Kuti mamwe matunhu anofanirwa kuramba asina kugadzirwa kuitira kuti mamwe agone kusimukira yave iri imwe yechokwadi chiri pachena che capitalism. Iyi ndiyo imwe nzira yekuratidza kuti hurombo hukuru muGlobal South hausi mhedzisiro yekusakwana kwenzvimbo asi nekuda kwekushanda kweimperialism, mhedzisiro inoenderera yekolonialism uye simba remari.
Izvi zvine simba zvakakurukurwa zvakadzama kakawanda, kunyanya, munyaya yeAfrica, muWalter Rodney's classic. Nzira yeEurope Yakasimukira sei Africa. Vanyori veLatin America vakabata uku kusaenzana kwemaitiro mumabasa akadai saEduardo Galeano's. Open Veins yeLatin America. Vamwe vanyori, vakadai saSamir Amin mumabhuku ake akawanda, vakatarisa izvi kubva mukuona kwepasi rose. Hapana kushaikwa kwemabhuku anodonongodza, mune zvakadzama, kuti capitalism yakasvibisa sei nyika. Asi ndezvipi zvikonzero zvechimiro chemamiriro ezvinhu aya?
Isu tajaira kufunga maererano nekukunda kwemauto, kupindirwa nechisimba uye coups. Pane nhoroondo refu pano; United States chete yakapinda munyika dzeLatin America ka96, uye nhamba iyoyo haisanganisi kuvhota kwayakatsigira nehurumende dzayakakanganisa zvachose. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, simba rezvemari kuburikidza ne kutonga kwehurongwa hwehupfumi hwenyika uye kuwedzera kusingaregi kwechinzvimbo chepamusoro chedhora reUS, inowedzerwa kuburikidza nemasangano akasiyana siyana senge Bhidhiyo renyika uye International Monetary Fund izvo zvinomanikidza zvisinganzwisisike kuomesera kuburikidza nehukuru hwavo-hunokodzera-zvese "zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa maitiro” pachinzvimbo cheguta guru renyika dzakawanda, anoiswa kakawanda uye zvakarongeka pane masimba emauto asina kusimba.
Iviri mhasuru dzemari nemhasuru dzemauto dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya kukwidziridza Global North capitalist core nyika ichibhadhara Global South, neUS ichiita zvese zvainogona kuchengetedza nzvimbo yayo - kunyanya, nzvimbo yemakambani ayo emarudzi akawanda - pamusoro peiyo nyika. piramidhi. Asi hazvisi izvo chete zviremera izvi. Capitalism inochengetwa zvakare nemasimba ezvimiro. Hatikwanise kunyatso nzwisisa mashandiro anoita nyika capitalist system tisina kudzidza chimiro chayo, chinoshanda kunyangwe mhasuru dzemari kana dzechiuto dzisiri panguva yakatarwa kushandiswa zvakananga. Apa ndipo apo Brazilian Marxist Ruy Mauro Marini akapinda, achinyengetedza achikakavara kuti mabasa emabhubhu emunharaunda, uye kwete chete Northern imperialism (yakakosha sezvazviri), pamwe chete nekusaenzana kwekuchinjana kunobva kune chinzvimbo chepasi mukati mechikamu chepasi rose. basa, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise mafambiro evashandi veGlobal South uye kunyanya kuderera kweLatin America.
Chinyorwa chake chinonzi The Dialectics of Dependency harisi basa idzva, asi richangoturikirwa muChirungu kune vateereri vaasinganyanyozivikanwa navo. Ndinoreurura ndakanga ndisingazive Muzvinafundo Marini ndisati ndaverenga tsananguro yebhuku rine chinyorwa chisingazivikanwe, chakaburitswa neMonthly Review Press, asi zvakabva zvashamiswa. Ini zvino ndinogona kutaura kuti ndinofara kuve ndaunzwa kubasa rake uye kumuwedzera kune rondedzero yevasina kudzidza vekuLatin America theorists vanofanirwa kuzivikanwa zvirinani. Iyo Dialectics yeDependency* haina chete rondedzero yake yakakosha, asi sumo yepfungwa, chinyorwa chakareba chinokurukura nezvehupenyu hwaProfessor Marini nebasa rakakura semuratidziri, munyori uye purofesa, uye rondedzero yekupedzisa ichienderera mberi kukurukura pfungwa yacho nekuimisa sechishandiso chekubatsira kutungamira. kufamba. Zvinyorwa zviviri zvekugadzira zvakanyorwa naJaime Osorio, sahwira wepedyo waProfessor Marini, uye rondedzero inonyora hupenyu nebasa remunyori yakanyorwa nemuturikiri, Amanda Latimer. (Kunyangwe Muzvinafundo Marini ari wekuBrazil, chinyorwa chakagadzirwa uye chakanyorwa muchiSpanish mukati memakumi maviri emakore ehutapwa kuMexico, Chile neEurope.)
Budiriro nekusasimukira zvinoenda pamwe chete
Kuti The Dialectics of Dependency yakatanga kuburitswa muna 1973 hazvideredze kuita kwayo. Kutsamira kunonzwisiswa se "hukama hwekuzviisa pasi pakati penyika dzakazvimiririra, muhurongwa hwekuti hukama hwekugadzirwa kwenyika dziri pasi hunogadziriswa kana kugadzirwazve kuti ive nechokwadi chekuwedzera kuberekana kwekuvimba," mhedzisiro yacho "haigone kuve chero chinhu. kunze kwekunyanya kuvimba." Izvi hazvigone kuvharwa kunze kwe "kubvisa hukama hwekugadzira hunosanganisira." Kuve kushoma tautological, kutsamira kunogona kutsanangurwa sekuzviisa pasi kwehupfumi nenyika kune humwe hupfumi nenyika.
Latin America yakapambwa munguva yose yekoloni, naChristopher Columbus achitanga huranda, kubviswa kwesimbi yakakosha nechisimba uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu veko. Rusununguko rwepamutemo rwenyika dzeLatin America rwakapindirana neChinjo yeIndasitiri, umo dzaka“uya kuzokwevera kuEngland” panzvimbo pomumwe nomumwe. "Tichiregeredzana, nyika itsva dzaizozvibatanidza zvakananga neguta reChirungu," Muzvinafundo Marini akanyora, vachiva vatengesi vezvekudya uye zvigadzirwa pavanenge vachitenga kunze kwenyika zvigadzirwa. "Latin America yakagadziridzwa mukuwirirana zvakanyanya nemasimba epasi rose." Simbi dzechikoloni uye "zvinhu zvekunze" zvakabatsira mukuwedzera kuyerera kwezvigadzirwa uye "yakagadzira nzira" yeindasitiri huru munyika dzakakosha dze capitalist.
Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji yeChirungu yakagonesa kuwedzera kukuru mukugadzirwa uye kugona kuzadzikisa misika nezvinhu. Nekutamiswa kwevarimi mumaguta uye kugadzirwa kweboka revashandi vemazuva ano, kupinzwa kweiri boka idzva mukutengesa raiva “danho rinokosha.” Uyewo, kugoverwa kwezvokudya kubva kuLatin America kwakaita kuti zvive nyore zvikuru kuti capitalism yeChirungu ideredze kukosha kwesimba revashandi uye nokudaro “kuwana chiyero pakati pokuwedzera ukoshi hwasara uye, panguva imwe cheteyo, kuwedzera mihoro. Kusiyana neizvi, "kushandiswa kwakanyanya" - kudzikiswa kwakanyanya kwemubairo - yaive nzira yekuti guta guru reLatin America rikwikwidze. Nekuda kwekuti kugadzirwa kweLatin America kwainyanya kutengwa kunze kwenyika, macapitalist emuno aisafanira kugadzira musika wemuno uye vaigona kuchengetedza mihoro iri padanho rakaderera zvakanyanya nekuti vaisada vashandi vavo kuti vakwanise kutenga zvigadzirwa zvavanogadzira.
Kutsinhana kusina kuenzana kwakaunganidza simba uye kushandiswa kwepamusoro kwakava nzira yeLatin America capitalists kuchengetedza purofiti yavo nenzvimbo dzavo muhurongwa hwepasi rose. Panzvimbo pekuwedzera goho kana kuisa mari mumakina matsva, maLatin America capitalists akavimba nekuwedzera kushandiswa, izvo kuburikidza nekudzvinyirirwa mihoro, kumhanya-mhanya kwekushanda uye kuwedzera kwemaawa ekushanda. Nepo tisingarerutsi basa chairo remuzinda wemaimpiriyamu, mhedziso inokosha yezvematongerwe enyika yedzidziso yeMarxist yekutsamira kuziva “mapoka makuru” [eLatin America] mutoro mukuberekazve kutsamira.” Mabhunu emuno anowana purofiti yakakura kubva kuhurongwa uhu uye havana kurudziro yekuchichinja.
Makambani anobva kuGlobal North ane hutsinye hwekuda kutora zviwanikwa zvenyika dzinozvimiririra, uye macapitalist emuno anofara kuvabatsira. Izvi hazvisi zvekudzikisira dzimwe nzira dzekupamba, dzakaita sekuchinjanisa kusaenzana, kutorwa kwepurofiti kuburikidza nekudyara, mhindu pachikwereti chekunze uye kupera kwemari neruzivo nemamonopolies akavakirwa mucapitalist core.
Kupatsanurwa kwepasi rose kwevashandi kunopisa shanduko isina kuenzana
Sezvo indasitiri iri kuramba ichikura mukati meiyo capitalist musimboti, inova inowedzera kugadzira uye inoda zvakakura zvekushandisa, zvichienderera mberi nekusimbisa kupatsanurwa kwepasi rose kwevashandi. Muzvinafundo Marini anopokana kuti huwandu hukuru hwechikafu hwakatengeswa kuLatin America kunyika dzakabudirira hwakaderedza kukosha chaiko kwesimba revashandi mune yekupedzisira, zvichikonzera huwandu hwepamusoro hwekukosha uye kugonesa Global North bourgeoisies kutora zvibereko zvinowedzera. Chimiro ichi chakati chinopesana, saka ngatitenderei munyori kuti azvitsanangure.
“[W] hat inosarudza mwero wekoshi yesurplus hausi kubereka kwekushanda mukati uye pachayo, asi mwero wekushandiswa kwevashandi; nemamwe mazwi, hukama huri pakati penguva yebasa yakawandisa (umo mushandi anoburitsa basa rakasara) uye nguva yebasa inodiwa (umo mushandi anoburitsa zvakaenzana nemuhoro wake). Kungochinja chirevo ichi, nenzira yakanakira capitalist (ndiko kuti, nokuwedzera vashandi vakawandisa nemari yebasa rinodiwa) munhu anogona kugadzirisa mwero weukoshi hwasara.”
Kujekesa zviri kutaurwa nemunyori pano, surplus value imari (kana kukosha) inogadzirwa nemushandi kupfuura mari inoenzana nemari yaanobhadharwa. Nemamwe mashoko, kana mushandi achibhadharwa $100 yebasa rezuva rimwe chete asi achigadzira zvigadzirwa kana masevhisi anokosha madhora mazana maviri, ipapo iyo $200 musiyano inomiririra kukosha kwekuwedzera kunogadzirwa nemushandi uye kunotorwa necapitalist. Kubva paukoshi hwasara uhwu, kana capitalist ikangoita zvimwe zvinodhura (senge rendi, rendi, rendi, midziyo, mhindu yezvikwereti, nezvimwewo), kunouya purofiti yecapitalist. A capitalist inogona kuunza nzira nyowani yekugadzira kana michina mitsva inoita kuti vashandi vawedzere kugadzira uye nekudaro vanowedzera purofiti, asi nekuti vakwikwidzi ve capitalist vanokurumidza kufamba kuunza hunyanzvi humwechete kana michina, huwandu hwezvigadzirwa hunenge hwawedzera asi kukosha kwekuwedzera kunobviswa. hazvizodaro nekuti mutengo wechigadzirwa kana sevhisi unozove wakafanana muindasitiri nekugamuchirwa kwakafanana kweyaive budiriro yesangano rakatanga kuzvigamuchira. Nemhaka yokuti zvakawanda zviri kugadzirwa munguva imwe cheteyo yenguva, capitalist inogona kuderedza mitengo yezvinhu kana masevhisi nokuda kwezvikonzero zvemakwikwi, nokudaro vachideredza ukoshi hwezvinogadzirwa. Kurwisa kudzikiswa kwehukoshi, macapitalist anodzvanya zvakawanda kubva muvashandi vavo kuti vawedzere kukosha kwekuwedzera kwakabviswa.
Muzvinafundo Marini, muhurukuro yake yekuti kutengeswa kwechikafu kweLatin America kwakatungamira sei kuGlobal North bourgeoisies kuwana mabhenefiti ekuwedzera kubereka, anoenderera mberi:
“[O] basa rimwe rakapiwa kuLatin America, mukati megadziriro yechikamu chepasi rose chevashandi, rakanga riri kupa nyika dzemaindasitiri chikafu chaidiwa mukukura kweboka revashandi, zvikuru, uye chevagari vomumaguta, kazhinji kazhinji; zvaiitika ipapo. … Mhedzisiro yechipo ichi … ingave yekudzikisa kukosha chaiko kwesimba revashandi munyika dzemaindasitiri, izvo zvakabvumira kuwedzera kwekubudirira ikoko kuti kushandurwe mumitengo yakakwira yehuwandu hwehuwandu. Nemamwe mashoko, kupfurikidza nokupinzwa kwayo mumusika wepasi pose wezvinhu zvinotambirwa, Latin America yakaita basa guru mukuwedzera ukoshi hwasara munyika dzine maindasitiri.”
Chikafu chakatengeswa kunzvimbo dzemaindasitiri neLatin America chakagonesa vanhu vazhinji kusiya mapurazi votamira kumaguta, uye kuwedzera kwemaindasitiri kwaida kuti vashandi vakawanda vatamire kune mafekitari. Kutama uku kunoguma nemakwikwi akawanda emabasa, zvichiita kuti muhoro udzikire.
Simba rinooneka, hongu, asi zvehupfumi zvinotsigira izvozvo
Seri kwekushandiswa kwedzvinyiriro yehondo neyoumiriri, Purofesa Marini anopokanidza, “ihwo hwaro hwoupfumi hunoita kuti zvibvire” uye kukundikana kunzwisisa ikoko kuvanzarika “chimiro chaichoicho chokudzvinyirirwa kwe<em>capitalist yenyika yose.” Anonyora kuti pane kutenda kuti hukama hwekutengeserana hwakaenzana hunogoneka muhupfumi hwepasi rose, chinodiwa ndiko kubviswa kwehukama hwehupfumi hwenyika hunoenderana nekutsinhana.
“Zvamazvirokwazvo, sezvo musika wepasi rose unosvika pakusimukira, kushandiswa kwechisimba chezvamatongerwe enyika nechiuto kushandisa nyika dzisina simba kunova kwakanyanyisa, uye kushandiswa kwenyika dzakawanda kunogona kutsamira zvikuru pakuberekana kwehukama hweupfumi hunopfuudzira nokukudza kusarira shure nekushaya simba kwenyika idzodzo. . Tinoona chiitiko chimwe chete pano chinocherechedzwa mukati mehupfumi hwemaindasitiri: kushandiswa kwesimba kuisa vanhu vanoshanda pasi pekutonga kwemari kunoderera sezvo nzira dzehupfumi dzinosimbisa kuti kuzviisa pasi kunoitika. "
Nyika dziri kushomeka nekuchinjana kusina kuenzana uku dzinotsvaka kuripa nekushandiswa kukuru kwevashandi pane kuwedzera zvibereko. Mune mamwe mazwi, kupeta kaviri pakuva mugadziri "anodhura" - the Global South capitalist inogona kungoramba ichikwikwidza nekuwedzera kushandiswa kuita kuti zvigadzirwa zvavo zvidhure kuburikidza nekuwedzera kuwanda kwebasa, kurebesa maawa ekushanda uye / kana kuderedza mihoro. Kubvisa zviwanikwa uye zvigadzirwa zvekurima, mipiro mikuru yeLatin America kuhupfumi hwenyika, inoda mari shoma pane kugadzira. Nokudaro, basa rokuchera uye kurima rinogona kuwedzerwa nemari shoma kana kuti isina. Kubiridzira ikoko kunogona kukwidziridzwa nekuti Latin America capitalist iri kugadzira kutengesa kunze kwenyika, uye haidi simba rekutenga repamba kuti riwane purofiti kana kuchengetedza musika, uye zvimwe izvi zvinogona kuitwa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemabasa kwakanyanya uye kushomeka.
Uku kushanduka hakureve kuti hakuna maindasitiri munyika dzinotsamira. Indasitiri inokura zvishoma nezvishoma, asi hapana mari yakakwana yekutenga michina nemichina inodiwa kugadzira zvigadzirwa. Kupinza mari - kutora zvikwereti kubva kuNorth kana North-inodzorwa supranational masangano ekukweretesa - inova chinhu chinodiwa. Nekudaro, apo capitalism yakagadzikana mushure mekupora kubva muHondo Yenyika II, mari yakayerera ichienda kune indasitiri muGlobal South, iyo yaipa purofiti inoyevedza nekuda kwemutengo wakaderera uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwevashandi ikoko. Uye nekumhanya kwekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kunowedzera, michina inopera nguva nekukasira uye vagadziri vari munyika dzepamusoro capitalist vanogona kudzoreredza imwe yemitengo yavo nekutengesa michina yechinyakare kuvagadziri kuMaodzanyemba.
“Saka maindasitiri eLatin America anoenderana nechikamu chitsva chevashandi munyika yose,” akanyora kudaro Purofesa Marini. "Muchirongwa ichi, nhanho dzepasi dzekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri dzinoendeswa kune nyika dzakatsamira ... nepo nhanho dzepamusoro dzakachengeterwa nzvimbo dzeimpiriyasi ... Nemihoro yasara yakaderera uye isina kuenzana inochengetedzwa kuburikidza nemaitiro ambotaurwa, budiriro itsva munyika dzinodyidzana inoramba ichienderana nemhando yepamusoro yekushandisa uye kutengesa kunze kwenyika. Mari yavanotambira ishoma zvekuti havakwanise kutenga zvinhu zvavanogadzira panguva imwe chete iyo goho ravo richikwira nekuda kwemichina inotengwa kunze kwenyika, kunyangwe michina iyi yakasakara nemaitiro enyika dzemacapitalist. Kumwe kudyara kuchange kuri muzvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro apo zvinhu zvevatengi zvinomira. Mihoro inomirawo, zvichiwedzera kusaenzana. Uye kuvimba nenyika dzakakosha kunogadzirwazve.
"[T] chimiro chekugadzira chinopindirana nechimiro chekutenderera chinowanikwa mune inotsamira capitalism," Purofesa Marini akapedzisa. Musungo wekutsamira unogona kupedzwa chete nekumisa hurongwa hwepasi rose hwe capitalism.
Zivo inodiwa, kwete ngano
Iyo Dialectics yeDependency inotsanangura nharo dziri pamusoro nemashoko akawanda ehunyanzvi. Kunyange zvazvo tichipa nhaurirano yokunyengetedza, bhuku racho harisati richitongowanwa kumuverengi asati atogona kutaura mune zvoupfumi uye chirevo cheMarxist. Chinyorwa chechinyorwa chinonyorwa nenzira isina kujeka, izvo zvingangoderedza vangangove vateereri. Iko kunenge kuri kurasikirwa sezvo bhuku iri rinokosha, uye rinodiwa, kuwedzera kune dzidziso kubatsira kunzwisisa kwedu pamwe chete kwekuchinjana kusina kuenzana uye midzi yekusaenzana kwakadzika pakati penyika dzepasi rose capitalist system. Chero ani zvake anoda kunzwisisa chiitiko ichi chinogara chiripo munyika dzakawanda angabatsirwa nokuverenga Iyo Dialectics yeDependency. Hazvisi nyore kuverenga nguva dzose asi kushanda nenzira yako dzimwe nguva zvakaoma uye zvisinganzwisisike zvinyorwa zvichave zvichipfumisa kune chero muratidziri ari kutsvaga kunzwisisa kuti capitalism inoshanda sei.
Inotsanangurawo kuti sei kupatsanurwa kwakadaro kuripo pasina kudzoka patsananguro dzisina kugadzirwa dzinoona mauto ehondo chete pasina zvimiro zvecapitalism uye kudiwa kwehurongwa hwekuwedzera uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya. Chinyorwa chekupedzisira naJamie Osorio chinobatsira kutsanangura zvinorehwa nedzidziso yaMuzvinafundo Marini.
Ongororo yake, Purofesa Osorio akanyora, "yakaratidza naïveté uye manyepo emasangano epasi rose nemapoka ezvidzidzo anoita zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinotsanangura uye obva apedzisa - sevana vanonyorera tsamba kuna Santa Claus - kuti zvingave zvakanaka kuve nebourgeoisie ine simba, kuzvimiririra, akazvipira kuruzivo rwetekinoroji ... achida kugadzira misika yemukati nekubhadhara mibairo iri nani kune vazhinji vevanhu vanoshanda. "
Panzvimbo pokutenda munaSanta Claus kana ngano, zviri nani kwazvo kuti masimba ehucapitalist abatwe mumativi awo akazara. Kupfurikidza bedzi nokunzwisisa kuti sei uye sei, uye kuita mhedziso dzakakodzera, panzvimbo pokungocherekedza, vanogona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira munyika—ruzhinji rukurusa rwavanhu—vanotarisira kuona nyika iri nani ichivapo, nyika ichange yaisa capitalism mumabhuku enhau.
* Ruy Mauro Marini, Iyo Dialectics yeDependency [Mwedzi Ongororo Press, New York, 2022]
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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