Vezvematongerwo enyika vanotungamira pasi rose vachasangana pakati pe7th ne18th yaZvita kumusangano unotevera weUN mamiriro ekunze. Zvese zvinoratidza kuti nhaurirano idzi dzichaguma nematanho asina kukwana ekugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze pasi rose, kusanganisira mimwe mitemo ichitevedza hurongwa hwe "cap-and-trade" huri kuitwa pasi rose. Zvichakadaro, varwiri vari kuronga kurwisa pamwero usina kumboitika.
Dambudziko
Brian Tokar, mutungamiriri weVermont-based Institute for Social Ecology, anoti "kuderedzwa kwekubuda kwegasi rinopisa ne20-40% kunodiwa mumakore gumi kana kupfuura anotevera kudzivirira kutsvedza kusingadzoreki kunyongana kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose"
1. Mubhuku "Heat"
2, George Monbiot anoisa chinangwa chekucheka nechikamu che90% munyika dzakaita seUK panosvika 2030, kana tembiricha yepasi rose ikakwira ne2 °C zvichizodziviswa. Mibairo yekutadza kuzadzisa chinangwa ichi, pasina kupokana, inodarika mari ipi neipi yemunhu yekucheka. Kukwira kwe2.1 °C kwekushisa kuchaisa vanhu vari pakati pe2.3 ne3 bhiriyoni panjodzi yekushaikwa kwemvura.
3. Kuwedzera kwemadhigirii 2.3 kuchaisa pachena vamwe vanhu vane mamiriyoni 180-230 pangozi yemarariya
2. Huwandu hwevanhu vari panjodzi yenzara hunotarisirwa kuwedzera nemamiriyoni makumi mashanu panosvika 50 nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
4. Kukwira kwemvura yegungwa kwemamita 1 kana kupfuura, zvingangoitika muzana rino remakore panguva ino, kuchaparadza chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chezvirimwa zvenyika.
5,kunyanya kunyudza 21% yeBangladesh uye kumanikidza vanhu mamirioni gumi neshanu kubva kudzimba dzavo ikoko
2. Kudziya kwemadhigirii maviri kungaisawo imwe miriyoni zana nemakumi maviri neshanu panjodzi yemafashamo emvura ine munyu, uye zvinoreva kuparadzwa kwemvura yemunzvimbo dzakaita seShanghai, Jarkarta, Mumbai neBuenos Aires nemvura yemugungwa, zvichida zvichiita kuti vanhu vabude mune dzimwe nguva.
2. Kunyanya kunetseka, pamusoro pe2 madhigirii ekudziya kunounza pamwe nayo tarisiro ye
kutiza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze nekuda kwemhinduro yakanaka inobata
6. Kukwira kwese kwekushisa kunowedzera mikana yekunyura kweLondon, New York neTokyo nekunyunguduka kweWest Antarctic Ice Sheet.
2. Hurumende dzemasimba enyika dziri kubhejera chaizvoizvo neramangwana rebudiriro.
Mufananidzo uyu unotsigirwa nekukwira mirwi yehumbowo uye kubvumirana kwakasimba pakati pemasayendisiti emamiriro ekunze. Muchinyorwa cheSainzi, mapepa e928 pamusoro penyaya yekudziya kwepasi kwevanhu akaongororwa nekutsvaga mudatabase. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive yekuti "hapana rimwe remapepa rakapokana nenzvimbo yekubvumirana" panyaya iyi
7. Kunyange mukutarisana neiyi mwero unoshamisa wokubvumirana kwesayenzi, zvikamu zvezvinobudisa nhau zvichiri kufambisa pfungwa yegakava.
8, uye hurumende dzinoramba kuita chimwe chinhu.
Zvirongwa zveCap-and-trade zvakasimudzwa nehurumende zhinji semhinduro kudambudziko. Nekudaro, mutemo wecap-and-trade muUS, semuenzaniso, uchaverengera kuderedzwa kwe1% kuburitsa panosvika 2020, maererano neCentre for Biological Diversity.
1. Zvikonzero zvekukundikana uku zvave zvichizivikanwa kwenguva yakati
1910 . Imwe ndeye "carbon credit loophole". Sezvineiwo, zvikwereti zvinotengeswa zvinomiririra kuderedzwa kune emissions yakaitika, uye makambani anogona kutenga aya makiredhiti "kubvisa" kusvibisa kwavo. Nekudaro, zvikwereti zvakawanda zvinopihwa kana kuburitswa kwaizoderedzwa zvakadaro, kunyangwe pasina kupihwa kwechikwereti chakakosha. Izvi zvinobvumira makambani kusvibisa zvakanyanya, nekungotenga chikwereti chisina zvachinoreva pane zvakachipa. "Ongororo yeGerman yemapurojekiti akatenderwa neUN-yakatenderwa kabhoni muna 2007 yakataura kuti akawanda anosvika makumi masere nematanhatu muzana emapurojekiti akapihwa mari angangove akaitwa" sekureva kwaTokar.
1.
Isimba ripi kunze kweuchapupu uye maonero everuzhinji angave ari kushanda pano? Kuti tiwane mupari wemhosva, tinofanira kungoziva avo vane nzira nevavariro, tobva taongorora umboo hunovapikisa. Sezviri pachena, makambani emafuta nemamwe makambani anomira akasununguka nekuda kwematanho anodiwa pakushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Vamwe vanogona kupokana simba, kana kuda, kwemakambani kuvhiringa nyaya dzekucheka-dzika muzita repurofiti. Kugadzirisa izvi, tinoda chete kurangarira gakava pamusoro penjodzi dzehutano dzekuputa uye kusvuta. Kunyangwe paine mirwi yehumbowo hwesainzi mumaoko, chokwadi chakatora makumi emakore kuti chibudirire pakurwisa mushandirapamwe wakaitwa nemakambani "think-tank", mishandirapamwe yenhema, uye huru.
mipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, ose achitsigirwa nemari neindasitiri yefodya
1112. Kure nedzidziso yekurangana, iyi yaive fungidziro, yekumhanya-ye-ye-mill nyaya yekutsvaga purofiti muhupfumi hwemusika.
Uye iyo yose yakanga iri dzvinyiriro kubva kuchikamu chiduku zvikuru chenyika yebhizimisi. Panyaya yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kushorwa kunobva kumaindasitiri makuru epasi. Global Climate Coalition imubatanidzwa unosanganisira ExxonMobil (sangano rinopa mari zvakanyanya pasi rose), Ford, Texaco, BP, uye mamwe mafuta nehofori dzemotokari. Nemashoko avo pachavo (maererano nea leak
memo), boka iri rinoronga kupesvedzera maonero eruzhinji esainzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye "kudzoreredza kudziya kwepasi sedzidziso kwete chokwadi" - kwete kuunganidza data uye kuyedza tsananguro sezvaizoitwa nesainzi.
13.
Greenpeace inoshuma kuti Exxon chete yakashandisa mari inopfuura mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri emadhora inotsigira masangano anopokana nemamiriro ekunze kubvira 22.
14. Maitiro avo anotangira pakuramba zvachose uye zvirevo zvekurangana, kusvika pakukanganisa kusaenzana kwesainzi.
15. The Competitive Enterprise Institute inotsigirwawo mari neExxon nevamwe, zvekuti vanokwanisa kuunza matare emutemo vachipokana nehurumende yeUS kudzikamisa mutemo wekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze ikoko.
14.
Avo vachasangana muCopenhagen vakakumbirwa zvakasimba nezvido izvi zvine simba; vakawanda vane chikwereti kwavari pakusarudzwa uye nemari yebato.
Mhinduro
Chii chatingasarudza kutsiva mamiriro ezvinhu aya? Chiito chekukurumidzira chinodiwa munguva pfupi. Cap uye zvirongwa zvekutengesa zvinofanirwa kutsiviwa nemutero wakapfava, wegumbeze pamhepo inopisa gasi, ine mwero wakatemerwa kuderedza kuburitswa ne40% mumakore gumi. Chinangwa chekucheka kwe90% kusvika 2030 chinofanira kutorwa zvakanyanya. Mazano akaitwa naMonbiot
2, uye vamwe, vaigona kuita kuti kuchekwa kugoneke nekurwadziwa kudiki kwemararamiro.
Izvi zvinofanira kunge zviri zvimwe zvezvatinoda sezvatinosvika kuCopenhagen. Asi, semamwe marudzi mazhinji emitemo akagadzirirwa kuchengetedza ruzhinji kubva kune vashoma vanoita purofiti, shanduko dzakadaro hadzina kusimba. Dambudziko ndere systemic. Chekutanga, hurongwa hwemari hunotsamira pakushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvechisikigo zvakanyanya, chero mutengo wemagariro (sezvinotsanangurwa nenzira inosvikika paredhiyo show "
varoyi vemari"
16) Zvakare, iyo yemagariro kana yezvakatipoteredza mitengo yekugadzira inofuratirwa neiyo musika system mukurwira purofiti. Mitengo yerudzi urwu, isingabatirwe nemutengi kana mutengesi wechigadzirwa asi kuti nevamwe vanhu, haikanganisi mitengo yemusika. Aya asina mhosva anonzi "musika wekunze" akazara, kubva pakubhururuka-kubhururuka kusvika pakuparadzwa kwebudiriro nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kunyange paine makambani ane simba ane zvinokurudzira zvakanyanya kusvibisa kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, mamiriro ekunze haazove akachengeteka. Nzira chete yekuhwina kukunda kusingaperi ndeyekutsiva iyi chaotic system yemakwikwi nedemocracy system yekubatana kwakaenzana: system yakafanana.
kudyidzana kwehupfumi17. Mubhuku rake "economic Justice and Democracy: kubva kumakwikwi kusvika pakushandira pamwe", Robin Hahnel anotsanangura kuti imwe nzira iyi ingatsigira sei hupfumi hwakagadzikana uye hunoshanda mumamiriro ekunze akagadzikana. Kurwira shanduko hakufanirwe kudzika, asi kunofanirwa kungoonekwa sechikamu chekurwira chinangwa ichi.
Zviito zvedu muna Zvita
Tataura shoko pamusoro pezvinangwa, tinoita sei muna Zvita uyu sechikamu chenhamburiko huru kuunza izvi zvinangwa? Chikonzero chinoita kuti makurukota enyika nevatungamiri varambe kuita chiito hachisi kubva mukushaiwa ruzivo. Hakusi kuti vari kumirira kuti pfungwa dzevanhuwo zvavo dzibudiswe pachena. Panyaya iyi, sepane vamwe, pfungwa yekuti vari kushanda zvakanyanya mukuda kwemuvhoti wemazuva ese ndeyekunyepedzera. Zviri nyore, ivo vanoziva kuti nderipi divi chingwa chavo chakazorwa butter. Hapana huwandu hwehumbowo kana kukwidza kune chikonzero kuchachinja izvo.
Enzanisa zviitiko zvedu mukurwira kudzivirira hondo muIraq. Vanhu vanopfuura miriyoni vakaenda kumigwagwa yeLondon "kuti vaudze Tony zvatinofunga nezvehondo yake". Izvi zvakava nemigumisiro yakanaka yakawanda mukuburitswa kwenhau uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Asi avo vaitarisira kuti kuratidzwa kukuru kwemanzwiro eruzhinji kwaizokwevera Blair vakakurumidza kuodzwa mwoyo. Vakaodzwa mwoyo neizvi, uye vasingaoni nzira yekukanganisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu, vashoma vemamiriyoni iwayo vakazobatanidzwa mubasa rekurwisana nehondo. Kuratidzira mushure mekutanga kwehondo kwakadzikira.
Kusiyana nekuratidzira kunopesana nehondo, the
Climate Camps anga ari madiki, asi akasimba. Boka iri rakakwanisa kuunza kufarira munharaunda uye kuburitswa kwenhau, uye rinopa nzvimbo kune vanorwira kuchinjanisa ruzivo uye kugadzira network. Mutemo wekuita zvakananga wakatsigirwa nevakawanda mumisasa, zvichiita kuti ive yakawanda kupfuura yekutaura-shopu. Asi kuunganidza kwakakurumbira, pamwero mukuru wakatsamwiswa nekurwiswa kweIraq, kwave kwakaoma kuunganidza.
Asi kana iyo pfungwa isiri yekungo "kuudza Brown zvatinofunga", chii? Parizvino, vezvematongerwo enyika vanoonekwa kumasangano akavakirwa pamusimboti mumwe chete mukuru: purofiti. Nhoroondo uye pfungwa dzakajairika dzinotiudza kuti kuderedza uye kutyisidzira iyo purofiti ndiyo yakanakisa nzira yekuwring shanduko kubva kuhurongwa. Iko kudikanwa kwekuita zvakananga kunobva pane izvi. Tinofanira kuwedzera zvakananga mari yekuenderera mberi kwekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kana tichireva kukunda shanduko.
Panguva ino, tinofanira kuchengeta vanhu vane hanya vachibatanidzwa muboka rinokura. Varatidziri vanofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti hapana varatidziri vari pasi pehunyengeri hwekukunda shanduko. Iro meseji inofanirwa kunge ine ruzha uye yakajeka pakuratidzira, mukudhinda nekutaura: kukunda kunosanganisira zvinopfuura kungoudza vatungamiriri zvatinofunga. Ipfungwa yakanaka kuumba mubatanidzwa nemapoka anonzwira tsitsi mubato revashandi uye mamwe mafambiro ezviratidziri. Zvichabhadharawo kusvika kune vanhu vasingazivikanwe netsika yevaratidziri, vasina mu-boka jargon kana maitiro ekutonga, ichipa mufananidzo unoyevedza wekuti ungabatike sei kune vatsva. Nzira dzakafanana dzinogona kushandiswa kuvaka tsitsi nerutsigiro rwechiito chakananga. Nezve zvese izvi, varatidziri vane ruzivo vanofanirwa kusimudzira nhamburiko dzavo panguva ino yakakosha.
Zvose izvi zvinorevei kuna December? Zvose zvinoratidza kuti zvinoreva kusateerera kwevanhu, uye pamwero wausati wamboonekwa mumishandirapamwe yezvakatipoteredza.
Chiito cheJustice Yemamiriro ekunze, mubatanidzwa mutsva mukuru wemapoka ezvemhoteredzo ane utsinye, akadana mabasa ekuvaka muCopenhagen, uye shoko ravo rakatsigirwa neClimate Camp. Ndinovimba, vanhu vacharonga zviito zvakadaro chero kwavanenge vari, panguva imwe chete kumusangano, kunyanya pa "zuva rekuita", Chitatu, Zvita 16.
th. Mapoka ari kutoronga ega, uye nekubatana neCJA neCamp. Kana meseji yekuita yakananga yawana zvakadaro, vanouya nenzira dzavo dzakasiyana, dzekugadzira uye dzisingatarisirwe dzekuita kuti makambani nehurumende dzigare dzakatanga kunetseka.
Kunyangwe mhedzisiro yezuva rega rega rekuratidzira ingave isingaonekwe, kuratidzira, kuronga uye zviito zvakananga zvinomiririra pesvedzero chaiyo pagwara. Chinonyanya kukosha kutyisidzira kwekuwedzera kwenhamba, kuzvipira uye mhirizhonga. Masimba anenge aripo achakanganisa kana akaona denho huru kusimba ravo richiuya, kunyange panhau huru. Iyi meseji inoburitswa nekunetsana kwakapfuura pamusoro pemamiriro ekushanda, nyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu, uye dzimwe nyaya dzakawanda.
Ngatibatanei neCJA nemamwe masangano. Ngatipei imwe nguva, nemari, pakuronga kuratidzira. Ngatikurudzirei zviito zvakanangana mumapoka aya. Zvita uno, ita kuti koramu isina kunaka iwedzere kumatareji emakambani.
Batanidza pa
[1] Brian Tokar, "Kutarisana neJustice Yemamiriro ekunze: Tinogona kudzoka kubva kugomba?" Z Magazine, Gunyana 2009,
[2] George Monbiot, "Kupisa: nzira yekumisa pasi kubva pakupisa", South End Press 2008.
[3] Martin Perry et al., "Mamiriyoni ari panjodzi: kutsanangura shanduko yakaoma yemamiriro ekunze Kutyisidzira uye zvinangwa", Global Environmental Change, Vol. 11 (2001), mapeji 181-3. Pazvinofungidzirwa iye zvino, IPCC inoshuma kuti nhamba yevanhu vanogara munyika "dzinomanikidzwa nemvura" ichakwira ne 3.3 bhiriyoni nokukurumidza 2025 :
[4] Martin Parry, UK meteorological office, inotorwa mu [5].
[5] "The No-nonsense guide to climate change", Dinyar Godrej, New Internationalist Press.
[7] Naomi Oreskes, "Kubvumirana kwesayenzi pamusoro pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze",
Science, Vol 306 (3 Zvita 204), p.1686
[8] George Monbiot, "Uku kuburitsa kunoshamisa kwesainzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvo zvakare zvakashata zvakashata", the Guardian, 14
th yaNovember 2006,
[9] Oscar Reyes, "Carbon Trading: sumo pfupi",
[10] Vandana Shiva, "Kusaruramisira kweCarbon Offsets",
nemamwe magwaro ari panzvimbo ino. Iyi memo inokurukurwa mureferensi [2], chitsauko 2, apo hukama hwakananga kune yekuramba shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inokurukurwa.
[12] Kirsten B. Mitchell, "Fodya Inopedza Kupfuura $100,000 Zuva Nezuva Kutsvaga muDC"
[13] Memo yakatorwa muna Mark Hertsgaard, "Apo Washington Yakarara."
Vanity Fair, May 2006.
[14] Exxon Zvakavanzika, chirongwa cheGreenpeace ruzivo,
[15] Ona e.g. Indur Goklany, "Mashandisiro Akaita IPCC Ipact Positive Impact of Climate Change seyakaipa", yeCato Institute,
Imwe yemhosva dzakaoma-kurova ndeyekuti, mumushumo weIPCC, "Mufananidzo SPM.2 inokanganisa imwe yezvinyorwa seTafura 3.3 yeIPCC WG 2 report. Inofanira kuva Tafura 3.2." Saka kurangana kwenyika kunoratidzwa. Chinyorwa chasara chinonetsana nemashoko emushumo weIPCC, uyo unonzi uri kuedza kutsausa veruzhinji, nezvikonzero zvisina kutaurwa. Semuenzaniso, kutaura kwekuwedzera kwemvura kunorambwa nechikonzero chekuti tafura imwe haikonzeri huwandu hwevanhu vanodzikira mvura (kunyangwe iyo - ichiri yakakura - nhamba yakazara ichitaurwa mutema nemuchena kumwewo neIPCC. , uye inopindirana nedzimwe nhamba [3]) . Mimwe mishumo yeCato inoti kuenzanisa mitengo uye mabhenefiti emutemo wemamiriro ekunze, vachifunga kana mutemo unobatsira nekufungidzira zvingangoitika paGDP (zvichienderana neinochengetedza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, hongu). Kana mumwe akamira kuti ashamise kuti kufa kweBangladeshi kuchaita sei pachiyero ichi, zvichienzaniswa, toti, kutadza kugadzira mota muBritain, pfungwa iyi inoburitswa kwete kungokanganisa, asi sechitsotsi chinosemesa.
[16] Wizards of Money, chikamu 7, "Kutenderera kwemari, kutenderera kwemvura":
[17] Michael Albert, "Parecon: life after capitalism", Verso Press; onawo
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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