Chero zvingave "chibvumirano" cheUS-Iraqi chinoguma chakaita senge, hazvigone kuve nemhedzisiro pabasa.
Kunyangwe ichangobva kuwedzera kutarisisa nhaurirano dzeUS-Iraqi pamusoro pechibvumirano chekuchengeta US mauto mukati Iraki kwemakore mune ramangwana, chibvumirano chinoguma kana kushaikwa kwechibvumirano kungangove nekukanganisa chaiko pabasa. Nhaurirano dziri kuitwa nevamiriri veMutungamiri George W. Bush uye Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki - hapana kana mumwe wavo ari kuda kuti mauto eUS abve (hurumende yaMaliki haingazopona pakubviswa kwemauto eUS, uye Bush anoramba akazvipira zvachose. Kudzora kweUS kweIraq, mafuta ayo, uye nzvimbo yayo yakasarudzika yezvigaro zvemauto eUS).
Asi VaBush naVaMaliki vakatarisana nematambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika nezvesarudzo kuti vamire sekunge vari kuda hurongwa hwekubvisa mauto. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mazhinji enhaurirano anoita kunge akatarisa kushoma pakusawirirana pakati pemativi maviri, uye zvakanyanya pakutsvaga mutauro unovanza chokwadi chekuenderera mberi nebasa uye. US kutonga, nemutauro unogamuchirwa nezvematongerwo enyika uchirumbidza hutongi hweIraq.
Nhaurirano dziri pamutemo dzakanangana nekuunza chibvumirano chenyika mbiri pakati pe nyika dzakabatana uye US hurumende yeIraqi yaizoisa zvisungo zvekuti sei US uye mauto e "coalition" aizoramba achitora nekuita hondo mukati Iraki. Kukurumidzira kwakapoteredza nhaurirano kunobva pakupera kwekupedzisira kwesimba reUnited Nations ikozvino kune iyo inonzi "multinational force" (diplo-speak for the US-led occupation) musi waDecember 31, 2008. Chinangwa ndechekugadzira chibvumirano. pakati Washington uye Baghdad izvo zvaizotsiva basa iroro. Even the New York Times inobvumirana kuti kana pasina chibvumirano chiripo mushure meDecember 31st, uye Security Council isati yawedzera simba, US mauto achitora Iraki vangadai vasina hwaro hwepamutemo hwekuvapo kwavo; zviri pamutemo, vaizofanira kudzoserwa kunheyo dzavo uye nokukurumidza kubviswa munyika.
Muchokwadi, hazvigoneke kuti chero chibvumirano chitsva chenyika mbiri, kana chero kuwedzerwa kweiyo UN mandate, ichava nemhedzisiro chaiyo pakurwa. The US nechisimba Iraki zvisiri pamutemo; hazvigoneke kuti hurumende ipedze basa rayo nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwakafanana nekuzivikanwa kusiri pamutemo. Uye mauto iwayo ari kurwisana neuto rinotungamirirwa neU.S, zvose mauto ekurwisana anonangana nekugara kweU. vari kurwisa kutorwa kwedzimwe nyika kunovengwa, uye vangangoramba vachidaro zvisinei nezvakanaka zvezvematongerwo enyika.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kusvika zvino izvo zviri muchibvumirano zvinoramba zvisina kujeka. Hapana vhezheni, ingave muchiArabic kana Chirungu, yakaburitswa, kunyangwe zvinyorwa zvechiArabic zvakaburitswa, uye shanduro dzechiRungu dzisina kurongwa ndidzo dziripo. Saka, kana dhiyabhorosi ari mune zvakadzama, satani anoramba akavanzwa.
Congress neParamende
Chibvumirano hachina kuendeswa kwairi IrakiParamende yeParamende, sezvinodiwa nebumbiro rayo, uye haisati yaendeswa kuSeneti kuti igamuchirwe, sezvinodiwa neBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Muchokwadi, kudivi reIraq, kunyangwe vatungamiriri vebato raMaliki pachavo vakazvibvisa pachibvumirano, nepo vamwe vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika, kunyanya mufundisi weShi'a Moqtada al-Sadr (uyo akadaidza a Baghdad kuratidzira kwemakumi ezviuru svondo rapfuura) vanopikisa zvachose. Zvinotaridza kuti mauto enyika, nyika, uye Sunni anoramba achikahadzika zvakanyanya. Iran anopikisa chibvumirano. Chete mapato makuru ekuKurdish, WashingtonVadyidzani vepedyo, sezviri pachena vakatsigira zvimiro zvayo. Uye vazhinji veIraqis, kunze kwevatsigiri vaMaliki, vari kutsvaga mikana iri nani kubva kune itsva post-Bush. US mutungamiri.
VaBush manejimendi vakarambawo kuita Congress, vachiti chibvumirano ichi "chingori" chiitiko chakajairwa cheForce Agreement (SOFA), yakafanana nezvibvumirano. US ane Jerimani or Japani. Asi chokwadi hapana hondo iri kurwiwa nayo US mauto munyika idzodzo. MuCongress mune kupokana kwakasimba kuchibvumirano, asi chakanyanya kunangana nekusabatanidzwa kweCongressioning uye kubvumidzwa kwete izvo zviri mukati mezvirevo.
Zvakadaro, kana chibvumirano chikakundikana zvinoreva kucherechedzwa zviri pamutemo nehurumende, masangano ehurumende, uye mamwe masangano epasi rose ekusatenderwa kwemutemo. US basa. Izvi zvingave kufambira mberi kukuru kwemauto epasi rose anorwisa hondo, kusanganisira pano US Saka kupikisa kuva pamutemo kwechibvumirano chitsva chipi nechipi chisungo chinopfuurira.
Nguva Horizon
Chinyorwa 25 chechinyorwa chechibvumirano chinotsanangura "kubviswa kwe US masimba kubva Iraki," uye ndima yekutanga inoti "the US mauto achabva munzvimbo dzeIraqi pasati papfuura Zvita 31, 2011. US mabhesi naChikumi 2009, asi kuzvipira kwekutanga kubviswa kwaZvita 31, 2011 hakutauri mauto "anorwa". Zvinoita sekuti ichi chingangove chimwe chezvaidiwa nehurumende yeIraqi, vachiziva kuti paramende yeIraqi, rega ruzhinji rwevanhu, rwaizoramba rudzi rwekubvisa zvishoma, kwe "mauto ehondo" chete, ari kutsanangurwa sekupedza hondo. US hurukuro yesarudzo.
Asi kuvapo kwechinyorwa ichocho hakuratidzi zvakakomba US kuzvipira kune hurongwa hwekubvisa zvizere mauto ese, kunyangwe pakupera kwa2011. US masimba okuramba arimo Iraki - nokuda kwe "zvinangwa zvekudzidzisa uye kutsigirwa kwemauto eIraqi ekuchengetedza." "Rutsigiro" rwakadai rweUS-akadzidziswa, US-akashongedzerwa, uye achiri anotsamira US mauto eIraq anogona mukuita zvinoreva chero chiito chemauto icho Pentagon inoda kuita. Ndima 5 inoenderera ichiti "hurumende yeIraqi inogona kukumbira kuwedzerwa kwendima 1 yechinyorwa chino" - kuwedzera kweiyo 2011 yekubvisa nguva.
Saka pfungwa yese yenguva yekupedzisira ndeyekubiridzira kune zvematongerwo enyika. Hazvina kungoerekana zvaitika kuti hutongi hweBush pahwakaita sekupa pfungwa yakamborambwa yenguva, tsananguro chaiyo yaive ye "nguva yenguva" - yakanaka kwazvo, pamwe, asi waisambosvikako.
Kune zvakafanana wiggle-izwi tsananguro yekuti sei US mauto aifanira kuwana mvumo kubva kumauto eIraqi mumubatanidzwa wekomiti yekubatanidza mabasa emauto. Nezve kusungwa kwevaIraqi, US mauto anofanirwa kupa vasungwa kuvakuru veIraqi mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana - kunze kwekunge kusungwa "kwakanga kwakavakirwa pamutongo weIraq maererano nemutemo weIraq."
US Military Immunity
Kana iri hot-bhatani nyaya yekusadzivirirwa vs. kuzvidavirira kwe US mauto anopara mhosva kuIraqis - kusadzivirirwa kunokunda zuva. Zvinoita senge paine chirevo chekutonga kweIraqi pamusoro US makondirakiti anopara mhosva kuvanhu - maererano neChikamu 12, "Iraki ine simba rekutanga remutemo pamusoro pemakondirakiti ane US nevashandi vavo." Tichaona kuti Blackwater nemamwe makambani emari vanogadzirisa sei izvozvo. Asi nezve US mauto, ivo US inochengetedza "kunyanya kutonga kwemutemo pamusoro US nhengo dzemauto uye vanhuwo zvavo. IrakiHurumende ikozvino inogona kuzvirumbidza kuvanhu vayo kuti ichava "nemasimba ekutanga emutemo pamusoro penhengo dzemauto nevagari vemo mumhosva huru uye nemaune" inoitika kunze kwe. US mabhesi uye "apo mauto asiri pabasa." Asi zviri nyore sei - mauto eUS haambosiyi zvigadziko zvawo kunze kwezviitwa zvechiuto, uye ndima dzinoverengeka gare gare zvinyorwa zvinopa US kodzero yekuona kuti mauto aibatanidzwa anga asiri pabasa here kana kuti kwete.
US mabhesi zvakare anoramba asina kupikiswa. The US ndeye kuendesa runyoro rwezvese "kuisirwa uye nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa ne US mauto" nechinangwa che "kuongororwa uye kubvumirana nemativi ese" nemusi wa30 Chikumi, 2009. Pane zvirevo zve US kudzokera kumabhesi emauto ehurumende yeIraq "akavakwa, akagadziridzwa, kana kugadziridzwa pasi pechibvumirano ichi," asi hapana chinongedzo kune mabhesi akafanotangira chibvumirano kana angave asiri pakati pe "zvirongwa nenzvimbo dzakabvumiranwa."
Rugwaro rwacho ruzere nemanongedzo ekuti IrakiHuchangamire, kuremekedza bumbiro remitemo yeIraqi nemitemo, nezvimwewo. Asi hapana simba rekumanikidza uye nekupihwa kusaenzana kwesimba pakati pemativi maviri, hapana kupokana kuti izvo zvinongedzo zvakagadzirirwa kujekesa. Iraki's yakawandisa anti-occupation vanhu, uye kunyange yakawanda yeparamende.
mafuta
Chibvumirano hachiite chinhu chinopedza kana kumisa US kuedza kudzora Iraqi mafuta. Inoti US ichaenderera mberi nebasa rayo razvino mu "gadziriro dzekudzivirira" ye Iraki's oiri uye gasi kugadzira "uye mari yavo." Tichifunga kusaina kwaBush masvondo maviri apfuura achiramba mutemo weCongress unoda kupera US kuedza kudzora Iraki's mafuta, kuenderera kwakadaro kunoramba kune ngozi.
Saka Chii Chingangoitika?
Hazvikwanisike kuti paramende yeIraqi, ichienda pakati pekupokana uye kuramba zvachose chibvumirano, ichauya kuzochigamuchira mumwedzi miviri inotevera. Zvinogoneka kuti Prime Minister Maliki vangotaura, sezvavakamboita, kuti hurumende yavo haidi mvumo yeparamende; asi nesarudzo dzakakosha dzematunhu dziri kuuya Iraki kutanga kwa2009, ndiyo nzira yekuzviuraya kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Mu nyika dzakabatana, Bush akatarisana nedambudziko rakafanana. Kuramba zvirevo zvekuti kubvumidzwa kwavo hakudiwe, Congress yave kutanga kuita - kunyanya nekuda kutaura mukuita. Dzimwe nhengo dziri kunanga pfungwa ye US mauto anogara achizvidavirira muIraqi judicial system, kunyangwe paine chokwadi chakajeka chekuti chinyorwa pachacho chinopa makumi ezviuru enzira dzekudzivirira kuitika kwakadai.
Patova nekufamba muCongress, inotungamirirwa naRep. Bill Delahunt (D-MA), kupikisa kodzero yekuregererwa kweCongress kubva pakubvumirwa kwechibvumirano, asi ichikurudzira Security Council kuti iwedzere simba reUN mushure meDec. 31 panzvimbo. Izvi zvinoreva kudzokorora nzira yakajairwa yekushandisa UN kupa zvematongerwo enyika, uye mune iyi nyaya zviri pamutemo, kuvhara zviito zvisiri pamutemo zveUS - zvinogona kunyangwe mhosva dzehondo dzinogona kuitwa nemauto eUS achitevera mirairo isiri pamutemo.
Kana kupera kwaZvita 31 kwechisungo cheUN kwaswedera pedyo, uye chibvumirano cheUS-Iraq chikasagamuchirwa nemativi ese, uye Bush naMaliki vakatadza kuhwina rutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika pakureva kwavo kuti kubvumidzwa kwekongiresi / paramende hazvidiwi, zvitatu zvingangoitika. :
* Kuedza kuhwina chibvumirano cheSecurity Council yekuwedzera kwenguva pfupi kweiyo mvumo;
* Chibvumirano cheBush-Maliki che "handshake" chekuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu kwemwedzi mitatu kana mitanhatu, zvichida yakareba, yakaenzana neCongress 'inowanzoitika "kuenderera mberi" inochengetedza mari iripo uye maitiro emabasa;
* Chibvumirano neCongress neParamende yeIraqi kuti vagamuchire chibvumirano chenguva pfupi uye pamwe chakabviswa-pasi chechibvumirano, ichisimbisa chibvumirano che "kukwazisana" pakati pehurumende.
Saka Sangano reRunyararo Rinoitei?
Kupera kwaZvita 31, 2008 kwechisungo cheUN kunofanirwa kutungamira mukuzivikanwa nekukurumidza kwekusatenderwa kwemutemo. US basa. Izvo zvinobvumwa zvisiri pamutemo zvinofanirwa kutariswa semukana wekuita pachena kuda kwevanhu veIraq uye ruzhinji rwevanhu vekuAmerica. Mhedzisiro yacho inofanira kunge iri matanho ekukurumidza kudzorera zvese US mauto kumabhesi avo, uye votanga hurongwa hwekubviswa kwemauto kwete chete mauto ehondo asiwo anobhadharwa neUS-akabhadhara asiri eIraq makondirakiti, uye kuvharwa kwemauto. US zvigadziko.
Kunyange hazvo nyika ine hanya nesarudzo dziripo, panodiwa mhinduro yakasimba panhaurirano dzinosanganisira:
* Kupikisa chero chibvumirano cheUS-Iraq chekuchengetedza US basa, ringava remwedzi mumwe kana makore matatu.
* Kupikisa chero chibvumirano chakadaro chiri kutaurirana kana kusainwa pasina US Congress uye Iraqi mvumo yeparamende.
* Kuramba matanho enguva pfupi akagadzirirwa kuenderera mberi nebasa.
* Kumira kupikisa chero sarudzo yeSecurity Council yekuwedzera simba razvino rinobvumidza kugara kunotungamirwa neUS Iraki; tinodana kuUnited Nations kuti imire nemasangano epasi rose mukudzivirira mutemo wepasi rose neChata yayo, kupikisa kuenderera mberi kwekugara kwe Iraki.
Phyllis Bennis ishamwari kuInstitute for Policy Studies muWashington, DC Iye ndiye munyori we "Challenging Empire: Sei Vanhu, Hurumende, uye UN Defy. US Simba" (Interlink Publishing, Gumiguru 2005).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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