Chinhu chinodiwa - uye chinoyeverwa nevose - danho rekuchengetedza rakatorwa nemauto eGuinea munguva yehondo yevapanduki yeSierra Leone kubva hondo yapera yawedzera kuita gakava remuganhu iro rinokanganisa kugadzikana kwenyika mbiri idzi. Asi kunyangwe nyaya yacho - gakava reYenga - richiwanzoitwa mune zverudo uye zvinokurudzira zvakanyanya nevadetembi vekuSierra Leone, vanozviti varwiri vemasangano ehurumende, uye vatori venhau, nyaya yese yakanyura muvanhu. Hondo isati yatanga, Yenga yaive musha mudiki wevarombo wevanhu vasingasviki 100 nematangwena gumi ekare. Asi inoiswa zvine hungwaru pakati pehurongwa (kunyangwe husina kugadzirwa) hwenzira dzemvura dzakabatana, dzakasungirirwa kurwizi rukuru rweMoa, uye dzakaumbwa nekusangana kwedzimwe nzizi nhatu dzinobva kuGuinea, Mellacourie, Fourecaria, neBereira. Yakawanda yenzvimbo iyi, ichienda kure kuchamhembe kweSierra Leone, yaimbozivikanwa pamwe chete seMellacourie.
Kusvika mukurumbira wayo uchangoburwa, hapana ani zvake aipinda muYenga kubva munzira ine huswa ine huswa uye ine makomba anganyatsocherechedza: nzvimbo dzakanyanya kukosha dzaive Kailahun, Koindu, Bomaru neSienga kudivi reSierra Leonean, uye Guekecdou neForecariah kudivi reGuinea. Yakanga iri hove yekurara, yakaparadzaniswa neGuinea neRwizi rweMoa, asi iyi cartographic factor yaive yekufungidzira kune vanhu vaigara kumativi ese erwizi: kufamba kubva kuSierra Leone kuenda kuGuinea uye neimwe nzira kwaisadzorwa nevarindi vemuganhu, uye vanhu. kurutivi rumwe norumwe rworwizi rwaichengeta mhuri kumativi ose ari maviri.
Zvitende kana kwete, izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaratidzwa zvemasimba ekoloni, Britain neFrance, pavakatara nzvimbo pakati pehumambo huviri hunokwikwidza, hutsva hwezvematongerwo enyika uye hwenzvimbo hunoratidzwa chete mumakumi maviri kana maviri mabhekoni akasimwa nevaEurope, pamusoro pavo vachibhururuka mireza miviri, pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi19. Vakapatsanura zvine hutsinye vanhu veKissy - vakapatsanura kunyangwe mhuri - dzinogara munzvimbo iyi, vachivamanikidza kuti vapinde mumatunhu avasina kumbotaurirana. Kutemerwa kwemuganho kwanga kusiri kungofanana nekuvezwa kwemuUganda - kwakapihwa sechipo chekuzvarwa kuna Mambokadzi weBritain Victoria nemurungu anopamba achipfuura nemuEast Africa - asi pfungwa dzaive dzakafanana: paive nefungidziro shoma kune vanhu vemuAfrica vaigara imomo. nzvimbo idzi, uye zvechokwadi hapana kunetseka nezve ramangwana renyika dzakagadzirwa nekukurumidza.
Saka nei vanhu vari muurombo vakakuvadzwa uye vakaremara muhondo Sierra Leone neGuinea, vachangobuda muhondo dzine hutsinye (neGuinea ichiri kuremara nekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika), vachitaura nezve chidimbu chenyika ichi sekunge vanoda kukonzeresa imwe mhirizhonga munharaunda. ? Zviri pachena kuti pane kudiwa kwechokwadi chechokwadi chakakomba.
Nguva pfupi yadarika ndakapedza masikati akashata nemukuru mukuru wemauto eSierra Leone akandiudza zvakapusa, uye achipesana nehumbowo hwese huripo, kuti mauto eSierra Leone aidiwa kwaive kurongeka kubva ku "vanhuwo zvavo" uye Yenga aizotorwazve kubva kuGuinea nekukasira. . Uye sezvandinonyora, kune bato chairo muSierra Leone rinodanwa nezita rekuti 'Save Yenga Save Salone', mushandirapamwe wakakwezva vezvenhau, vadetembi, 'nzanga' uye vamwe vezvematongerwo enyika. Mumwe wezvematongerwo enyika akadai, Musa Tamba Sam, webato rinopikisa reSierra Leone Peoples Party (SLPP), nguva pfupi yadarika akaedza kuti Yenga aite nharo mudare reParamende, asi kuedza kwacho kwakarambwa nemutauriri wehurumende. Nyaya iyi, akadaro Mutauriri, yakanga ichibatwa nehurumende - uye ndizvo zvazviri. Honourable Sam anobva kuYenga, akaberekwa panguva iyo musha uyu waive uchiri chikamu cheKissi-Teng Chiefdom muKailuhun District mudunhu rekuMabvazuva kweSierra Leone.
Kudzora (uncharacteristic) kwehurumende yaErnest Koroma panyaya yeYenga, iyo inoratidza iyo yeKabbah yakapfuura, inoyemurika: kana nyaya dzese dzakakomba dzenyika kubvira Koroma atanga kutonga dzakasvitswa nenzira imwecheteyo - zvakadzikama uye nemaune - saka zvakawanda. pamusoro pemhosho dzakakomba dzemutongo, kudzingwa kwevakuru vehurumende vachifungidzirwa kuti vatsigiri vevanopikisa, kurwiswa kwezvivakwa zvevanopikisa, uye zvimwe zviito zveutsotsi uye kusava nehanya, zvakaitwa nehurumende yake zvingadai zvakadziviswa.
Nyaya yeYenga ndeye, sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro, nhaka yezvinhu zviviri zvinopisa zvenhoroondo: European colonialism uye nehutsinye hondo yevagari vemo. Zvinoshamisa kuti ese ari maviri zvino ane resonance yakaenzana - asi nekuda kwezvikonzero zvese zvakanaka, simbiso inofanira kunge iri pane ichangopfuura yapfuura. KuGuinea yakapinda muYenga kwete semuvengi asi seshamwari mukutsvaga muvengiwo zvake, simba re "mupanduki" rehutsinye hwepakati. Guinea, chokwadika, yave iri muvakidzani akanaka kwazvo weSierra Leone, pazviitiko zvisingaverengeki achiuya kuzoyamura uto reSierra Leone rakanga risisina simba uye kutora makumi ezviuru zvevaSierra Leone vanotiza kupambwa kwevapanduki, sevapoteri. Ini ndichadzokera kune ino, asi kutanga kune yekolonial provenance.
Ian Brownlie's African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia, rakabudiswa naHurst (London) nokuda kweRoyal Institute of International Affairs muna 1979, mapeji 1355 kureba, ndiyo nhungamiro inokosha kuhwaro hwenhoroondo yemiganhu yeAfrica; Ndakatora kopi kumahofisi eHurst muLondon nguva pfupi yadarika. Iri bhuku rinoburitsa akati wandei magwaro, anosanganisira zvibvumirano uye tsamba uye memoranda, kubva kuBritish neFrance vakuru vakuru vakaumba hwaro hwemuganhu weSierra Leone-Guinea. Yekutanga yaive Anglo-French Kokorodzano ye28 Chikumi 1882 (yakatangira Berlin Conference, iyo yakakamura zviri pamutemo kondinendi yeAfrica pakati pevaEurope, nemakore maviri): maBritish akaziva zvirevo zveFrance kuna Mellacourie (izvo, sezvandamboona, Yenga. vangadai vakaumba chikamu), izvo zvino zvaireva kutonga kweFrance kwenharaunda yese yeFuta Jallon - hwaro hwekoloni yavo yeGuinea. Chisungo 11 cheChibvumirano chakataura kuti "Chitsuwa cheYelboyah, uye zvitsuwa zvese zvinonzi kana kuti zvine Great Britain kuWest Coast yeAfrica zviri kumaodzanyembaโฆkusvika kumuganhu wekumaodzanyemba kweโฆkoloni yeSierra Leone," kubva zvino zvichizozivikanwa neFrance seyeGreat Britain, uye โMatacong, uye zvitsuwa zvese zvinonzi kana kuti zvine France kuWest Coast yeAfrica kuchamhembeโฆkusvika kuRio Nunez,โ ichacherechedzwa neGreat Britain senyika. Furanzi.
Gwaro iri harina kujeka kana rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu, uye zvibvumirano zvakatevedzana pakati pemasimba maviri eEurope zvinozozvigadzirisa zvakanyanya; chokwadi muganhu uripo wakangobvumirana zvakasimba muna 1912-13. Chibvumirano chepakutanga, somuenzaniso, chakaisa Pamalap uye chikamu chikuru cheKabala District pasi pekutonga kweFrance; kudzvinyirirwa nevatengesi vekuBritain - nzvimbo iyi yaiita mari yakawanda mukutengesa nzungu - yakamanikidza zviremera zveBritain kuti zvitaurirane zvakare nemaFrench, uye nzvimbo idzi dzakapihwa maBritish. Ipapo munyori weBritain wekune dzimwe nyika Sir Edward Grey, asina kumboshanyira West Africa, akaronga kugadzirisa kwekupedzisira muna Ndira 1911. Chibvumirano chitsva chakatsanangura Rwizi rweMoa kana Makona semuganhu wenyama unoparadzanisa masangano maviri; hapana chezvinyorwa, izvo chaizvo nezvemazita enzvimbo uye mamiriro emuviri ("misha yakaparadzwa" nezvimwewo), taura nezveYenga. Zvamazvirokwazvo zvakanga zvisipo panguva iyoyo. Asi chirevo chekupedzisira chinomisa muganho chakanyatsojeka: "muganhu ... unotevera thalweg yeRwizi Meli [kubva kuGuinea] kumusangano wayo neMoa, kana Makona, pakunzwisisa kuti zvitsuwa zvakaiswa matsamba A uye B pane zvakabatanidzwa. mepu ndeyeFrance, uye kuti chitsuwa chakaiswa C ndecheGreat Britain.โ Gwaro, rakasainwa paPendembu musi wa 1 Chikunguru 1912, rakabvuma zvakataurwa naGrey kuti mukati memwedzi mitanhatu yasainwa chibvumirano โvagari venzvimbo dzakatamiswa vachabvumirwa kuyambuka muganhu kuti vagare kune rimwe divi, uye kutakura pamwe chete navo. zvinhu zvavo zvinotakurika uye zvirimwa zvakakohwewa.โ
Grey akanga arongawo, uye ikoku kwakagamuchirwa, kuti uko โrwizi runoumba muganhu, vagari vomumhenderekedzo dzose vari vaviri vachava nekodzero dzakaenzana dzokuredza.โ Uye pane rub. Ko kana chimwe chinhu chakakosha kudarika hove, oiri kana madhaimani zvichitaura, chikawanikwa murwizi - chibvumirano ichi chingashanda sei? Chibvumirano ichi chakangoti kushandiswa kwe "hydraulic power" murwizi kunobvumirwa chete nechibvumirano pakati penyika mbiri idzi. Uye zvechokwadi kushandisa rwizi semuganhu kune dambudziko, sezvo nzizi dzinogona kuoma (kune greenhouse effect, iyo isina munhu aiziva nezvazvo), uye damming inogona kuchinja nzira yerwizi chero rupi zvarwo.
Muchokwadi, zvese zvakashanda zvakanaka kusvika pahondo ichangoburwa muSierra Leone uye, pamwe chete nayo, kuwanikwa kweRevolutionary United Front (RUF) kwemadhaimondi muMoa uye kutorwa kweGuinea kwakatevera, kwakatsamwiswa neRUF kupinda muGuinea. Yakashanda zvakanyanya zvakanyanya, kutaura zvazviri. Graham Greene, akanyarara kwezuva rimwe chete kana kupfuura panzvimbo iyoyo yemuganhu pakutanga kwema1930, akafamba kubva kuKailahun, achipinda muGuinea (yaimbova French Guinea) - asi haatauri nezveYenga mubhuku rake rekufamba rerwendo urwu rweWest Africa, Rwendo. pasina Mepu: zvinenge zvechokwadi angadai asina kuzviona. Muganhu uri pakati pemakoloni maviri aya, Greene akanyora, โndirwo Rwizi rweMoa, rwakapetwa kaviri kufara kweThames kuWestminster.โ Uye ipapo Greene anoita cherechedzo yokuchenjera zvikuru: โChinhu chinoda kuziva pamusoro peiyi miganhu, mutsara worwizi mumarara egwenzi, pasina mapasipoti, pasina Tsika, hapana mhinganidzo kumarudzi anodzungaira, ndechokuti iwo akasiana somuganhu weEurope; kubuda muigwa mumwe akanga ari mune imwe nyika. Kunyange zvisikwa zvakanga zvashanduka; panzvimbo pesangoโฆkanzira kadiki kaimhanya kumberi kwekiromita nekiromita nemuuswa hurefu hwenzou husina miti.โ
Nguva pfupi yapfuura ndakashanyira nzvimbo iyi. Sango rakasvibira riri kudivi reSierra Leone iro rakafadza Greene rakanyanya kucheneswa - nekutema matanda kusingadzoreki, kazhinji pasina kurima nezvimwe - uye mumwe zvino ari kuona huswa hwakafanana kana hwenzou hwakaonekwa naGreene kudivi reGuinea vachishungurudza kanzira kadiki kadiki kuna Yenga. Mauto eGuinea ave kutonga zvakasimba, uye nguva pfupi yadarika akamanikidza boka rezvematongerwo enyika reSierra Leone kuti ribvise kuchengetedzwa kwaro risati rapinda munzvimbo iyi.
Chiratidzo chakaipa, asi chaizvoizvo chakanga chisina kudaro nguva dzose. Dambudziko racho rakatanga muna September 2000 apo RUF yakarwisa maguta akati kuti ari mumuganhu weGuinea kumaodzanyemba kweguta guru reConakry. Nzvimbo iyi yanga yave musha wemakumi ezviuru zvevapoteri vekuSierra Leone, vachitiza kurwiswa kwevanhuwo zvavo mukati meSierra Leone, chikamu chemushandirapamwe weRUF wemakore gumi wekutyisidzira nekuparadza munyika iyoyo. Pasina nguva refu zvadaro, RUF yakarwisa mataundi nemisha yeGuinea munharaunda ye'Parrot's Beak' yenyika, ichibuda muSierra Leone uye kubva kunzvimbo dzakatevedza muganhu weLiberia. Muno vakakonzera kuparadza kukuru uye kuparara, vachidzinga vanhu vokuGuinea mumisha yavo pamwe chete nevapoteri vokuSierra Leone vakawanda se75,000 XNUMX vakanga vave vachigara kudivi reGuinea romuganhu kwemakore anoverengeka.
Kurwiswa kweRUF kwakakwevera kutariswa kushoma, kunze kwekunge sechinyorwa cherubatsiro kuhondo ine mukurumbira wakashata muSierra Leone. Ndakapedza mavhiki maviri muGuinea panguva iyoyo ndichitsvaga mushumo weKudyidzana Africa Canada, uye ini ndakashuma ipapo kuti veGuinea pachavo vakaratidza kuve vakavhiringidzika. Zvichitevera kurwiswa kwevapanduki paForecariah, isingasviki 100 km kubva kuguta guru reConakry uye kumusha kune makumi ezviuru zvevapoteri kubva kuSierra Leone neLiberia, mukutanga kwaSeptember 2000, Mutungamiri weGuinea Lansana Contรฉ akatepfenyura chirevo chekuvhiringidza paredhiyo neterevhizheni yenyika. Vati kupinda muhupoteri kwevapoteri, kuri kukonzera kurwiswa kwakawanda nemapurisa emuGuinea, masoja nemauto evapoteri vakatoshungurudzika.
Kurwiswa kwakaitwa Forecariah, nevapanduki veRUF vanoshanda kubva kuKabala, dhorobha reSierra Leone padyo nemuganhu weGuinea, kwakasiyana, uye vapanduki vakabuda vasina kupikisa zvakanyanya mushure mekunge mauto eGuinea arwisa. Zvirinani zvakarongwa uye zvakanyanya kurongeka kupindira kwaizotevera, zvakadaro. Muna Ndira 2001 RUF yakatama kubva kuSierra Leone, pamwe chete nemauto eRiberia, kuenda kunzvimbo dzine madhaimani dzakatenderedza Macenta (munzvimbo inonzi Forest Region), Madina Oula (pedyo neKindia) uye guta rinokosha rekutengeserana reGuรฉckedou, iro, se. Forecariah, kwaigara makumi ezviuru zvevapoteri. Kurwiswa kwakaitwa Macenta uye kuparadzwa kweGuรฉckedou kwakazivisa vanhu vekuGuinea nezvekuipa kwedambudziko iri. Kurwiswa kwacho kwakakurumidza kupararira, kuchityisidzira kuparadza matunhu akapoteredza Bonankoro.
Ipapo Guinea yakadavidza zvakaenzanirana. Nerubatsiro rwakakosha kubva kuUnited States (iyo yakachengetedza chirongwa chegore negore chekudzidzisa C-JET nemauto eGuinea) neFrance, Guinea yakawana zvikopokopo zvine zvombo uye mamwe mabhomba ekare eMiG aishandiswa kurova mabhesi evapanduki muSierra Leone neLiberia. Guinea yakabatsirawo kudzidzisa pamusoro pe1,000 Donsos (zita reKono reKamajors kana Civil Defense Forces), rakagadzirwa neKonos neKissis kubva munharaunda yeYenga neKono District, yose pamusoro pemuganhu weGuinea-Sierra Leone, vachivatumira kurwisana neRUF. Ndakaona vanenge chiuru chavo mukati meshanyo yangu, uye ndakaonawo vakuru vakuru veBritain, avo vakanga vane kuzvipira kwapachena kwechiuto kuSierra Leone, vachibetsera kudzidzisa vaGuinea nevarwi veDonsu. Guinea yakafambisa RUF, ichibatsira kukurumidza kuendesa zvombo muSierra Leone: chaizvoizvo, Guinea yakakunda RUF. Yakabva yatora rutivi rweSierra Leone rwemuganhu, kusanganisira Yenga.
Pashure pokunge hondo yapera, Kabbah akataurirana kuti mauto mazhinji eGuinea abviswe, asi vakuru vakuru vevapanduki, vakanga vava kuita mugodhi unobhadhara paYenga, vakaramba kutama, uye mutungamiri weGuinea akanga achirwara aingova zvake nhapwa yemauto. Chibvumirano chakasainwa musi wa15 Mbudzi 2002, mwedzi mushure mekunge hondo yapera zviri pamutemo, negurukota rezvemukati menyika yeSierra Leone, mushakabvu Hinga Norman, nemumwe wake wekuGuinea, El-Haj Moussa Solano, vachisimbisa chibvumirano chemuganhu wekoloni, Asi chibvumirano chaive. not conclusive; yakadana kuumbwa kwekomiti yekushanda kugadzirisa iyo inodzosera Yenga kuSierra Leone asi kuvimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwemuganhu weGuinea - nyaya iri pamutemo zviri pachena. Asi nhaurirano dzave dzakavhurika, uye hapana vimbiso yekuti Yenga ichadzoserwa kuSierra Leone munguva pfupi, kana kuti pamwe ichave iri padanho razvino.
Ini pachangu ndinoona diki dambudziko nekuvapo kweGuinea kuYenga, asi zviri pachena kuti inyaya isingachinji, ko nekuedza kuigadzirisa. Asi kutaura kwose kwakasununguka pamusoro pekudzorera musha nechisimba kunofanira kuodzwa mwoyo. Matanho anotyisa anoitwa nemamwe maNGOs, seWorld Vision's (boka rine mukurumbira wakashata rine tsika yekuratidza vana vatema nevanorwara vatema nebrown paTV kuti vaunganidze mari), iyo makore mashoma apfuura yaiti yakarambidzwa kuvaka chikoro. paYenga asi akadziviswa nemauto eGuinea, anofanira kudzvinyirirwa zvakasimba. Misha mizhinji ine hurombo kumativi ese emuganhu haina zvikoro zvinoshanda, saka sei kunhonga Yenga yakaremerwa?
Gurukota rezvekudzivirirwa kwenyika reSierra Leone, VaPaolo Conteh, vanonzi vakati hapana chikonzero chekutaurirana neGuinea junta sezvo isati yazivikanwa neEcowas neAfrican Union (AU). Ane pfungwa, kunyange zvazvo kusiri zvematongerwo enyika zvachose kuti ataure pachena kuti: Hurukuro yemukona yemugwagwa ine nzvimbo yayo; asi inofanirwa kubvumidzwa muDefence Ministry kana State House.
Kunyange Mutungamiri Koroma vachikwanisa kuita kuti vavhoti nevatsigiri vavo vanzwe zvakanaka nekuzivisa kuti Sierra Leone neGuinea inyika dzehanzvadzi dziri kushanda pamwe chete kugadzirisa nyaya yeYenga pasina kushandisa masangano ekuyananisa pasi rose, kutaura kwakanyanyisa kumwewo hakunyaradzi. Ini ndinofunga yave nguva yekuti Ecowas itore nhanho dzekuita kuti dzibatane nemarudzi ese panyaya iyi. Pane yakajeka yekutanga yambiro chiratidzo panoโฆ
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta