[This is part of a ZNet debate between Robin Hahnel and Patrick Bond about the Left and Climate Change. Please view the ZNet nharo peji kutevera michinjiro.]
Two Train Wrecks In Copenhagen
Usaite chikanganiso pamusoro pazvo, nhaurirano dzepamutemo muCopenhagen dzakapera mukuparara kwechitima uko pasina chiremba wekutenderera anogona kuisa chiso chakanaka uye chaive chipingamupinyi chikuru kune tarisiro yekudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nenzira yakaenzana. Bill McKibben akazvipfupisa zvakanaka mukati Amai Jones on the day the conference ended. "The President of the United States did several things today:
(1) Akaputitsa United Nations. Pfungwa yekuti kune nharaunda yepasirese zvinoreva kuti chimwe chinhu chanyangarika manheru ano.
(2) He formed a league of super-polluters, and would-be super polluters. China, the US, and India don’t want anyone controlling their use of coal in any meaningful way. It is a coalition of foxes who will together govern the henhouse."
Nepo Bush akaramba kudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, Obama akazviratidza ndokutaura mamwe mazwi akanaka. Asi mumwe anotungamira nemuenzaniso, uye Obama akatungamira nemuenzaniso wakashata.
Panzvimbo pekugashira mhinduro yemarudzi akawanda VaObama vakakanganisa kudyidzana kwenyika dzakawanda nekujekesa zvakare kuti US haisi kuzozvipira kudzikisira pasi pemubatanidzwa weUN sezvakatenderana nedzimwe nyika dzeAnnex-1, ndokuzoenderera mberi nekukwezva vatambi vakuru munhaurirano dzepachivande nezvehurongwa hwekuzvidira. panzvimbo of a comprehensive international treaty. Instead of acknowledging the principle of "differentiated responsibilities and capabilities" agreed to in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and implemented in Kyoto in 1997, Obama insisted that the US and China — whose per capita emissions are one fifth as large as the US and per capita GDP is still less than one tenth as large as the US – be treated on similar terms. With no reason for anyone to believe he can get the Senate to ratify a treaty with binding reductions for the US, with no reason to believe he can secure a meaningful climate bill from the US Congress, with no reason to believe he would use his power to order significant reductions through the EPA if Congress balks, and with only his verbal offer to reduce US emissions by a measly 17% from 2005 levels by 2020, no wonder other country delegations followed Obama’s bad lead and retrenched instead of offering to make further sacrifices in Copenhagen. And yes, the Chinese took the bait and helped the US paint them as "co-bad guy" by rejecting on-site inspections — which were neither under discussion at Copenhagen, nor necessary to verify national emissions. Whether or not the blow Obama dealt to multilateral efforts to combat climate change through binding reductions consistent with "differentiated responsibilities and capabilities" in Copenhagen will prove fatal, remains to be seen.
By January 31, 2010 MDCs, classified as "Annex-1 countries," are supposed to report how much they are willing to reduce their emissions, and a year from now there will be another meeting in Mexico City where at this moment it is anybody’s guess what will or will not be agreed to. In Rio de Janeiro in 1992 countries agreed climate change was a serious international problem, but left every country to decide on a voluntary basis what it was willing to do. In Kyoto in 1997 countries admitted that voluntary reductions had proven almost completely ineffective. Economic theory proved correct in this regard: Because of the "free rider incentive problem" theory predicts it is only in the self-interest of a country to reduce its own emissions by the amount needed if the country can be assured that other countries will do likewise. Kyoto acknowledged this truth, provided the necessary guarantee to all Annex-1 countries, and in exchange every Annex-1 country except the US eventually ratified the treaty and committed to binding reductions. Kyoto also implemented the principle of "differentiated responsibilities and capabilities" agreed to in Rio by requiring binding emission reductions from Annex-1 countries while permitting LDCs, classified as "non-Annex-1" countries, to continue to address their own emissions on a voluntary basis for the time being. In other words, the Kyoto Protocol took us two huge steps forward:
(1) Yakaona kukosha kwekuzvipira kune zvinosunga zvibodzwa kuitira kuti uwane matanho anodiwa ekuderedza pasi rose.
(2) Yakagovera mitengo yekudzivisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze zvakasiyana zvichibva pamabasa akasiyana (cumulative emissions per capita) uye kugona kwakasiyana (GDP per capita.)
Makore gumi nemaviri gare gare muCopenhagen nhanho mbiri idzi dzemberi dzakaiswa munjodzi huru.
However, the train wreck in formal negotiations between country delegations overshadowed another train wreck that has been coming for some time. The divide between some on the Left who support putting a price on carbon emissions through a cap and trade treaty, and others on the Left who deny that putting a price on carbon is a necessary and important step forward, and denounce carbon markets as a "pretend solution" that diverts attention from "real solutions" was more visible than ever in Copenhagen. While the Left needn’t agree on everything, when we contradict one another to the extent that Amy Goodman can’t figure out what message to bring home from Copenhagen for her Dememocracy Zvino vateereri, Kuruboshwe anewo dambudziko.
Ko Ruboshwe rwakapotsa igwa pamusoro pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze? Kunyepedzera kunokatyamadza kwakadini! Haana Kuruboshwe here izwi rakasurukirwa rehuchenjeri richisimbirira kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, pamwe nedzimwe nzira dzekushata kwezvakatipoteredza, hazvigone kudzivirirwa kana tikatadza kutsiva hupfumi hwemakwikwi nemakaro - aka capitalism - nehupfumi hwekubatana kwakaenzana - aka. yechokwadi eco-socialism? Hatisi isu here tinotaura kuti capitalism inzira yehupfumi isina ramangwana nekuti ichakurumidza kuparadza biosphere? Hatisi isu here takatsanangura kuti nei kunyange hupfumi hwakadzorwa uye hwakaenzana huchiri kubata nharaunda nekuti:
(1) Capitalist economies pollute too much because markets over produce goods whose production and/or consumption generate negative "externalities" like pollution.
(2) Capitalist economies fail to protect the environment sufficiently because markets under supply "public goods" like environmental restoration.
(3) Capitalist economies extract natural resources too fast because rates of profit for private owners are higher than the rate at which society should "discount" future compared to present benefits from using natural resources.
(4) Markets for labor and consumer goods create "perverse incentives" which lure people to take too much of their productivity gains as individual consumption and too little as more environmentally friendly collective consumption and leisure time. And finally,
(5) markets fail to generate information necessary to know how high corrective environmental taxes and subsidies should be, while spawning powerful political lobbies with interests in underestimating the size of necessary correctives. (See Robin Hahnel, "The Case Against Markets," Nyaya Yenyaya dzehupfumi (41, 4), Zvita 2007: 1139-1159.)
However, for all our wisdom about how the defining features of capitalism bear primary responsibility for turning humans into lemmings, I believe too many on the Left have made themselves irrelevant to responses to climate change in the here and now by failing to understand the importance of putting a significant price on carbon emissions, and by dismissing cap and trade policies out of hand because, in the words of the Durban Declaration of October 2004, they "commodify… the earth’s carbon-cycling capacity into property to be bought and sold in a global market."
Nehurombo, chero bedzi albatross yepasi rose capitalism ichiramba yakatenderedza mitsipa yedu mukana wedu wakanakisa wekudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze iri kuburikidza nechibvumirano chepasi rose uye chibvumirano chekutengeserana chinoisa mutengo wakakosha pakuburitswa kwekabhoni, uye mukana wedu wakanyanya wekuita izvi zvakaenzana kuchengetedza Kyoto chimiro uye gadzirisa kabhoni musika inova imwe yepakati maficha.
Chinhu chimwe chete kuratidza kusanzwisisika kwekupedzisira kwekuisa mitengo pazvikamu zvakasiyana zvemhoteredzo yechisikigo iyo, kutaura zvazviri, imwe yakabatana ecosystem iyo hupenyu hwese, kusanganisira hupenyu hwevanhu, hunotsamira pairi. Icho chimwe chinhu kana tichirarama munyika inosundwa nemasimba emusika kutsoropodza avo vanoshanda kuti vawedzere mutengo wecarbon emissions kubva pamutengo wazvino we zero kusvika padyo nemutengo wayo chaiwo wemagariro sezvazvinogoneka mune zvematongerwo enyika. Saizvozvo, chinhu chimwe chete kusimbirira kuti zvisikwa hazvifanirwe kunge zviri zvemunhu uye nemunhu wese asi chimwe chinhu kugara padivi apo makambani makuru achitora zvakakosha kodzero dzezvivakwa kuchengetedza kabhoni mumhepo yekumusoro muhupfumi hukuru hwekupa munhoroondo. , nepo vagariwo zvavo vasingagamuchire nekuti munhu haatendi kuti mamiriro ekunze anofanira kutengwa. Uyezve chinhu chimwe kuratidza kuti zvingava nani urongwa how to use and preserve the natural environment in a democratic, equitable, and effective way rather than leave those decisions to be made very poorly by market forces but it is another thing to ignore the fact that we socialists failed to replace capitalism with socialism in the twentieth century, which means that decisions about how to use the environment are actually made, and will continue to be made for some time, by market forces where a key price, the price of carbon emission, is completely out of whack. Finally, it is one thing to say: "I don’t want things decided by market forces and private property rights," but it is quite another to say: "Even though things ndivo being decided by market forces and property rights I don’t care what those prices are or who gets new property rights."
Tarisiro yevanhu nezvimwe zvipenyu inopedzisira yaenderana nekuti capitalism yepasi rose inotsiviwa neimwe hurongwa hwehupfumi hwakasiyana zvachose - hurongwa husina vakwikwidzi vekubata vamwe vanhu uye nharaunda yakasikwa, uko vagadziri vanobatana nevatengi vanoronga uye kuronga yavo pachavo. mabasa ehupfumi akavakirwa paruzivo rwechokwadi nezvemhedzisiro yedzimwe nzira dzakasiyana. Uye nekukurumidza izvi zvinoitika, zvakachengeteka uye zviri nani kune vese vanhu uye zvakatipoteredza zvichave. Asi pakubata nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze hazvina basa nekusaita chokwadi nezvenguva. Kuva nemaonero echokwadi nezvenguva hazvireve kuti tinofanira kusiya kutenda kwedu kuti vanhu vanokwanisa kugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvedu uye kugadzira masangano matsva ehupfumi kutibatsira kukudziridza tsika dzegutsaruzhinji, dzakaenzana, uye dzinochengetedza nharaunda. Saizvozvo kuve nechokwadi nezvemafuremu enguva hazvireve kuti tinofanira kuregedza kana kuverengera nhamburiko dzedu dzekutsiva hurongwa husina kushanda hunogadzirisa zvese asi huchiziva kukosha kwechinhu nehurongwa hwehupfumi hunofambisa kubatana kwakaenzana uye kuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda. Asi kuve nechokwadi nezvemafuremu enguva zvinoreva kuziva kuti hupfumi hwenyika huchaenderera mberi kwenguva yakati huchitongwa nemakambani makuru anotungamirwa nechero purofiti uye masimba emusika - nepo zvisikwa zvichienderera nehurongwa hwayo.
As a self-proclaimed "market abolitionist" I understand why carbon trading is a bitter pill to swallow for all who abhor the commodification of everything, including the natural environment. But we socialists need to look to ourselves. Had we done our work well the human species would have abandoned capitalism and the false illusion that commodification is the solution to all economic problems long before we had damaged the environment to the point where we are perilously close to triggering cataclysmic climate change. Had participatory, democratic socialism replaced capitalism during the twentieth century — as it should have – we would be in a position to respond to the threat of climate change very differently: Once scientists made us aware of the consequences of inaction we would have had well-tested institutions and procedures at our disposal for making efficient and equitable choices about where and how to reduce carbon emissions, and how to distribute the costs of reductions fairly between and within countries without resort to commodification. But the last time I checked, participatory eco-socialism had yet to replace global capitalism, and pretending it has does not yield effective policy responses in the world we live in.
After denouncing cap and trade as a "pretend" solution, Climate Justice Action issued the following "non-negotiable demands" in advance of the Copenhagen meetings this month: (1) Leave fossil fuels in the ground. (2) Reassert peoples’ and community control over production. (3) Relocalize food production. (4) Massively reduce overconsumption, particularly in the North. (5) Respect indigenous and forest peoples’ rights. (6) Recognize the ecological and climate debt owed to the peoples of the South and make reparation. And Climate Justice Action went on to urge people to hope for a "Seattling" of Copenhagen.
Turn Back From The Road To Nowhere
The October 2004 Durban Declaration inoti:
"Sevamiriri vemasangano evanhu pamwe nemasangano akazvimiririra, tinoramba mashoko ekuti kutengesa carbon kunomisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze. Nhoroondo yakaona kuedza kwekutengesa ivhu, chikafu, vashandi, masango, mvura, majini nemazano. Kutengeserana kweCarbon kunotevera makwara nhoroondo iyi uye inoshandura simba renyika ye carbon-cycling kuva midziyo inotengwa kana kutengeswa pamusika wepasi rose.Kuburikidza nehurongwa uhu hwekugadzira chinhu chitsva — carbon — kugona kwePasi nekugona kutsigira mamiriro ekunze anoenderana nehupenyu uye magariro evanhu. kupinda mumaoko emakambani ari kuparadza mamiriro ekunze…. Tinoshora kumwe kunonoka kupedza kutorwa kwemafuta ezvisaririra kuri kukonzerwa nekuedza kwemakambani, hurumende neUnited Nations kuvaka `musika wecarbon'."
Mumashoko avo eCopenhagen svondo rapfuura Climate Justice Action haina kungoshora misika yekutengeserana neyekabhoni se "kunyepedzera" mhinduro dzinotsausa pfungwa kubva kune "chaiwo" mhinduro dzandinoongorora pazasi, vakakurudzira vanhu kuti vatarisire "Seattling" yeCopenhagen pa. Zvita 16.
Ndakanga ndiri kuSeattle uye ndakatsigira zvizere kuvhara Misangano yeWorld Trade Organisation Ministerial Meetings yakaitika ikoko muna 1999 nokuti mitemo yeWTO yakasikwa kumanikidza nyika kuti dzibvume - dzimwe dzacho, seTRIPS neMAI, hadzina chokuita nekutengeserana pa. zvese - zvinopesana nekusimudzirwa kwehupfumi, hutongi hwehupfumi, uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza. Ndakabatsira kuronga kuratidzira kuvhara misangano yeIMF muWashington DC muna Kubvumbi 2000 nekuti IMF yakatonyanya kuita basa rekuparadzira hurombo hwehupfumi - kumonyorora maoko eLDC kubvumidza kusunungurwa kwemari uye nekudzikisa hupfumi kana matambudziko emari auya nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu. mukutsinhana nezvikwereti zvekubhadhara mari zvinotsigira zvido zvevapfumi vekune dzimwe nyika vachibhadhara mari yezvidikanwi zvehupfumi zvevanhu veLDC. Zvirongwa, marongero, uye zvimiro zvemasangano ese zviri kutadza kugadziriswa, uye ruzhinji rwevagari vepasi nenharaunda vari nani kana tikakanganisa IMF neWTO uye kuderedza simba ravo rekuita zvakaipa. Nekudaro, United Nations neMusangano Wemapato kuKyoto Protocol (COP) haisi iyo IMF kana WTO.
Ehe maLeftists ane zvikonzero zvekushoropodzwa kwemamwe masangano anotonga eUN, mukuru weSecurity Council pakati pavo, asi sekuziva kwangu ndezvenyika, bapiro rekurudyi veAmerican Firsters, kwete Leftists, vanodaidzira kuti varase UN. Vekuruboshwe vakagara vachitsigira UN, kunyanya kupokana neUS kusarudzika, uye vakadaidzira shanduko dzinoita kuti UN ive nehutongi hwejekerere, yakasimba, uye inoshanda. Uyezve, kusiyana neguta rekusununguka, kutengeserana kusununguka, privatization, zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa zvimiro, TRIPS, MAI, uye kubhadhara kune vanoisa mari kune dzimwe nyika asi zvirongwa zveusterity zvevanhu vakawirwa nenyika, UN yakatsigira Kyoto Protocol inogadza hurongwa hunovaka hwekugadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze nenzira yakaenzana. Sangano reUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) rinoisa chinangwa chakakodzera chekudzikisa kuburitswa kwepasi nechero chinoratidza kuti chinodiwa kudzivirira avhareji yekushisa kwepasirese kubva pakukwira neanopfuura 2 madhigirii centigrade, uye inombundira musimboti we "zvakajairwa asi akasiyana mabasa uye kugona" semutungamiri wedu wekuti tingasvika sei.
Izvi hazvirevi kuti vanhu havafanire kuratidzira pamisangano yeCOP. Uye handisi kubvunza mazano anoshandiswa nevaratidziri. Hazvina kukwana zviri kuitwa uye wachi iri kukwenya. Kuwanda kwevanhu vanoratidza, uye nekunyanya kuzvipira, kukomba, uye varatidziri vane mhirizhonga, mukana wekuti tisundire zvirongwa zvedu mberi. Tinofanira kupikisa hunhu hwevamwe vamiriri vehurumende vari kupinda misangano iyi. Tinofanira kuratidzira kushaikwa kwekufambira mberi mukuwana chisungo chinosunga kubva kunhumwa dzeUS uye Mutungamiriri. Tinofanira kuratidzira kutadza kuwana kudzikiswa kwakadzama kubva kune dzimwe hurumende dzeLDC. Tinofanira kuratidzira kuyedza kwevamiriri kuti vasiye chivimbiso chekugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nenzira kwayo. Kana izvi zviri izvo zvinoreva Climate Justice Action ne "Seattling" Copenhagen, ini handipokane. Asi ani naani anofunga kuvhara misangano yeCOP muCopenhagen, kana kudzivirira misangano kuti iitwe muMexico City gore rinouya, kana kukanganisa nzira yeKyoto mune zvese zvichavandudza mikana yekudzivisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nenzira inoshanda uye yakaenzana hazvina kunaka.
Tinofanira kuramba tichitsanangura pamukana wega wega kuti sei uye sei capitalism iri honzeri huru yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kwete teknolojia per se, kwete kuwedzera kwevanhu per se, kwete kukara kwevanhu per se, asi mbiru dzepakati pe capitalism ndiyo chisakiso chikuru chekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Uridzi hwepachivande hwenzira dzekugadzira uye masimba emusika anoita kuti avo vanorwira kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza vashambire vachikwira pamusoro pezvazvino nekuti vanopa mubairo avo vanotora tekinoroji inoparadza nharaunda uye mararamiro ehupenyu uye vanoranga avo vanoedza kukudziridza maitiro matsva, anoenderera. Asi tinofanira kusiyanisa pakati zvechokwadi meseji yekuti capitalism ndiyo mudzi wedambudziko kubva ku venhema meseji yekuti kutsvaga maitiro anoshanda uye akaenzana ekurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze hakuna maturo chero bedzi capitalism ichiramba. Kuongorora zvinokonzeresa mhedzisiro yemamwe mapindiro emitemo mumusika hurongwa kuona iyo yakanyanya kunaka uye inoshanda pakati pavo haina kufanana nekutsigira hurongwa hwemusika kana kutaura kuti hurongwa hwemusika hunokwanisa kuburitsa zvakaringana uye zvinobudirira.
Ndakakakavadzana kwemakore anopfuura makumi maviri kuti hapana basa remisika muhupfumi hunodiwa, kuti hutongi hwezvido zvevanhu hwuri pachena, husina hukama, uye hwakagadzikana husiri hwemusika "inobatanidzwa yehupfumi" inogoneka, uye kuti isu tinofanirwa kukoshesa kuronga masisitimu akaenzana. uye kushandira pamwe kwakasimba mukati mecapitalism iko zvino pane kumisa zvirongwa izvi kusvika mushure mekunge hurongwa hwecapitalist hwakundwa. Uye ndinoramba ndichitsikirira mapoinzi aya pamukana wese. Asi vanhu vazhinji havasati vagara muhupfumi hwapashure pemusika, uye avo vanofuratira chokwadi chinosuruvarisa chehupenyu vanozviita panjodzi yekumisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nguva isati yakwana. Kuti vatorerwe zvakakomba Vekuruboshwe vanofanirwa kumisa marara ekutengesa kabhoni uye nekudzikisira kukosha kwekudzikisa mitengo yemagariro ekudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Sezvandinotsanangura muChikamu 3, kutengesa kunoderedza mutengo wekuderedza kubudiswa izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuhwina rutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika kune kunyange yakaderera caps; uye kutengeserana kunogona kuunza kuyerera kwakakura kwemari kubva kuMaodzanyemba kuenda kuMaodzanyemba. Hongu, shanduko dzakakosha muchibvumirano chepashure-Kyoto dzinodikanwa kuti chivharo nechibvumirano chekutengeserana chishande uye chakaenzana, uye isu tinofanirwa kuda mhando dzeshanduko dzandinokurukura muChikamu 3.
Chii chatinofanira kuita pane zvinodiwa neClimate Justice Action muCopenhagen?
(1) Siya mafuta ezvicherwa muvhu.
Kudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze kunoreva kushandura kubva kumafuta ezvicherwa kuenda kune anovandudza netsanangudzo. Saka kuda kusiya mafuta ezvicherwa muvhu hakungogumiri pakutaura zviri pachena. Asi haisati iri mhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti: Ndeupi mutemo uchaita zvakanakisisa chinangwa chekuchengeta mafuta efossil muvhu?
Sezvo kukurumidza uye kuzvipira chiri chikamu chikuru chezvinodiwa kuti ubudirire, "Chengetedza Mafuta Muvhu uye Marasha Mugomba" mishandirapamwe inounganidza vagari vemo kuti vaite kuratidzira uye kusateerera kwevanhu mumigodhi nematsime emafuta - asi zviri nani muzinda wekambani kana varatidziri vachida kuratidza ruzivo rwekirasi - chinhu chakakosha, chinokurudzira. Asi kuratidzira kwehugamba uye kusateerera kwevanhu zvinongova chikamu chimwe chechirongwa chinoshanda chekuchengeta mafuta ezvicherwa pasi. Kunze kwekunge hurumende dzikamanikidzwa kuvhara kuburitswa kwemhepo nechibvumirano chepasirese, uye kunze kwekunge hurumende dzashandisa mitemo yemumba inoderedza kudiwa kwemafuta ezvicherwa, varatidziri vanenge vasingateereri veruzhinji vachaunganidzwa vosungwa nemapurisa nemauto nemauto pasina chimuko. Saka sekunge zvisingaite kune maNGOs ezvakatipoteredza kushoropodza varatidziri vane kuzvipira kwavo kunosimudzira chikonzero, hazvibatsiri kune avo "vanoisa hupenyu hwavo pamutsetse" kushoropodza vamwe vanoshanda nesimba kuchengetedza chibvumirano chepasirese icho chiri. yakasimba uye yakanaka, uye mitemo yemumba inoderedza kudiwa kwemafuta ezvicherwa.
(2) Itazve kutonga kwevanhu uye nharaunda pamusoro pekugadzirwa.
Kana ichi chisiri chishuwo chekuti mubatanidzwa we eco-socialism ugamuchirwe, handizive zvazvinoreva. Kunyange zvazvo zvakatipoteredza zvicharamba zviri panjodzi kusvikira nyika ichiita inobatanidzwa eco-socialism, uye tinofanira kutsanangura kuti sei pamukana wega wega, kubatanidzwa kwesocialism kuchaitika chete kana tavaka sangano guru rinoda, rinotungamirirwa nevashoma vashoma vane vakatodzidza nzira yekuzviita zvinobudirira. Kuenda kumisangano yepasi rose izvozvi "kuda" mvumo iyi kubva kuvatungamiriri vehurumende dzecapitalist vakaungana kuti vagadzirise kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunongoburitsa pachena kuti tiri kure zvakadini nekuhwina chimwe chinhu icho nemasikirwo acho chinofanira kutorwa, kwete kupihwa.
(3) Kutamisa kugadzirwa kwezvokudya.
Hongu, hongu izvi zvinofanira kuitwa, asi sei? Ndeapi marongero achazadzisa chinangwa ichi zvakanyanya? Hongu, hongu kuchinjisa kugadzirwa kwechikafu kunodanwa, asi kana kuzvigutsa zvakakwana muchikafu isiri iyo chinangwa, ingani kuchinjisa kwakakodzera? Zvakare, kunyangwe kana kufambiswa kwakanaka kwekugadzirwa kwechikafu kwaitwa, kusipo kwechibvumirano chepasi rose chekumisa kuburitswa kwepasi rose zvakakwana uye zvakaringana, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yaisazodziviswa, uye kusaenzana kukuru kwepasirese kwaizobviswa.
(4) Kuderedza zvakanyanya kuwandisa, kunyanya kuNorth.
Ndiani angaramba kuderedzwa pamusorokushandiswa? Uye ndiani angaramba kuti kune zvimwe pamusorokushandiswa mukuchamhembe kwepasirese kupfuura kumaodzanyemba kwepasirese? Asi zvakare, izvi zvinongodzokorora zviri pachena uye hazvipi ruzivo rwekuti ndeipi nzira yekuzadzisa chinangwa chinodiwa.
(5) Remekedza kodzero dzevanhu veko uye dzemusango.
Izvi zvakakosha nekuti kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunotyisa kutadza kudaro. Uye zvakakosha kuti titaure kuti chimwe bhenefiti yekuwana kodzero dzechivanhu ndechekuti minda yemuno inogara ichichengetedzwa zvirinani kana yave pasi pehutongi hwakasimba. Zvakare, kuda kuremekedzwa kwekodzero dzechivanhu pamisangano yeUN inopomedzerwa kudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nenzira dzakaenzana, dzakapindwa nevamiriri vehurumende vanotyora kodzero dzechivanhu, zvakakodzera. Asi kubvutwa kwakatora nguva yakareba uye kwakanyanyisa kudzoreredza nyika dzekuzvarwa kuti dzikwane semushonga wekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pasina mamwe marongero.
(6) Ziva chikwereti chezvakatipoteredza uye chemamiriro ekunze chakakweretwa kuvanhu veSouth uye ita muripo.
Kudiwa uku kwakarurama uye misangano yakatsigirwa neUN kudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ndiyo nzvimbo yakakodzera yekuzviita. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvirevi kuti kuomerera pashoko rokuti “kudzorera” isarudzo yakanaka. Hapana chikonzero che "kuda" kuti UNFCCC ione musimboti we "zvakajairwa asi akasiyana mabasa uye kugona" nekuti inotoita. Uyezve, UNFCCC yakatsanangura "mabasa akasiyana" kureva kuti nyika yepasirese yeSouth ine "basa" shoma rekukonzera shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nekuti huwandu hwayo hwekuburitsa pamunhu hushoma kana huchienzaniswa nekuwedzera kuburitswa kwemunhu kuChamhembe; uye UNFCCC yakatsanangura "kugona kwakasiyana" kureva kuti mari nehupfumi pamunhu wese kuMaodzanyemba kwakaderera pane kuChamhembe. Sezvineiwo UNFCCC yakatotaura kuti kubudirira kwehupfumi uye kukunda urombo kunofanirwa kukoshesa kuMaodzanyemba, uye chero basa rinoitwa neSouth mukudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze harifanire kukanganisa kugona kwayo kuzadzisa chinangwa chayo chekutanga chekusimudzira hupfumi. Mune mamwe mazwi, isu tinogona "kuda" kuti UNFCCC irarame zvinoenderana neshoko rayo uye kwete kusiya zviga zvayo zvekururamisira, kana isu tinogona "kuda" iyo UNFCCC inozvipira kune imwe pfungwa yayasina kumbobvira yabvumirana kukurukura, kusvika kure. Ndiri kuziva. Izvo zvakare zviri kure nekujeka kuti pfungwa ye "reparations" ndeyepamusoro pahunhu kana pfungwa. Kukumbira zvikwereti zviri nani here pane kuomerera pakodzero yomunhu yokubatwa zvakanaka?
Munyika umo izvo zvinonzi "zvinogoneka mune zvematongerwo enyika" zvinogara zvichitadza kusvika pazvinenge zvakakodzera, zvakaenzanirana, uye zvinogoneka nevanhu, pane basa rakakosha remhando yezvinoda kuitwa neClimate Justice Action. Asi zvakakosha kusiyanisa pakati pezvido zvehuwandu hwekuchinja kwehurongwa izvo zvisiri kuzoitika munguva pfupi iri kutevera, uye zvinoda zvinogona kuhwina kunyangwe pasina shanduko yehurongwa. Uye zvakakosha kuona kana paine zvikumbiro zvinogoneka zvino zvinozovandudza mhedzisiro.
A Way Forward
Chii chinofanirwa kuitwa neveLeftists pakati pezvino nemisangano yeMusangano Wemapato kuKyoto Protocol muMexico gore rinouya kuti tiwane chitima chedu pamwe nenhaurirano dzepasi rose mugwara? Tinofanira kutanga nekusimbisa kuti Kyoto inotiisa sei munzira kwayo, uye tichisimbirira kuti nhaurirano dzidzoke panzira yakatanga muRio ikapfuura nemuKyoto.
(1) Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze hakuzodziviswa kunze kwekunge nyika dzichibvumirana inosunga kudzikiswa kwechibvumirano chepasi rose. Chero fungidziro yekuti zviito zvekuzvidira parutivi rwenyika, kana mapoka madiki enyika dzakabatana, zvichachengetedza kudzikiswa kwakakwana kudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ifungidziro chaiyo. Dzidziso inofanotaura nzira yekuzvidira haizoshande uye nhoroondo yenhoroondo pakati peRio neKyoto inozvisimbisa.
(2) Nyika dzine mabasa akasiyana ekukonzeresa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, nyika dzine kugona kwakasiyana kutakura mutengo wekudzivisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, uye kuedza kuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunofanirwa kuratidza aya "mabasa akasiyana uye kugona." Nyika dzine ruzhinji rwevagari vemunyika dzisati dzawana mabhenefiti ebudiriro yeupfumi hwenyika hadzifanirwe kutarisirwa kutakura mitoro yakafanana nenyika dzakabudirira kudzivirira kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kana paine chakanaka chakabuda muCopenhagen ndechekuti nyika dzisina kubudirira dzakaita. zvakajeka zvikuru havazobvumirani kune chero chibvumirano chinoda kuti vasiye tariro yekuvandudza.
Asi Kyoto yaive yakakanganisa munzira dzakakosha, uye isu tinofanirwa kuda shanduko huru muchibvumirano cheKyoto. Muchidimbu, kushandisa Copenhagen semutsindo wekumutsa kuti Kyoto igadziriswe uye idzoke munzira ndiyo mukana wedu wakanakisa wekurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze zvinobudirira uye zvakaringana mune ramangwana rinoonekwa.
(1) Seta chivharo pakuburitswa kwepasi rose pane chero nhanho yatinoudzwa nesaenzi kuti inofanirwa kudzikamisa kabhoni ku350 ppm.
Kyoto akaisa chivharo pamusoro peaggregate emissions muna 2012 kubva kuAnnex-1 vakasaina pa 5.5% pazasi pehuwandu hwavo hwekuburitsa muna 1990. Humbowo hutsva hwesainzi hunoratidza kuti mavharo epasi rose ekuburitswa kwe2020 ne2050 kunofanira kunge kwakadzikira kana tichida kudzikamisa CO2 concentrations mumhepo. mwero unoderedza njodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze ane njodzi kusvika padanho rinogamuchirika. Asi sei uchipopotedzana nezve chivharo chepasi rose chakavakirwa pazvikamu mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu pamiriyoni yakatarwa kwete mutero wepasi rose wecarbon?
Mukufungidzira kuti kabhoni mutero ndiyo yakanakisa nzira nekuti haigadziri chinhu chitsva chinotengeswa uye musika unogona careen kunze kwekutonga. Nekudaro, vanorwira mamiriro ekunze havana kukwanisa kuhwina mutero wakakosha wepasi rose mutero muma1990s, uye nyika dzeAnnex-1 dzakabvumirana kuvharwa kweaggregate Annex-1 emissions ye2012 iyo, kunyange isingakwane, yaive nhanho yakakosha. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, panguva ino zvinotonyanya kuoneka kuti tinogona kuhwina kuderedzwa kukuru kwepasirese kuburikidza nemakapisi kupfuura isu tinogona kuhwina kuburikidza nepasi rose kabhoni mutero. Munguva pfupi yapfuura kuderedzwa kwe80% mukuburitswa kwepasirese - kana kupfuura - panosvika 2050 kwave kutariswa zvakanyanya. Hapana anoziva kuti mutero wepasi rose wepasi rose ungafanirwa kunge wakakwira sei kuti uwane kudzikiswa kwakadzika uku, asi munhu wese anoziva kuti mutero wehukuru ihwohwo hauna mubvunzo zvachose. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvakazoitika kuti tinogona kuhwina zvirinani zvibvumirano muchimiro checaps pane kuburikidza nekabhoni mutero.
Pane imwe nhanho izvi hazvina musoro zvachose nekuti kudzikiswa kwe80% kwehutsi hwepasi rose kuchaisa mutengo pakabhoni wakangokwirisa semutero wekabhoni wakakwira zvekukwanisa kuburitsa kudzikiswa ne80%. Kune rumwe rutivi hazvisi zvisina musoro kana munhu akamira kuti afunge kuti sei vanhu vazhinji, uye naizvozvo kunyange vamwe vevatungamiri vavo vakasarudzwa, vasvika pakugumisa kuti vanotsigira kuderedzwa kwekubudiswa pahurongwa hwe80% kana kupfuura. Nharaunda yesainzi, mukuratidzira kunoshamisa kwechokwadi kuwirirana, iri kutiudza kuti kunze kwekunge tadzikisa zvinoburitswa ne80% kana kupfuura panosvika 2050 tinoisa njodzi huru yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Nharaunda yesainzi haikodzeri kukurudzira kuti tingaite sei mutero wekabhoni kuti tideredze njodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye hapana kuedza kuzviita. Asi vanhu vane njere vave kuda kugamuchira rairo iyo nzanga yesainzi yakabatana inogona kupa pamusoro pehuwandu uye nekumhanya kwekudzikiswa kwepasirese kunoda kudzikisa njodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kusvika padanho rinogamuchirika. Chokwadi ndechekuti vanorwira mamiriro ekunze hapana kwavaisvika chero bedzi vezvehupfumi nevezvematongerwo enyika vachitonga gakava remamiriro ekunze, uye vanorwira mamiriro ekunze vakangotanga kuenderera mberi apo vesainzi vakabata maikorofoni. Kuti ugamuchire zvinoshamisa kubvuta masimba nharaunda yesainzi yakabvisa isu tinofanirwa kubvuma chirongwa chinobva pazvivharo pane mitero.
(2) Kuburitswa kwemari munyika dzese asi kunopa nyika dzakasimukira zvishoma zvivharo zvakakwirira, kusanganisira zvivharo zvinodarika zvazvino kuburitsa kwemamwe makore mune ramangwana, uye kuisa zvivharo zvakanyanya kune dzimwe nyika dzakasimukira nehuwandu hupi hunodiwa kuti vabudirire pasi rose. emission cap yakatemwa mukati #1.
Mazhinji emabhuku anoshoropodza kutengeswa kwekabhoni ane kufumurwa kwezviitiko apo chitupa uye kutengesa kwakaitika apo zvikwereti zvakapihwa kuderedzwa kwanga kusiri pamutemo nekuti kudzikiswa kwacho kwaisava "kuwedzera" kune zvingadai zvakaitika chero zvakadaro, kana kudzikiswa. inotendwa zvisina kunanga inobvumidzwa kuburitsa kune imwe nzvimbo munyika, dambudziko rinonzi "leakage."
Asi izvo zvinotadza kunzwisiswa nevashori vazhinji ndezvekuti kana mutengesi we "certified emission reduction" (CER) ari mukati menyika iyo nyika ine kubuda kwayo kwakavharwa izvi hazviparadze kudzikiswa kwese kuburitsa chero nyika yemutengesi ichimanikidzwa kutevedzera. nezvisungo zvayo zvenyika pasi peKyoto. Ngatitii maCER ekuderedzwa kwematani zana anotengeswa nekambani yemagetsi yeCanada kukambani yemagetsi yeJapan ndeyekunyepedzera - manyepo chaiwo. Pasi peKyoto, Japan ikozvino inogona kuburitsa zana rematani kupfuura yaingadai yakabvumidzwa neimwe nzira. Iyo kambani yemagetsi yeCanada, nekufungidzira, haizoburitsa chero zvishoma pane zvayaizove nazvo chero zvakadaro. Nekudaro, nyika yeCanada ikozvino yave kudikanwa kuburitsa zana rematani zvishoma pane zvazvaizodai zvichidiwa neimwe nzira nekuti sosi mukati meCanada yakatengesa maCER ematani zana kunzvimbo iri kunze kweCanada, uye nekudaro avo vane basa rekuona kuti Canada yasangana neyayo. Zvisungo zvechibvumirano cheKyoto zvichawedzera matani zana kune kudzikisira kunofanirwa kuitwa neCanada. Saka kuderedzwa kwepasi rose kuchave kwakaenzana nekuderedzwa kwepasirese kwakabvumiranwa neCanada neJapan kunyangwe CER iri manyepo zvachose, chero bedzi hurumende yeCanada ichimanikidzwa kuzadzisa zvisungo zvayo pasi peKyoto.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kana masosi munyika vane hutsi hwenyika hunovharwa tengesa maCER ekunyepa kune dzimwe nyika kuedza kudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze "hakubiswi." Asi kana zvisiri izvo zvakatipoteredza, ndiani ane kambani yedu yemagetsi yekuCanada yakabiridzira nekubvuma muripo wakanaka pasina chaaita? Kana mutengesi weapuro achibiridzira nekutengesa apuro rakaora ndiye mutengi wemaapuro anobiridzirwa. Zvisinei, panyaya yeCERs kambani yemagetsi yekuJapan yakawana chaizvo zvayaida - chikwereti chekudzikisa matani zana izvo zvinoibvumira kuburitsa matani zana kupfuura zvayaigona kuita neimwe nzira. Asi kana asiri nharaunda kana mutengi wemaCER emanyepo akabiridzirwa neCanadian power company scam, saka ndiani akabiridzirwa? Iyi ingava imwe yeaya anonzi matsotsi asina vanyajambwa here? Zvinosuruvarisa kwete. Kambani yemagetsi yekuCanada yakabiridzira vamwe vayo vekuCanada. Nekutengesa maCER emanyepo zvakamanikidza Canada kudzikisa kuburitswa kwayo nematani zana kupfuura zvayaizofanira kuita neimwe nzira. Mumwe munhu muCanada achafanira kuderedza kuburitsa kwavo ne100 mamwe matani kupfuura zvavaifanira kunge vakaita. Ndevamwe vanhu vekuCanada vanove vakabatwa kana sosi muCanada inotengesa maCER ekunyepedzera kune mumwe munhu kune imwe nyika.
Apo vatsoropodzi vekutengesa kabhoni vane chirevo chakasimba ndipo pavanopokana kuti kana mutengesi weCER yemanyepo ari munyika iyo nyika isina kuvharwa kwemhepo izvi zvinoderedza kudzikiswa kwepasirese uye chinangwa chekudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze chinobiridzirwa. Kana chikwereti chiri pamutemo - kureva "chakawedzerwa" uye chisina "kudonha" - ipapo chinangwa chekudzikisa pasi rose hachina kudzikisirwa uye hapana dambudziko. Asi kana chikwereti chinotengeswa kubva kune nyika isina kuvharwa isiri yepamutemo tine dambudziko. Uyezve, pane zvese zvinokurudzira kune mutengesi wechikwereti kuti aedze kubiridzira, hapana chinokurudzira mutengi wechikwereti kuti asimbirire pakutendeseka kwayo, hapana chinokurudzira nyika iyo mutengi aripo kuti atarisire kana chikwereti. inotengwa zviri pamutemo, uye kana iri nyika iyo nyika ine kubuda kwayo kusati kwavharwa, hapana kurudziro kuhurumende uko mutengesi aripo kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti chikwereti chiri pamutemo kana.
Hongu ndosaka Kyoto akapa simba rekusimbisa kiredhiti yekudzikisa kuburitswa kuDare Repamusoro reClean Development Mechanism (CDM) uye haana kuvimba nehurumende dzinotambira dzenyika dzisiri dzeAnnex-1 kuti dzitarise kuve kwechokwadi kwezvikumbiro zvezvikwereti kubva kune masosi. munzvimbo dzavo dzenyika. Asi hazvisi nyore kumisa mamiriro ekufungidzira uye kuona kuti purojekiti yakaderedza sei utsi pane yaingadai yakadonha zvakadaro, ndoda kuve nechokwadi chekuti chirongwa hachina kubvumidza zvisina kunanga kuwedzera kwehutsi kune imwe nzvimbo munyika. Nekuvhara kuburitswa kwemhepo munyika dzese tinovimbisa kuti kunyangwe mapurojekiti emanyepo akabvumidzwa, kana kunyangwe mapurojekiti akapihwa maCER akawanda kupfuura aanofanirwa, chinangwa chepasi rose hachidzikisirwe chero zvakadaro. Sezvineiwo, nekuvhara kuburitswa kwemhepo munyika dzese tinochengetedza kuvimbika kwechinangwa chechibvumirano chese kubva mukukanganisa kwezvitupa zvinogoneka.
Vatsoropodzi pasina mubvunzo vacharamba kuti ikoku hakuna kururama. Vachati hazvina kunaka kuvharisa hutsi hwenyika dzine hurombo idzo dzinenge dzichikonzeresa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye dzisingakwanisi kukwira mari dzekuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Vatsoropodzi vachapokana kuti izvi zvinodzivirira nyika dzine urombo kubva mukusimukira uye kubata hupfumi hwakasimukira. Aya nharo dzekupokana necapping emissions munyika dzese dzakarurama kana macaps akaenzana nenyika dzese. Nekudaro, hapana imwe yeiyi nharo yekupokana necapping emissions kwese kwese inobata chokwadi kana nyika dziine macaps akasiyana akaiswa zvinoenderana neakasiyana "mitoro uye kugona".
Ehe zvakaenzana zvinodzora zvivharo kune vese hazvina kunaka. Asi vanhu vanonzwisisa, uye kunyange hurumende dzine njere, vanonzwisisa izvi. European Union yakapa zvibodzwa zvakaderera kune dzimwe nyika dzakasimukira dzakaita seGermany neFrance uye zvikwata zvepamusoro kunhengo dzisina kusimukira dzakaita sePortugal neIreland. Kana zvangonzwisiswa izvozvo kuvhara munhu wese hazvireve chivharo chakafanana kune wese munhu zviri pachena kuti kuenzana kunogona kuwanikwa panguva imwe chete iyo kukukurwa kwekuderedzwa kwepasi rose kunokonzerwa nekukundikana kusvika kumagumo ekubudisa munyika dzose kunodzivirirwa. Uyezve, hapana chikonzero chatisingakwanisi kubvumira nyika dzine urombo kuti dziwedzere kubudiswa kweimwe nguva, chero bedzi kuwedzera kuri kuvharwa.
Chikumbiro chimwe chakanakisa chekutarisa macaps akaenzana kune nyika dzakasimukira nedziri kusimukira zvakafanana iGreenhouse Development Rights Framework yakakurudzirwa naPaul Baer, Tom Athanasiou, naSivan Kartha. (Kodzero yeKubudirira Munyika Iine Mamiriro Ekunze: The Greenhouse Development Rights Framework. Berlin: Heinrich Boll Foundation, Christian Aid, EcoEquity, uye Stockholm Environmental Institute, 2007.) Vanotaura chichemo chokuti kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakawanda vari munyika dzisina kubudirira vakakundikana kubatsirwa nebudiriro yezvoupfumi kupfuura munyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira, kunyanguvezvo kune vamwe varombo. vanhu vanogara munyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira avo vanofanirawo kuva nekodzero yekubatsirikana kubva mukuvandudzwa kwehupfumi uye kwete kutakura mari yekudzivirira kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Uyezve, kune vamwe vanhu vakapfuma munyika dzisina kubudirira vakanakidzwa nebudiriro uye vanokwanisa kubhadhara chikamu chemutengo wekudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Vanyori ava vanokurudzira nzira inoshanda yekuyera chiyero chevagari vemunyika imwe neimwe vakatofarira budiriro yehupfumi, uye nekudaro inofanirwa kutarisirwa kubhadhara imwe yemitengo yekudzivirira kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, iyo inogona kushandiswa kuverenga seti ye zvivharo zvakaenzana kune nyika dzese. Nheyo yekusiyanisa mabasa nekwaniso yakaitwa muKyoto ichishandisa musiyano wakasarudzika kupatsanura nyika kuita mapoka maviri uye ichida kudzikiswa kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzakasimukira uku ichisiya nyika shoma dzakasimukira dzisina kugadzirwa. Iyi inogona kunge iri nzira yakanakisa yekusimbisa kuzvipira kusingazungunuke kune equity pakutanga. Asi iyo Greenhouse Development Rights Framework formula ine nharo inoshandisa iyo misimboti zvirinani kuburikidza neinoenderera inosiyana iyo ine mukana wakakura wekutibvumira kuvharira mhepo munyika dzese, inovimbisa kuti chero kutengeserana kwemanyepo hakugone kukanganisa kuderedzwa kwakarongwa kwepasirese, uye nekudaro kubvisa chero zvipingamupinyi mukuwedzera. kuyerera kwemari kubva kuMaodzanyemba kuenda kuMaodzanyemba iyo yakazara yekutengesa inobereka.
Chokwadi patinobvumira nyika dzichiri kusimukira kuwedzera utsi dzisati dzasvika padzinogumira, tambo dzakaomarara dzinofanirwa kunge dziri munyika dzakabudirira kuitira kuti dzisangane nemwero wakapihwa wekuderedza pasi rose. Hapana arikukurudzira kuti kusvika pachibvumirano pane akasiyana caps zvichave nyore. Asi kubvumirana pamisiyano yezvivharo zveAnnex-1 nyika kwanga kusiri nyore muKyoto, zvakadaro chibvumirano chakaitwa. Chero zvazvingava, mhinduro iri nyore zvisinei nekuti nhaurirano dzakaoma sei: Kuisa nyika dzese ndiyo chete nzira yekuvimbisa kuti tichazadzikisa chinangwa chedu chepasi rose chekuderedza utsi. Kuisa nyika dzese ndiyo nzira chete yekukohwa kuwana kwakazara kwekubudirira kunobvira kubva mukutengesa kabhoni uye kuwedzera kuyerera kwekubhadhara kubva kuNorth kuenda kuMaodzanyemba pasina kukanganisa kukanganisa kwese kuderedzwa kwechinangwa. Uye nekusiyanisa zvivharo kune nyika dzine mabasa akasiyana uye kugona zvakakwana - kusanganisira kubvumidza kuwedzera kwehutsi kwenguva yakati munyika dzine urombo - kuenzana kunogona kuchengetedzwa.
(3) Cap yenyika net emissions pane kuburitswa kwenyika.
Dai chibvumirano chepasi rose chaita kuti hurumende dzive nemhosva yekuburitsa mambure enyika, hurumende dzingave nekurudziro yekurambidza zviitiko zvinoburitsa kabhoni uye zvakare ive nekurudziro yekukurudzira zviitiko zvinowedzera kutorwa kwekabhoni. Chibvumirano chepasi rose hachifanire kutaurira hurumende kuti dzinoita sei izvi. Sezvo kuchengetedza kazhinji kazhinji kuchibudisa utsi hushoma pane kutemwa kwemasango kunoteverwa nokusimazve, hurumende dzenyika dzaizova upenzi kusava nechokwadi chokuti kuchengetedza kwakanga kuchikwezvawo mune zvemari.
(4) Ipa hurumende dzenyika simba rekusimbisa kana kuramba kupa zvikwereti zvekuderedza emission zvinotengeswa nemapato anoshanda munharaunda dzavo.
Chero bedzi kuburitswa kubva kunyika dzisiri dzeAnnex-1 kusati kwavharwa hapana sarudzo kunze kwekupa sangano repasi rose simba rekuongorora zvikumbiro zvemaCER kubva kune vanonyorera munyika idzi nekuti hapana kurudziro kune dzisiri dzeAnnex-1 hurumende ridza muridzo pane zvikumbiro zvemanyepo zveCERs nevanyoreri vekumusha. Nechikonzero ichi Kyoto akange asina imwe sarudzo kunze kwekugadzira nyanzvi yepasirese bureaucracy kuti iite basa resheriff.
However, as hard working, honest, and professionally competent as the clean development mechanism (CDM) Executive Board and the Designated Operational Entities (DOEs) they work with may be, the CDM is still an international bureaucracy subject to the pressures all international bureaucracies respond to. In the end they have nothing at stake but their salaries and reputations. Meanwhile they are subject to political pressures from different sides. On the one hand, international environmental organizations concerned with preserving the integrity of global reductions apply political pressure on the CDM to tighten standards and deny certification to questionable projects. On the other hand, those who wish to sell or buy CERs, any governments who lobby for business interests operating in their territory, and those who favor the income flows from more developed countries to lesser developed countries which CER sales generate apply political pressure on the CDM to approve more projects and increase the volume of CER trading. The result has been suboptimal in two ways. While most projects approved have been legitimate, a troubling number of bogus projects have also been approved which has undermined planned global emissions reductions. Meanwhile those worried about the negative effects of bogus projects have succeeded in limiting application of the CDM mechanism by requiring Annex-1 countries to meet their reduction quotas "predominantly" from internal reductions, and by excluding certain categories of projects deemed too difficult to evaluate and monitor. This has led to a failure to minimize the global cost of achieving reductions and also limited the transfer of income from MCDs to less developed countries.
Nekudaro, kana mambure ekunze achinge avharwa munyika dzese, kwete chete mibairo yekukanganisa yeCER haichadzikisi chinangwa chekudzikisa pasi rose, kune zvakare mupurisa anowanikwa aine zvakawanda zvekurasikirwa kubva mumibairo isiriyo, kusanganisira mibairo yemapurojekiti anowedzera kutorwa. Zviri mukufarirwa kwehurumende dzenyika kuti mapato akazvimirira anoshanda mukati menzvimbo dzawo asatengese mamwe maCER mumusika wepasi rose wecarbon pane huwandu hwekuti chirongwa chinoderedza kuburitswa kana kuwedzera kutorwa pamusoro uye kupfuura izvo zvingadai zvaitika dai chirongwa ichi chisina kuitwa. zvakaitwa nekuti, sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro, kana hurumende dzenyika avo mambure ekubudisa akavharwa kutadza kudzivirira izvi, zvichave idzo hurumende kana vagari vadzo vanozotambura nemhedzisiro yekuvhara kushomeka nekuderedza kuburitswa kwemari kupfuura zvavaizofanira kuita neimwe nzira.
(5) Simbisa pfungwa pabasa rakareruka rekuyera kuburitswa kwenyika uye basa rakakosha rekugadza zvirango zvinoshanda zvekusatevedzera.
Kuyera kuburitswa kwepagore kwenyika kuri nyore zvichienderana neruzivo rwunowanikwa nyore nezvemazinga ekugadzira uye matekinoroji ari kushandiswa. Uye hongu, izvi zvinoreva kuti kupokana muCopenhagen pamusoro pekuramba kweChinese kubvumidza vekunze kuti vapinde mukuongororwa kwesaiti kwaitove kupusa. Kuona kuburitswa kwekabhoni yenyika hakuna zvachose kwakafanana nekuona kuti kutevedzerwa kwechibvumirano chezvombo zvenyukireya chisingawande apo kuongororwa kwezvirongwa zvesimba renyukireya kunoita basa rakakosha. Saizvozvo, masisitimu eruzivo rwepasirese (GIS), kuverengera kwekushisa kwepasi rose nekunaya kwemvura, uye mepu dzebiology dzepasi rese zvino zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuyera kuti ingani kabhoni inotorwa munharaunda yenyika mukati megore. Nekune rimwe divi, kuyera kuti purojekiti yega yega yakaderedza sei kuburitswa kwehupenyu hwayo kana zvichienzaniswa nezvingadai zvaitika dai chirongwa ichi chisina kuitwa kwakaoma nekuti zvinoda kumisa hwaro hwekufungidzira uye kuongorora kuburitswa kwemhepo mukati menguva dzakawanda. Hurukuro yakawanda pamusoro pekuyera nekubiridzira inovhiringa musiyano wakakosha uyu pakati pezviri nyore kuyera uye izvo zvakaoma kuyera.
Chibvumirano chepasi rose chinongoda chete kuyera kuburitswa kwegore, kwenyika, net emissions nekuti ndizvo izvo vanosaina vanozvipira uye zvinofanirwa kuve nemhosva. Iro basa riri nyore uye hurumende dzichava nenguva yakaoma vachiti vanoongorora zvibvumirano vakaita zvikanganiso zvakakura. Izvo izvo sangano repasi rose rechibvumirano rinofanirwa kunetseka pamusoro paro panzvimbo yezviyero zvinetso, izvo zvesangano rechibvumirano zvishoma, nzira yekuchengetedza chibvumirano pakati pevakasaina pane inoshanda seti yezvirango zvekusatevedzera, pasina izvo kuita kwese hakuna maturo. Kuenderera mberi nekusendeka nhaurirano yenzira yekusimbisa kuteererwa kunovimbisa kuti nhaurirano hadzizotorwa zvakanyanya. Nyaya yekuti vazhinji vakasaina Annex-1 vachatadza kuzadzisa zvisungo zvavo pasi peKyoto muna 2012 inoratidza zvinosiririsa kuti nyaya yekutevedzwa haichakwanisi kufuratirwa.
Kana kuderedzwa kana zvikwereti zvekutsvaga zvichizotengeswa pakati pemapato ega ega anoshanda munyika dzakasiyana sezvandinoronga, huwandu hwakadzikiswa net mambure kuburikidza nekuedza kwemutengesi hunofanirwa kuyerwa. Hongu, ivo vanofanirwa kuyerwa, nekusimbiswa, uye mitongo pamusoro pekuwedzera, kudonha, uye nekusingaperi izvo zvinoda izvi zvinogona kuoma. Asi kana mambure ekunze akavharirwa munyika dzese chero zvikanganiso muzviyero izvi uye zvitupa hazvigone kudzivirira chibvumirano kuti chizadzikise chinangwa chayo chepasirese, net emission tarisiro - chero kuburitswa kwepagore kwegore kunoyerwa nemazvo uye vanosaina chibvumirano vachikurudzirwa kuti vararame zvinoenderana nezvisungo zvavo. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana chibvumirano chakagadziriswa sezvandatsanangura pamusoro apa, chokwadi chokuti zvakaoma kuziva kuti ingani zvikwereti zvinofanira kupiwa mutengesi hazvina basa nenzira iyo vatsoropodzi vanotenda. Kukanganisa pakupa zvikwereti zvekudzikisa zvezvirongwa zvega zvega zvinongobatsira mutengesi nemutengo wevagari vemutengesi kana mutengesi akapihwa mamwe makiredhiti akakodzera, kana kubatsira vekwekwedu nemutengo wemutengesi kana kiredhiti shoma ikapihwa pane yakakodzera.
Nepo hurumende dzepasi dzakasimukira kunyanya dzichigona kuonga rubatsiro uye zano mukupa maCER kune vanonyorera vari kushanda mukati medunhu ravo kubva kune vashandi vane ruzivo rwevashandi vane mihoro inobhadharwa nesangano repasi rese rechibvumirano, hurumende dzenyika dzinofanirwa kuve nekodzero yekuita sarudzo dzinobata chete. vagari vadzo vamene, uye kana nyika yose, gore negore, utsi hwemambure hwapera, hurumende dzinenge dziine kurudziro yose yokuita mibairo yakarurama.
(6) Kana shanduko shanu idzi muKyoto dzaitwa tinokwanisa kubata mhino dzedu uye kutsigira yakazara kabhoni yekutengesa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvitatu.
Chekutanga, zvisinei kuti musika wekabhoni unoshanda zvakadii, zvisinei kuti chikamu chemari chisina kunyoreswa chinoisa zvibvumirano zvekabhoni musobho yayo yakaoma, ine muchetura, yemari, zvisinei kuti hazvigoneke sei kuona kuti chii chakachekwa uye chakakamurwa, chakatengwa uye. kutengeswa, kutengwa patsva uye kutengeswa, uye kurongedzerwa mumakumi ezviuru akasiyana mafomu uye musanganiswa nemamwe akawanda ezvimwe zvinhu zvisina mubvunzo ndezvekuderedzwa chaiko kwekuburitsa kwete fake; inodiwa pasi rose emission kudzikiswa kunovimbiswa ne #1, uye kugoverwa kwakanaka kwemitengo yekuwana kudzikiswa kunovimbiswa ne #2 chido kwete kuderedzwa kana kukanganiswa mune chero chiitiko.
Chechipiri, kutengeserana kwakazara kwezvikwereti zvinoburitsa zvinoburitsa kuyerera kwemari kubva kuMaodzanyemba kuenda kuMaodzanyemba inopfuura nekure mafambiro erubatsiro aripo kana chero muripo wemuripo ungangobvumiranwa. Vazhinji vatsoropodzi veKuruboshwe vanotadza kunzwisisa kuti kutengeswa kwekabhoni yeCERs zviri pamutemo hakungodzikisi mutengo wekuteedzera kune dzimwe nyika dzakasimukira uye hurumende - izvo hazvina kunaka nekuti zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kudzikisa zvivharo zvavo zvakanyanya - zvinopawo rubatsiro rwakakura. kunyika dzisina kubudirira. Vatengesi vepasi vakasimukira vanotengesa maCER uye vatengi vemunyika dzakasimukira veCERs vanogovanisa mhindu yekugona kubva mukuderedza utsi munyika ine budiriro shoma kwete munyika yakasimukira pakati pavo. Kukwira kwemutengo unobhadharwa kumaCER ndiko kuwedzera kwekubudirira kunowanikwa kunyika dzisina kubudirira, kuderera kwemutengo wemaCER ndiko kuwedzera kwekubudirira kunoenda kunyika dzakabudirira. Asi mune zvese izvi CDM inogadzira kuyerera kwemari kubva Kumusoro kuenda kuMaodzanyemba yaizomira kana CDM ikavharwa, sekudaidzwa kwaitwa nevakawanda Kuruboshwe.
And third, emission trading will lower the global cost of achieving emission reductions considerably and thereby make it easier to win political approval from electorates in more developed countries for the deep level of reductions necessary.
Muchidimbu, ndosaka Kuruboshwe kuchifanira kutsigira chibvumirano chepasirese nemakapisi anosungirwa pane kutambisa nguva isu tisina kuedza kushandura nzira zvakare tichidaidza mutero wepasi rose wecarbon iyo isingazove yakakwira zvakakwana. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei zvisingabatsire kufanofanotaura mabhenefiti ayo ekutengesa emission kiredhiti anounza munyika inotungamirwa nemasimba emusika. Uye idzi ndidzo shanduko muKyoto Protocol dzinoita kuti ishande, yakanaka, uye yakakodzera kurwira apo isu tichiramba tichishanda kuti vanhu vakawanda varase capitalist albatross ichiri zvinosuwisa kuti ichiri mumitsipa yedu.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta