,000 9 vakafa nekushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri nehosha avo sezvingabvira vangadai vakararama neimwe nzira.”[XNUMX]
Kuongorora kwaEdward S. Herman naDavid Petersen pamusoro pemabatirwo akaitwa vezvenhau nevekugadzwa kwevazivi vekuUnited States kusati kwapinda bhomba mushandirapamwe uye zvirango zvekutengeserana, zvinozivikanwa se "oiri yechirongwa chekudya," inopa kududzirwa kwakasiyana kwedata. Vanonyatso kusimbisa kuti vezvenhau vekuUS vakarasa mhosva dze "genocide" semhedzisiro yakanangana nemutemo weUS we "shanduko yehurumende" kuburikidza nezvirango zvehupfumi, kana kungotadza kubvuma kufa kwevanhu vekuIraq nekutambura. sekuuraya rudzi nokuti Washington nedzimwe nyika dzevatengi vayo vaizviita.[10] Propaganda ine hunyanzvi yakadzivirira mhosva iyi inotyisa kubva pakunyoresa muhana yeAmerica. Saka zvirango zveIraq zvinowana zita rekuti "kuparadza rudzi" zvichipesana nemamwe mapoka akanyorwa nenhau zvakasiyana.
Zvakadaro mamwe maitiro ane tariro zvishoma aripo anopokana nekukura kwehutsinye uye kusanzwisisa kweuto reUS. Parizvino nhandare yehondo yachinja kuenda kuinternet. Pano iyo yakakosha Wikileaks uye mamwe mawebhusaiti e-pro-democracy anotevera muenzaniso wayo anga achiwanza nzira dzekupomera mhosva dzehondo nehuwori hwehurumende, kuwedzera mikana yekuchinja kwedemocracy, seTunisia, uye kuburitsa chokwadi chehurongwa hweumambo hweAmerica nerutsigiro rwayo. Middle East hudzvinyiriri hunobatsira US neEuropean corporate zvido.
Kune chikamu chayo, hurumende yaObama iri kuyedza kuchengetedza mushure me9/11 kutya-kwekufa-mamiriro ekunze, ayo akamboshanda kukurudzira mhirizhonga. Zvakadaro muAfghanistan, uko VaObama vanosimbirira kuenderera mberi nehondo yavo yakarasika, kudzika muhutsinye hwemauto eUS kunomanikidza kudzika kurwisana nepfuti. Munyika yose vanhu vakarasikirwa noruremekedzo nokuda kweUnited States uye vakadzidza kufuratira kutaura kwounyengeri kwehurumende yayo; apo kumba vanhu vazhinji vekuAmerica vari kumuka kuhunhu hwakakanganisika hwemamiriro avo anogara achirwa-chengetedzo yenyika. Ipfungwa yenhema, ichipa manyepo kuzvinzwisisa kwenyika, kuenderera mberi nekufungidzira United States sedemocracy inoshanda apo, pazvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha kuvagari vemuAmerica, iko kupikisa chaiko kwehurumende yedemokrasi, ndoda republic.
Notes
1. Garry Wills, Bomb Power: Hutungamiri hwemazuva ano uye National Security State (The Penguin Press, 2010), p. 53.
2. Herbert N. Foerstel, Rusununguko rweRuzivo uye Kodzero Yekuziva: Mavambo uye Mashandisirwo erusununguko rweRuzivo Mutemo (Greenwood Press, 1999), p. 115.
3. Anne Orford, “A Jurisprudence of the Limit,” in Orford, ed., Mutemo Wepasi Pose uye Zvimwe Zvawo (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006), p. 24; David Kennedy, "Kuongororazve International Humanitarianism: The Dark Sides," muOrford, ed., Mutemo Wepasi Pose uye Zvimwe Zvawo, mapeji 145-6. Onawo Richard A. Falk's wongororo yakanaka yeiyi rondedzero muunganidzwa mu American Journal yeInternational Law, Vol. 104, Nha. 3 (Chikunguru 2010), mapeji 543-8.
4. Jason Leopold naJeffrey Kaye, “Kurapa Vasungwa SeGuinea Nguruve,” yakatumirwa Gumiguru 14, 20010 pa Consortiumnews.com.
5. John W. Dower, Tsika dzeHondo: Pearl Harbor/ Hiroshima/9-11/ Iraq (WW Norton, 2010), p. 446.
6. Izwi rokuti Seymour Melman's. Ona yake Pentagon Capitalism: Iyo Ezvematongerwo enyika Ehupfumi Hondo (McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1970).
7. Somuenzaniso wemushandirapamwe wenyika yose wekusimudzira nzwisiso yeruzhinji rweAmerica pamusoro peutsotsi hweIsrael, ona Edward Mast, “‘Israel yakarurama kana kuti yakaipa’ boka revanhu rinotsigira kuongororwa muSeattle,” Seattle Times, De. 31, 2010.
8. Pakurerekera kwenhau ona, Edward S. Herman naNoam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: Sangano rezvematongerwe enyika reMisa Media (Pantheon Books, 1988) nefundo yavo yapfuura, Noam Chomsky naEdward S. Herman, Iyo Washington Connection uye yechitatu World Fascism (South End Press 1979); Howard Friel naRichard Falk, Zvinyorwa zvePepa: Sei iyo New York Times Inorevera Zvisizvo US Foreign Policy (Verso 2004).
9. Pamusoro pehuwandu hwevanhu vezvirango ona, Joy Gordon, Hondo Isingaoneki: United States neIraq Zvirango (Harvard University Press, 2010). Kune iyo quote uye chidimbu ona, Anthony Gregory, "Kunzwisisa Iraq Sanction,” yakatumirwa Jan 19, 2010.
10. Edward S. Herman naDavid Peterson, Zvematongerwo Enyika (Mwedzi Ongororo Press, 2010).
Herbert Bix ndiye munyori we Hirohito uye Kugadzirwa kweJapan Yemazuvano. Ichi chinyorwa chakatorwa kubva ku hurukuro yakapiwa pamusangano weAmerican Historical Association muBoston musi wa9 Ndira 2011.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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