Mutungamiri wekupedzisira weSoviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, aradzikwa neMugovera muMoscow. Yakanga isina kudomwa zviri pamutemo semariro ehurumende, kunyangwe yaive ne "zvinhu zvemariro ehurumende," uye mutungamiri weRussia Vladimir Putin. svetuka.
Iyo snub haishamisi. Gorbachev chirongwa che perestroika (kugadzirisa) uye glasnost (kuvhurika) kwaimiririra kuedza kusunungura Soviet system kubva mukati. Panguva imwe cheteyo, akabvumira nyika dzeWarsaw Pact muEastern Europe kuti dzizvisarudzire mafambiro adzo. Semudzvanyiriri weRussia anorwisa anotungamira nzanga ine hutsinye isina kuenzana inoratidzirwa nezvisaririra zvishoma zvekare zvesocialist, Putin haana chikonzero chidiki chekurangarira Gorbachev nemoyo wese.
Vhidhiyo yekuMadokero, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvayo, inoita seisina chokwadi chokuti ingamurangarira sei. Pakupera kwekutonga kwake pachigaro, Gorbachev akanga akakurumbira zvikuru kuMadokero nokuti akagumisa Hondo Yemashoko uye akabvisa iyo yakanga iri ngozi inogara iripo yekuparadzana. Asi mumakore ake akazotevera, akapokana nekuwedzera kweNATO uye akayambira kuti kukwikwidzana kukuru kwesimba kunogona kuunza njodzi iyi kumashure - meseji isingaite kunzwika nevatori venhau vanoisa mireza yeUkraine mu Twitter bios yavo. Pashure pezvose, kunyange kana aida kuchinja Soviet Communism, iye aiva muKomonisiti.
Kubva mumaonero eavo vedu vane tariro yerudzi rwuri nani rwesocialism pane yaivepo muSoviet Union, Gorbachev anogona achionekwa semunhu ane nhamo, yakadzika pasi pakati pe "oligarchs mukumirira" avo vaimedzerera kudzoka kwe capitalism uye Brezhnevite hard-liners vaifunga kuti USSR ine hutongi uye husina kushanda zvakanaka hurongwa hwehupfumi, hwakanyanya kugumbuka neruzhinji rwevagari vayo, vaigona kuzununguka munzira yayaive zvachose. Chirongwa chake chekuvandudza chakakundikana, uye boka rekutanga rakatanga kutonga - mhedzisiro yakaunza kuputika kwekusaenzana kwehupfumi uye kutambura kukuru kwevanhu.
Zvichida Gorbachev haana kukwanisa kubudirira. Zvinogoneka kuti iyo sisitimu yaingove isina zviwanikwa zvemukati zvekubudirira shanduko. Asi iye akaedza kuwana nzira yechitatu. Nezve izvo chete, anofanirwa kuyeukwa zvine hushamwari kupfuura vangave vakamutangira Stalinist kana vatsivi vake vechikwata-vakuru.
Zvichakadaro, tinofanira kuziva kuti rudzi rwesocialism rwakakodzera kurwirwa nhasi rune zvishoma zvikuru zvakafanana nehurongwa hwakagarwa nhaka naMikhail Gorbachev muna 1985, kana kunyange shanduro yakasununguka yakaputsika muna 1991. Kana tikamboita rombo rakanaka rekuwana zvizere zvakakwana remangwana resocialist, zvinofanirwa kuve rudzi rwesocialism inovimbisa zvimwe rusununguko, zvimwe budiriro, uye rudzi rwakadzama rwekuzvitonga kwedemocracy kupfuura zviripo muWestern capitalist democracies, kana chete nekuti ndiyo chete mhando ichave nemukana wekuwana rutsigiro rwakakurumbira.
Dambudziko reGorbachev
Mubhuku rake Beyod Perestroika, the anti-Stalinist Marxist theoretician Ernest Mandel anoti pamusangano wePolitburo - dare rinotonga reCommunist Party yeSoviet Union - uko Gorbachev akakwidziridzwa pachinzvimbo chake semunyori mukuru, kukwikwidza kwake kwakatsanangurwa zviri pamutemo naAndrei Gromyko, imwe yenhengo dzePolitburo dzakagara kwenguva refu. Gromyko angangodaro akasarudzwa nokuda kwebasa iri nokuti aiziva nzira yekusimbisa Brezhnevite yakaoma-liners kuti Gorbachev aisazochinja zvakanyanya nokukurumidza, uye aizoda kudzivirira hurongwa nechisimba kana kusundidzira kwakauya kuzosundira - kutaura kwaGromyko kunofanirwa. vakasanganisira mutsara wekuti Gorbachev ane "mazino esimbi" kuseri kwe "kunyemwerera kwake kunokwezva."
Asi basa raGromyko pachiitiko ichi zvakare chiratidzo chakasimba chekuti vatungamiriri vebato kwenguva yakareba vakaita saiye vakanzwisisa izvozvo. chinhu vaifanira kuchinja. Hupfumi hweSoviet hwanga huchidzikira kwenguva yakareba, zvese nekuda kwekusashanda zvakanaka kwemukati uye kudonhedza kwakaiswa nemujaho weCold War neUnited States. MuSoviet Union pachayo, uye kusvika kumwero wakatokura kwazvo munyika dzeWarsaw Pact, vanonzi "vashandi vehurumende" vakavengwa nevashandi chaivo pasi pezvigunwe zvavo. Kusimuka kwePolish trade union movement Solidarność rakanga radzimwa makore mashoma apfuura, asi kuputika kwakawanda kwakadaro kwakanga kusingadzivisiki. Mamiriro ezvinhu haakwanisi kugara nokusingaperi.
Gorbachev's reform program yaiva nematatu matatu. Chekutanga, uye chakanyanya kukosha mukutsanangura kuzvidza kwaPutin kundangariro yake, kwaive kuti akakuvadza humambo hweSoviet Union. Akapedzisa hondo yeSoviet muAfghanistan - achitarisira, semunyori wekuruboshwe wezvematongerwo enyika Kuba Wrzesniewski anonyora mukati. Sublation "kubuda zvine chiremera kupfuura zvakaitwa naBiden muna 2021" - uye kutaurirana chibvumirano chekudzora zvombo neUnited States, chiitiko chakakura tichifunga kuti aive ne "arch hawk Reagan semumwe wake." Zvakatonyanya kukosha, akasiya zviri pamutemo dzidziso yeBrezhnev yaiti kutonga kweSoviet pamusoro pemarudzi eEastern Europe. Izvi zvakabva zvasimbisa vezvematongerwo enyika mukati meUSSR pachayo uye zvakazokonzera kuparara kwemubatanidzwa mushure mekunge Gorbachev arasikirwa nesimba.
Yechipiri yaive perestroika, kugadziridzwa kwehupfumi uko kwaisanganisira kuunza nzira dzemusika mukati meiyo hurongwa hwekuronga kwepakati penyika. Wechitatu, glasnost, yakanga iri nzira yapashoma napashoma yokusunungura zvematongerwe enyika.
Mandel akatenda kuti yechipiri prong yaizokundikana nekuti yechitatu haina kuenda kure zvakakwana.
Socialist democracy hachisi chinodikanwa chetsika, uye hachisi chinhu chakanaka kuwanikwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Icho chinhu chiriporipo chinoshanda chinodiwa chekushanda kwakaringana kwehupfumi hweSoviet uye nzanga yeSoviet. Pasina iyi demokrasi hazvigoneke kuti vanoronga vazive zvido zvevashandi vese sevagadziri uye sevatengi. Tisingazive nezvezvido izvi, hazvigoneke kugovera zvigadzirwa zvemagariro uye zvakasara zvesocial muzvikamu zvakaringana. Iko kuunganidzwa kweruzivo rwunogona kuita uye chirongwa icho chichiri chakavigwa muboka revashandi veSoviet rinoramba riri mirau. Zvirongwa zveGorbachev zvinoramba zvakamiswa mukati memhepo, zvichienderana nekuda kwakanaka kwevakuru vehurumende.
Mandel aitaura chokwadi matambudziko eruzivo akatarisana nevarongi veSoviet, kunyangwe munguva yeGorbachev - kunyangwe imwe nzira yake yaakange anzi haina kujeka. Zvakazoitika injodzi. Panzvimbo peiyo Soviet modhi yekutsiviwa nemhando iri nani, yehutongi hwejekerere, Gorbachev akatsiviwa neanoparura pro-capitalist Boris Yeltsin, uye vashoma vemaoligarchs vakapamba hupfumi hwenyika hwanga huchingove hwanga huri pfuma yemubatanidzwa. vanhu vose veSoviet.
Mandel aive chokwadi kuti kuwedzera kusununguka kune yaiputsika chivakwa chekuronga kweSoviet kwaisakwana kugadzirisa zvaive zvisirizvo nehupfumi hweSoviet. Zvichakadaro, kuedza kuchengetedza zvimiro zvehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri munzvimbo ine huwandu hwevanhu huchiwedzera kusatya kutaura pfungwa dzavo, kuratidzira, uye kushevedzera shanduko yaive chirevo chiri kuramba chichioma. “Maonero anopokana,” Wrzesniewski anonyora kudaro, “anogona kuratidzirwa nenzira dzinoramba dzakasachengetedzwa, kusvikira kupfundo rokukwira kukwaya mukupera kwema80s.” “Kubviswa kwoukoloni norugare” kwoKumabvazuva kweEurope kwakakurudzira vagari veSoviet vamene “kuratidzira nokuzvidza chiremera chikuru, vane chivimbo chokuti ivowo vaisazochengetwa mumatangi, mapurisa epachivande, uye misasa yezvombo zveSoviet zvokudzvinyirira.”
Vakaoma-liners vachitya nezve kukurumidza kwekuvandudza vakaita mhirizhonga isina kubudirira vachipokana neGorbachev muna Nyamavhuvhu 1991, uye mushure mekutadza kwavo, bato reCapitalist-restorationist rinotungamirwa naYeltsin rakabata vhiri rekuti, pakazosvika Zvita, yakanga isisiri Soviet. Union. Migumisiro yacho yakanga yakaipa. Kusaenzana kwehupfumi kwakawedzera kusvika pakakwirira, uye nepo mukana nekubudirira zvakawedzera kune avo maRussia vakava chikamu chepakati, tarisiro yehupenyu hwese. yakaramba zvakanyanya. Chero ani anorangarira achiverenga nhau kubva kuRussia mu1990s anogona kuyeuka chinyorwa mushure mechinyorwa kupenda mufananidzo wekusaziva uye kusateerera mutemo waiita sechimwe chinhu kubva mune dystopian sainzi-fiction novel. Zvinhu zvakadzikama zvakanyanya kubva ipapo, asi zvakaoma kutarisa kumashure pamakore makumi matatu apfuura enhoroondo yeRussia ndofunga, "Gosh, chokwadi ndinofara kuti chakatsiva Soviet system yaive capitalism."
A Nani Socialism Inogoneka
Pane here vhezheni yenhoroondo yeSoviet uko Gorbachev akabudirira mukugadzirisa Soviet Union kuita chimwe chinhu chakasiyana uye chiri nani? Zvakaoma kupindura rudzi irworwo rwemubvunzo usina chokwadi nechero rudzi rwechokwadi, asi rimwe dambudziko nderekuti boka revashandi veSoviet rakanga risingaite hurongwa hwegutsaruzhinji hwekufunga nekusarudza magadzirisirwo ehurumende yavainyatsoona se. theirs.
Wrzesniewski anopa Gorbachev mbiri nokuda kwe“socialism humanism” yaakaratidza mukuedza kushandura nokudzivirira gadziriro yeSoviet pasina “kuteurazve ropa ripi neripi.” Iyo inogona kunge iri tsananguro yechokwadi yezvinangwa zvaGorbachev, asi achipihwa rudzi rwehurongwa hwaaive atora nhaka, yakawanda yeSoviet Union yakabatana naye kwete semumiriri wavo asi semuchengeti wejeri ane rupo uye akasununguka. Uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vaishandisa simba chairo vaimuona setyisidziro kugadziriro yavakaziva nayo kana kuti sechivharo chemugwagwa chaifanira kukukurwa sezvavaizvishandura vamene kubva kuvakuru vehurumende vesoshalisti kuenda kumacapitalist anohodha pfuma. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai, zvinonetsa kuona kuti chero mhedzisiro ingave yakaitika sei kunze kwekuchinja kune capitalism, kudzoreredzwa kune pre-Gorbachev chimiro quo, kana imwe yekuChina-maitiro musanganiswa wezviviri zvabuda. Kumucheto kwekunze kwekugona, pamwe, pane nguva apo Gorbachev akatungamira USSR (kana kuti Russia chete) kune yakawedzera hunhu uye gutsaruzhinji chimiro che capitalism - "Sweden ine nukes."
Asi shanduro iri nani yea zvizere wemagariro nzanga yaizofanira kuuya mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana zvikuru. As Rosa Luxembourg akanyora kare kare muna 1918, paakanyora kabhuku kaishoropodza hutongi hwehutongi hwevaBolshevik, hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji. haigoni zvinouya “sechipo cheKrisimisi nokuda kwevanhu vakakodzera avo, munguva ino, vakatsigira nokuvimbika vadzvinyiriri vashoma vesosharisiti.” Kana iwe uchida kuti socialism yako ipedze demokrasi, inofanira kutanga nenzira iyoyo.
Asi izvo zvaizotaridzika sei chaizvo? Kuongororwa kwaMandel kwedambudziko nekuronga kweSoviet kunogutsa zvakakwana, asi kungotaura "democracy" semhinduro inoita kuti iite senge sarudzo ine chekuita ne "kugovera zvigadzirwa zvemagariro uye zvakasara munharaunda" zvingavhoterwa - kana kuti zvakatoipisisa. , mumwe musangano wevakawanda usingaperi apo munhu wese anopedza maawa asingaverengeki achitsvaga kubvumirana. Mushure mezvose, hazvisi nyore kuona sei mumiririri demokrasi inogona kupa varongi ruzivo rwakadzama, rwezviyo zvakanaka nezve "zvido zvevashandi sevagadziri uye sevatengi" - kusavapo kwakazotungamira kune zvigadzirwa zvisina kunaka uye masherufu ezvitoro asina chinhu aigara achitsamwisa vagariwo zvavo veSoviet. Nyaya yese yekuti ndedzipi mhando dzezviyo zvemangwanani zvekugadzira, izvo mafekitari anofanirwa kutanga atora zvigadzirwa, zvichingodaro, ingave nyaya yemushandirapamwe musarudzo dzevamiriri?
In Iyo Blueprint, bhuku randiri kunyorerana naBhaskar Sunkara naMike Beggs, tinoisa imwe muono inopatsanura nyaya yedemocracy yevashandi kubva panyaya yezvinodiwa nevatengi. Chikonzero chakanyanya kukosha masocialist agara achikurudzira demokrasi kumabasa ndechekuti nzvimbo yebasa inzvimbo iyo vanhu vakuru vazhinji vanofanirwa kupedza inosvika hafu yehupenyu hwavo hwekumuka mazuva mazhinji evhiki. Hapana munhu anofanirwa kupedza nguva yese iyoyo achitora maodha kubva kune avo vavasingakwanise kushandisa chero mhando yekuzvidavirira kwedemocracy. Uye kushaikwa kwedemocracy yekupinda pakusarudza zvichaitika kune chigadzirwa yevashandi pamwe chete basa - kushaikwa kweMarxists kufona "kushandiswa" - kunogadzira chikamu chisingadzivirirwe zvachose chekusaenzana kwehupfumi.
Asi hapana chikonzero chekuti democracy panzvimbo yebasa, uye kuronga kusina misika kwezvinhu izvo zvevanhu apo misika inobudisa migumisiro isingadikanwi yemagariro evanhu, haigoni kugarisana nekushandiswa kwemaitiro emusika kugadzirisa matambudziko emashoko akatambudza kunyange Gorbachev-nguva yeSoviet planners. Mumuenzaniso watsanangurwa mubhuku redu, hutongi hwejekerere huzere hungangosanganisire kwete chete nzvimbo dzakaita sehutano nedzidzo asi mabhanga nemamwe makwiriro ehupfumi achave ehurumende. Bazi remakambani akazvimirira oga asara achaumbwa nemakorasi ari pasi pevashandi anokwikwidza ayo aizohaya zvekushandisa kubva kune veruzhinji kuburikidza nerubatsiro kubva kumabhanga ehurumende. Kana zvese izvi zvasanganiswa nesangano rakasimba revagari vemo, vezvenhau vakasununguka, uye sarudzo dzemapato mazhinji, zvinogoneka kuti gadziriro yakadai inogona kutipa nyika yakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune zvese zvaivepo muSoviet Union uye neoliberal kurongeka kwave kutyisa pasi rose. kubva pakuparara kweUSSR.
Wrzesniewski anoratidza kusagadzikana nemaitiro aGorbachev mumakumi emakore mushure mekunge arasikirwa nesimba uye akazvigadzika zvakanaka kune zvakazotevera. (Zvakanyanya kuzivikanwa, akaisa nyeredzi mu Pizza Hut yekutengesa.) Asi anopa dziviriro yakakwaniriswa. Zvakauya mushure mekunge Gorbachev asiya nhandare - ""shock therapy" shanduko kuenda ku capitalism, kupambwa kwehupfumi hwenyika nemakororo akabatana, mhinduro dzinouraya dzakafambiswa nevapi vemazano vekuMadokero, uye njodzi yemagariro, yehupfumi, uye yezvematongerwo enyika iyo ichiri kukanganisa nyika. post-Soviet state" - yakanga isiri "chinangwa chake kana kuita kwake." Iye akaedza kutungamirira imwe nzira.
Gorbachev pachake pasina mubvunzo akaita zvikanganiso zvakawanda paakatanga nzira iyoyo, uye hazvigoneke kuziva kuti mumwe murume angave akawana mhedzisiro yakasiyana. Asi dambudziko guru rinogona kunge riri rekuti, sekufanoona kwakaita Rosa Luxemburg makumi emakore Mikhail Gorbachev asati azvarwa, hurumende yegutsaruzhinji. haikwanise kubuda kubva muhudzvanyiriri hwe “nguva pfupi” kana “hwenguva pfupi”. Kana isu tichida kuzadzisa rudzi rwenzanga iyo Pizza Hut isingangove yenyika asi yakaiswa pasi pehutongi hwevashandi, mugwagwa ipapo uchafanirwa kunge une demokrasi umo boka rekushanda rakarongeka uye rezvematongerwo enyika riri kushanda muzvido zvaro. . Zvingangodaro, izvi zvingareva kutanga kurwira shanduko yedemocracy yemagariro uyezve kurwisa kuti upfuure miganhu yedemocracy yemagariro. Pane nzira dzakawanda dzekutanga munzira iyoyo uye usambosvika kwauri kuenda - nekuti vavengi vako vakukunda, kana nekuda kwekukanganisa kwako, kana nekungoti warasa rutsigiro rwakakurumbira. Asi ndiyo yega inotungamira kwatinoda kuenda.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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