[Chinyorwa ichi chikamu cheZNet Classics series. Katatu pasvondo tichazotumirazve chinyorwa chatinofunga kuti chakakosha chisingaperi. Iyi yakatanga kuburitswa Nyamavhuvhu 13, 2004.]
Muna 1900, nyanzvi huru yeAfrica-America WEB Du Bois, akafanotaura kuti "dambudziko rezana remakore rechimakumi maviri" raizova "dambudziko remutsara wemavara," hukama husina kuenzana pakati pemarudzi akareruka neakasviba evanhu. Kunyange zvazvo Du Bois ainyanya kufunga nezvekupokana kwemadzinza eUnited States, ainyatsoziva kuti maitiro ezvatinoti "racialization" nhasi - kuvakwa kwemarudzi asina kuenzana ehutano hwemagariro evanhu hunozivikanwa nehukuru uye huri pasi pehukama hwemagariro evanhu pakati pemapoka - yakanga iri dambudziko renyika uye repasi rose. Mutsara weruvara waDu Bois waisanganisira kwete chete kupatsanurwa kwemarudzi, Jim Crow South uye kudzvanyirirwa kwemarudzi kweSouth Africa; asi yaisanganisirawo kutonga kweBritain, French, Belgian, uye Portuguese koloni muAsia, Middle East, Africa, Latin America, uye Caribbean pakati pevagari vemo.
Kuvaka pamusoro peruzivo rwaDu Bois, saka tinogona kutaura kuti dambudziko rezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe idambudziko rerusaruraganda rwepasi rose: kupatsanurwa kwerusarura uye kupatsanurwa kwezviwanikwa, hupfumi, uye simba rinoparadzanisa Europe, North America, neJapan kubva kumabhiriyoni. yevazhinji vatema, vebrown, zvizvarwa zvemo, vasina magwaro ekugara uye varombo pasi rose. Izwi rokuti apartheid, sekuziva kwenyu vazhinji, rinobva kune yaimbove hutongi hwevachena veSouth Africa. Ishoko rechiAfrikaans rinoreva โkuparadzanaโ kana kuti โkuparadzana.โ Rusaruraganda rwakanga rwakavakirwa papfungwa ye "herrenvolk," "nyanzvi yerudzi," iyo yaive yakatemerwa kutonga vasiri vekuEurope. Pasi perusaruraganda rwepasi rose nhasi, pfungwa yerusaruraganda yeherrenvolk, nhangemutange, ichiripo, yakabatanidzwa mumaitiro ekuchinjana kwehupfumi kusina kuenzana kunoranga nyika dzemuAfrica, maodzanyemba kweAsia, Caribbean, nenyika dzine urombo nehurongwa hwehudzvinyiriri hwekugadzirisa zvimiro uye kubhadhara zvikwereti kumabhanga emarudzi akawanda. .
Mukati meUnited States, maitiro ehudzvanyiriri hwepasi rose anomiririrwa zvakanyanya neyandinodaidza kuti New Racial Domain kana NRD. Iyi New Racial Domain yakasiyana nedzimwe nzira dzekare dzekutonga kwerudzi, seuranda, kupatsanurwa kwaJim Crow, uye ghettoization, kana kusarura kwekugara kwakasimba, mune zvakati wandei zvakakosha. Aya maumbirwo emarudzi ekutanga kana madomasi akadzikwa kana kuti akavakirwa zvakanyanya, kana zvisiri zvega, muhupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hweUS capitalism. Anti-rusaruraganda kana anopikisa mafambiro akavakwa nevatema, vamwe vanhu veruvara uye vachena anti-rusaruraganda ainyanya kufungidzira pamusoro pezvivharo kana chokwadi chemisika yemumba uye marongero enyika yeUS. Kuvandudzwa kwemagariro evanhu kwakakosha seCivil Rights Act of 1964 neVoting Rights Act ya1965 zvakakakavadzana zvachose mukati memamiriro ekukura kweAmerica, hupfumi hwepamba, uye nhoroondo yeKeynesian, welfare state public policy.
Hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwe "New Racial Domain," nekupesana, hunofambiswa uye hwakatemerwa zvakanyanya nemasimba etransnational capitalism, uye neruzhinji marongero ehurumende neoliberalism. Kubva pakuona kwevakanyanya kudzvinyirirwa vagari vemuUS, iyo New Racial Domain inotsamira pautatu husiri hutsvene, kana vatatu vanouraya, vezvipingamupinyi zvehupenyu hwakanaka. Izvi zvimiro zvinodzvinyirira kushaikwa kwemabasa akawanda, kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda, uye kudzingwa kwevanhu vakawanda. Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinodyisa nekumhanyisa zvimwe, zvichigadzira denderedzwa rinoramba richiwedzera rekushaikwa kwemagariro, hurombo, uye kufa kwevanhu, zvichibata hupenyu hwemakumi emamiriyoni evanhu vekuUS.
Iyo nzira inotanga panguva yekugadzirwa. Kwemakumi emakore, makambani eUS anga achiburitsa mamirioni emabasa anobhadhara zviri nani kunze kwenyika. Hondo yemapoka pamusoro pemibatanidzwa yakonzera kudzikira kwakanyanya muchikamu chevashandi vekuUS.
Mukati menzvimbo dzese dzemudhorobha dzeUS dzichirasikirwa nechero hupfumi hwavo hwekugadzira uye basa remaindasitiri, uye neoliberal magariro marongero munzvimbo yekucheka zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa basa, hutano, uye dzimba dzeveruzhinji, mamirioni evaAmerica aripo mumamiriro ezvinhu anodarika kuparadzwa kweGreat Depression of the 1930s. Muna 2004, munharaunda yeCentral Harlem yeNew York, 50 muzana yevarume vakuru vose vechitema vakanga vasingashandi. Kana munhu akafunga kuti nhamba iyi haiverenge avo varume vatema vari muchiuto, kana mukati memajeri, zvinoshamisa uye zvinoodza moyo.
Chikunguru uno, vatsvakurudzi vezvemabasa paHarvard University vakawana kuti chikamu chimwe muzvina (25 muzana) chevanhurume vose vechitema vakanga vasina mabasa kwegore rose muna 2002. mari yevaAfrica vekuAmerica, kushaikwa kwemabasa uye kushomeka kwemabasa (semuenzaniso, kushanda nguva shoma, kana nguva nenguva) ndizvo zvave kuitika; kuva nebasa chairo rine mabenefits ndizvo zvasiyana. Ndiani ari wemibatanidzwa, achidonha kubva pa30 muzana muma1960 zvichidzika kusvika pachikamu che13 muzana nhasi. Nekutanga kwe capitalism yepasirese, mabasa matsva ari kugadzirwa kwechikamu chikuru haana mabhenefiti ehutano, penjeni, uye mihoro yakambopihwa basa rekugadzira neindasitiri.
Neoliberal social policy, yakagamuchirwa uye kushandiswa nemaDemocrats neRepublicans zvakafanana, yakawedzera dambudziko. Mushure meiyo 1996 welfare act, mambure ekuchengetedza magariro akadhonzwa zvakanyanya. Sezvo hutongi hweBush hwakatora masimba muna 2001, kushaikwa kwemabasa kusingaperi kwakapararira kune vashandi vemuAfrica-America, kunyanya muchikamu chekugadzira. Pakazosvika 2004, mumaguta akadai seNew York, hafu yakakwana yevarume vakuru vose vechitema vakanga vari kunze kwevashandi vanobhadharwa. Kubva muna January 2004, nhamba yemhuri dzaibatsirwa nevoruzhinji yakanga yadzika kusvika kumamiriyoni maviri, zvichidzika kubva pamamiriyoni mashanu emhuri dzinogara zvakanaka muna 2. Mitemo mitsva nezvirambidzo zvinotyisidzira zviuru zvevarombo kukumbira rubatsiro rwehurumende.
Urovha hwevazhinji hunodyisa kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda. Chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevasungwa vose vakanga vasingashandi panguva yavakasungwa, uye vamwe vaiva neavhareji isingasviki $20,000 yegore negore vasati vapinzwa mutorongo. Pakaitika mhirizhonga yejeri reAttica kuchamhembe kweNew York muna 1971, kwaingova nevasungwa 12,500 300,000 chete munzvimbo dzokururamisa muNew York State, uye vasungwa vanenge 2001 71,000 munyika yose. Pakazosvika 2.1, New York State yakabata vakadzi nevarume vanopfuura XNUMX XNUMX mumajeri ayo; munyika yose, mamiriyoni XNUMX akaiswa mujeri. Nhasi vangangoita mamirioni mashanu kusvika matanhatu vanhu vekuAmerica vanosungwa gore rega, uye angangoita mumwe muvashanu vekuAmerica vane rekodhi yemhosva.
Mitemo inosungirwa-ishoma yekupa mutongo yakagamuchirwa muma1980 nema1990 mumatunhu mazhinji yaitorera vatongi masimba avo ekutonga mukupa mutongo, ichiisa mazwi akaomesesa kune vekutanga nevasina mhirizhonga. Parole yakaitwa kuti iomerwe zvakare, uye muna 1995 Pell rubatsiro rwerubatsiro rwekutsigira zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvevasungwa rwakapera. Kune avo vane rombo rakanaka rekubudirira kufamba muhutongi hwehutsotsi uye nekubuda muhusungwa, vanoona kuti mutemo wemubatanidzwa nehurumende dzenyika zvinorambidza zviri pachena kushandirwa kwevakambobatwa nemhosva mumazana emabasa. Huwandu hwekushaikwa kwemabasa hunowanzotanga zvakare.
Vakanyanya kubatwa nemaitiro aya erusarura ekusaenzana kweruramisiro, hongu, vechidiki veAfrica-America neLatino. Muna Kubvumbi 2000, tichishandisa data renyika nenyika rakaunganidzwa neFBI, Dhipatimendi reJustice uye nheyo nhanhatu dzinotungamira dzakaburitsa ongororo yakadzama yakaratidza kusarurana kwakakura kwemarudzi pamatanho ese ehutongi hwevadiki. Vanhu vemuAfrica vari pasi pemakore gumi nemasere vanoumba 15 muzana yezera ravo renyika, asi parizvino vanomiririra 26 muzana yeavo vese vakasungwa. Mushure mekupinda muhurongwa hwekupara mhosva, vechidiki vachena nevatema vane zvinyorwa zvakafanana vanobatwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Maererano nekuongorora kweDhipatimendi reRuramisiro, pakati pevachena vechidiki vanopara mhosva, 66 muzana vanoendeswa kumatare evana, nepo 31 muzana chete yevechidiki veAfrica-America vanoendeswa ikoko. Vatema vanoumba 44 muzana yevanopfigirwa mumajeri evaduku, 46 muzana yevose vanotongwa mumatare emhosva dzevakuru, pamwe chete ne58 muzana yevaduku vose vanochengetwa mumajeri.
Kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda, hongu, kunobereka kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Vanosvika mamiriyoni mashanu vekuAmerica havakwanise kuvhota. Mumatunhu manomwe, vaimbova vasungwa vakabatwa nemhosva yekupara mhosva vanorasikirwa nekodzero dzavo dzekuvhota kweupenyu hwose. Munyika zhinji, vanhu vari parole uye vakaongororwa havakwanise kuvhota. Inenge 5 muzana yevarume vese vemuAfrica-America munyika yose vakabviswa zvachose kana kuti vakatorerwa kodzero. MuMississippi, chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevarume vese vatema havakwanise kuvhotera hupenyu hwavo hwasara. MuFlorida, 15 vagari havagone kuvhotera hupenyu.
Kunyangwe kudziviswa kwechinguvana kunosimudzira kukanganisa kwekuita kweruzhinji uye kubatanidzwa munhau dzeveruzhinji. Izvi zvinogona kutungamira ku "kufa kwevanhu," kuparadzwa kwesimba remubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa uye kuramba. Iyi nzira yekubvisa politization inodzikisira kunyangwe midzi, isiri-yakatarisana nesarudzo. Iyo katatu inouraya yeNew Racial Domain nguva dzose uye ichiramba ichikura isina kucheneswa.
Kusiri kure zvakanyanya kune mhedzisiro yemagariro emitemo iyi: nzanga isina kuenzana, ine nhanho mbiri, isina hunhu, inoratidzirwa nevakuru vakuru vepakati-kusvika vepamusoro-kirasi "vagari" vane dzinenge midziyo yese yakavanzika uye midziyo yemari, uye. chikamu chikuru cheva- quasi- kana vamiriri vakazara pasi pehuremu hwehutsinye hwekushaikwa zvachose, matare erusarura uye nzira dzekupa mutongo, majeri asina hunhu, kurambidzwa kuvhota, kusarura kwekugara, uye kubviswa kwemabasa mazhinji eruzhinji kune varombo. Boka repashure harina kubatanidzwa kubva kune chero kurudziro mumutemo wenyika. Masangano aimbopa nzvimbo yekufambisa uye kuramba kune vanhu vanoshanda semibatanidzwa akabviswa zvakanyanya. Yakabatanidzwa kune zvese izvi irusaruraganda, dzimwe nguva hutsinye huri pachena uye husina kujeka, asi hunowanzo ratidzwa murudzi rwakarerekera, mutauro usingaonekwe. Iyi ndiyo NRD yekudyidzana kwepasi rose.
Kurwira kudyidzana kwepasi rose kunofanirwa kutarisana neiyi New Racial Domain nechimwe chinhu chakakura kupfuura kuneta ruminations nezve "vatema nevachena, batana nekurwa." Kuchinja kwekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakagadzira makondinendi matsva ekusaenzana kwevanhu, kudarika nyika-nyika uye miganhu yechinyakare yedzinza nedzinza. Chinodiwa inzira yepakutanga uye yekugadzira inotyora dzidziso dzakagadzikana dzemarudzi ese, uku uchifambira mberi pachena zvematongerwo enyika zvekureverera veruzhinji uye kupihwa simba kwedemokrasi kune avo vanodzvinyirirwa zvakanyanya uye vakabiridzirwa. Ndiri kwete zvichiratidza pano kuti bato rinopesana nepasi rose rinotamba "vanguard" basa rekuchinja kwevanhu pasi rose. Muchivanhu cheCLR James, ndine chokwadi chekuti vakadzvinyirirwa, maererano nezvavo, pakupedzisira vachagadzira nzira itsva nemasangano ekurwira kururamisira izvo zvatisinga fungidzire. Asi, ibasa redu rezvematongerwo enyika netsika kuti tipe rubatsiro rwakakosha runodikanwa kukurwisana kwevanhu uye kushorwa kuri kutoitwa pasi nhasi. Mienzaniso yekupikisa ikoko iri muguta rega rega uye munharaunda zhinji munyika yose.
Kuvimba neNew Racial Domain pamasimba akanyanyisa uye kuenderera mberi kwekuwedzera kwehurongwa hwemajeri kunogadzirisa maitirwo ari kuitwa kuchengetedzwa kwemutemo kunyangwe mumadhorobha madiki kusvika pakati nepakati nemaguta muAmerica yose. Simba rinotyisa rinoitirwa vasungwa vehutongi hwemagariro evanhu rawedzera kuva midziyo yakajairika uye kushandiswa kwechipurisa pachacho. Ikozvino kune, semuenzaniso, mapurisa angangoita 600,000 uye miriyoni imwe nehafu yevarindi vega vega muUnited States. Zvichiwedzera, zvisinei, nharaunda dzevatema nevarombo dziri โkuchengetwa nemapurisaโ nezvikwata zvemauto, zvinowanzonzi zvikwata zveSWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics). IUS ine mapurisa anodarika zviuru makumi matatu akashonga zvakanyanya, akadzidziswa zvechiuto. SWAT-team mobilizations, kana kuti โcall outs,โ yakawedzera 1.5 percent pakati pa30,000 na400. Aya mafambiro anoratidza kugadzirwa kweโNational Security Stateโ - kushandisa masimba ehurumende pasina hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji, cheki nekuenzanisa, nyika. uko mapurisa anoshandiswa kuita kurambidzwa kwevagari vemo.
Maitiro ekuenda kuNationalSecurityState akasundwa zvakasimba nehurumende yaBush, iyo iri kumanikidza mayunivhesiti nechisimba kuti adzvanyirire vanopokana uye kuti adzikise rusununguko rwechivanhu. Mukutanga kwaKurume 2004, Hofisi yeDhipatimendi rePfuma yeUnited States yeDzipatimendi reKunetswa Nezviwanikwa yakamisa masayendisiti eAmerica makumi manomwe nevarapi kuenda kuCuba kunopinda musangano wepasi rose we "coma nerufu." Dzimwe dzenyanzvi dzakagamuchira tsamba dzenyevero kubva kuDhipatimendi rePfuma, dzichivimbisa chirango chakakomba chemhosva kana chirango chehurumende kana vakatyora chirango chakanangana neCuba. Mukupera kwa70, Dhipatimendi rePfuma yakapa yambiro kuvabudisi vekuUS kuti vaizofanira kuwana "marezinesi akasarudzika ekugadzirisa mapepa" akanyorwa nenyanzvi uye vaongorori vesainzi vari kugara muCuba, Libya, Iran, kana Sudan. Vese vanotyora mutemo, kusanganisira vapepeti nevakuru vemasangano ehunyanzvi anotsigira mabhuku enyanzvi, vanogona kubhadhariswa faindi inosvika zviuru mazana mashanu emadhora uye mitongo yejeri inosvika makore gumi. Mushure mekutsoropodzwa kwakapararira, Dhipatimendi rePfuma yakamanikidzwa kuenzanisa mutemo wayo.
Muna Kukadzi 2004, vakuru vemauto eUS vakashanyira University of Texas kuAustin, vachida mazita evanhu "vanoratidzika kuMiddle East" vaipinda musangano wezvidzidzo wekubatwa kwevakadzi pasi pemutemo wechivanhu wechiIslam. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti magweta maviri emauto eUnited States aishanda neIntelligence and Security Commission yemauto akanga apinda musangano uyu asina kuzvizivisa.
Isu tinovaka sei kuramba kuNew Racial Domain, muzera repasi rose capitalism? Izvo hazvifanirwe kushamisa munhu kuti kushorwa kuri kutoitika, pasi, muzviuru zvenzvimbo. Munharaunda, vanhu vanorwisana nechisimba nemapurisa, mitemo inosungirwa kupa mitongo, uye kodzero dzevasungwa; mukurwira muhoro unorarama, kuwedzera mubatanidzwa nekodzero dzevashandi; mukutamburira kwavakadzi vanoshanda nokuda kwokuchengeta vana vavo masikati, kutarisira utano, zvifambiso zvavose, uye dzimba dzakanaka. Aya matambudziko anoshanda ehupenyu hwezuva nezuva itarisiro yezvinoumba kuramba kwezuva nezuva. Kuvaka hunyanzvi hwetariro uye kuramba pasi kunovandudza kugona kwedu kupikisa sisitimu nenzira dzakakosha, dzakananga.
Iyo ichangobva kubudirira "Immigrant Worker Freedom Ride," ichiratidza dambudziko revashandi vasina magwaro vanopinda muUS, inomiririra muenzaniso wakanakisa unobatanidza mamiriro ekudzvanyirira evatsva vanobva kune dzimwe nyika nekunetsekana kwenhoroondo kweCivil Rights Movement makore makumi mana neshanu apfuura kupidigura Jim. Gunguwo. Vazhinji vakatendeseka, vachena vanorwisa kudyidzana kwepasi rose vanofanirwa kudzidza zvakawanda nezve nhoroondo yeBlack Freedom Movement, uye mhando dzakabudirira dzekuramba - kubva pakusarudza kutenga mishandirapamwe kana kubhomba kwehupfumi, kuroja kuramwa, kusvika pakusateerera kwevanhu - izvo zvakamiswa nesangano iroro. Iwe hausi kugadzira mhando dzehutongi hwemagariro ekuratidzira uye kuramba: vamwe vauya pamberi pako. Basa nderekudzidza kubva pakusimba uye kusasimba kweaya mamodheru, tichibatanidza chiono chavo chekurwisa rusaruraganda mukati memwoyo wezvatinoita kurwisa capitalism yepasi rose uye nyika-chengetedzo yenyika.
Bato rekurwisa kudyidzana kwepasi rose rinofanira kuva, chekutanga, bato repasi rose, rinopesana nerusaruraganda, riine chinangwa chayo chikuru chekuparadza rusaruraganda rwepasi rose uye zvakasara zvehutongi hwevachena uye hutsinye hwemarudzi. Asi kuti uvake kufamba kwakasimba kudaro, kuumbwa kwemagariro emasimba anopikisa kudyidzana kwenyika kunofanirwa kushanduka, kunyanya muno muUnited States. Mauto anopesana nekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose achiri kunyanyisa, vepamusoro-soro, vepakati, vakadzidza kukoreji, vanogona kunzwira tsitsi mune zvematongerwo enyika nenhamo yevarombo nevanodzvinyirirwa, asi vasingagoverani hupenyu hwavo kana zviitiko. Munyika Yetatu, bato rinopikisa kudyidzana kwepasi rose rakabudirira zvakanyanya mukuwana hupamhi, hwakadzikama hweboka revanhu, nemamiriyoni evashandi achibatikana.
Kune, zvisinei, maitiro maviri akafara emafungiro mukati meiyi hurongwa husiri hweEurope, hunopesana nepasi rose: rusununguko, hutongi hwejekerere, uye tsika yeruzhinji, uye hunhu hwakanyanya, hwekuenzana. Maitiro ese ari maviri aivepo mu2001 Durban Conference Against Racism, uye akaita kuti kuvepo kwavo kunzwike munhaurirano dzemapoka emasangano asiri ehurumende uye mumushumo wemusangano wekupedzisira. Vanoratidza mazano maviri akasiyana ezvematongerwo enyika uye nzira dzeunyanzvi mukurwisana kwepasi rose kunopesana nemasangano ekugadzirisa marudzi.
Hurukuro yehutongi hwejekerere inotarisa panhaurwa yekodzero, inodaidzira kuti veruzhinji vatore chikamu, kupihwa simba mune zvematongerwo enyika, kuvakwa kwehunyanzvi hwemasangano akavakirwa munharaunda, nechinangwa chekupa masimba kuruzhinji uye kusiyana kwetsika dzakasiyana. Hurukuro yedemocracy inotsvaga kudzikiswa kwekunetsana kwevanhu kuburikidza nerutsigiro rwenhaurirano dzeruzhinji, kuyananisa uye nhaurirano dzevagari vetsika dzakasiyana. Haitsvaki kuramba zvachose kweneoliberal economic globalization, asi kugadzirisa kwayo kunovaka uye kubatana, nechinangwa chekuvaka hutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika tsika dzekodzero dzevanhu mukati memisika-yakavakirwa nzanga.
The radical egalitarian tendency of global anti-racists inotaura hurukuro pamusoro pekusaenzana uye simba. Inotsvaga kubviswa kwehurombo, kuzadzikiswa kwedzimba dzepasirese, hutano hwehutano uye vimbiso yedzidzo munyika yese isiri yekuMadokero. Haina hanya nezvekodzero dzisinganzwisisiki, uye kunyanya kunetseka pamusoro pemigumisiro chaiyo. Haitsvaki kufananidzwa nezvematongerwo enyika muhurongwa hwenyika yekare, asi kuvakwa kwenyika itsva kubva pasi zvichikwira. Yakataura mutauro wezvematongerwo enyika moreso mutsika yerusununguko rwenyika pane yerudzi-nyika.
Zvose izvi maitiro aripo muUnited States, pamwe nepasi rose, mune zvakasiyana-siyana, zvino zvinotsanangura maonero emafungiro mukati mekurwisana kwepasi rose kwekurwisana nerusaruraganda. Nyanzvi nevanorwira kodzero vanofanirwa kubatsira mukuvakwa kwenzvimbo yakafararira ichiunza pamwe chete marudzi akasiyana-siyana edemocracy uye egical egalitarian currents anomiririra kudyidzana kwepasi rose kubva pasi. Hutsva hutsva mumafambisirwo ekuratidzira kwevanhu huchadawo kuvandudzwa kwedzidziso itsva yemagariro uye nzira itsva dzekufunga nezvehukama pakati perusarura rwechimiro nesimba rehurumende. Rusaruraganda rwepasi rose ndiro dambudziko guru rezvematongerwo enyika netsika renguva yedu. Inogona kuparadzwa, asi chete kuburikidza nekubatana, kurwira nyika.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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