Raymond Suttner inyanzvi, aimbove African National Congress (ANC) uye mutungamiri weSouth African Communist Party (SACP) uye musungwa wezvematongerwo enyika. Ndiye munyori webhuku richangoburwa, The ANC Underground.
Tose tinonzwa kuti pane chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvikuru pamusoro pesarudzo dziri kuuya muna Kubvumbi, pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika iye zvino neANC. Ichi chii? Nei ndichinzwa ndine chivimbo chakakwana kuti ndiite chirevo chakadaro?
Kwemakore anoda kusvika mana bato reANC rakatarisana nemhirizhonga yehunhu husati hwamboitika munhoroondo yayo uye izvi zvakazunguza sangano iri, izvo zvakazoita kuti paumbwe bato rezvematongerwo enyika rakatsemuka, reCongress of the People (COPE) ndokumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pezvingaitwa kana kuti zvatove. hurongwa huripo hwakaparara pakati pedambudziko reANC nehurongwa hwehurongwa, zvichikanganisa kurongeka kwebumbiro rose.
Pane pfungwa yatekeshera pakati pevazhinji vakapinda muhondo yerusununguko uye ANC pachayo, kwete avo vakapinda muCOPE chete, yekuti sangano iri rine zvimwe zvinhu zvisingaenderane nehwaro hwehunhu hwainzi hwakakonzerwa naro kana kuti chikamu chesangano iri. kuzivikanwa kwayo munguva yakapfuura.
Pane pfungwa yekutya inokonzerwa nezvimwe zvirevo zvisingawanzo kudzvinyirirwa kana kutsoropodzwa nesangano. Izvi zvinomutsa manzwiro pakati pevazhinji vakakurira muANC uye veruzhinji kuti zvikamu zveANC, zviri kugadzira mamiriro ekusateerera mutemo uye anogona kuve nehondo, pasina chirango.
Pane pfungwa yekutsauka kubva kumisimboti yeANC maererano nekuzivikanwa kwemarudzi uye kusarurana, kungave kuburikidza nekutaura kwerusaruraganda, ethnic chauvinism kana anti-Semitism ichipikisana nezvimwe zvechinyakare zvinotemerwa nhengo nesangano ravo.
Kunyange hazvo zvingasava pamberi peveruzhinji mubvunzo wekushungurudzwa kwevanhukadzi nevanhukadzi, kana VaZuma vari kusanganisirwa veruzhinji nekutongwa kwenyaya yekubatwa chibharo, zvakaonekwa kuti nyika haina kuburitsa pachena mhosva yake. kupokana, kwakasiyana nekuratidza `kusava nemhosva'. Mashoko evateveri vake (asina nhengo yehutungamiri akazvibvisa paari) achidzikisira chiremerera chemumhan'ari uye kusava nehanya kwevanhukadzi nevatungamiriri vazhinji veANC uye sezvineiwo, COPE zvakare, kunze kwekunyunyuta kwavo kwazvino pamusoro pemutungamiri wevechidiki weANC Julius. Malema kuCommission on Gender Equality, wedzera pfungwa iyi yekusagadzikana.
Muchidimbu nezvenhoroondo ichangoburwa[2]
Bato reANC rine nhoroondo refu uye yakasiyana-siyana uye munhoroondo dzaro rinozviratidzira richienderera mberi nenhevedzano yekupikisa yakatanga kubva muhondo dzekutanga dzechiKhoisan neXhosa dzaipesana nekukundwa kweBritish neDutch colonialism, kuchiteverwa nekupikisa kunotyisa kwevaSotho, baPedi nevamwe. peoples. Hondo dzokuMabvazuva dzakarwiwa kwemakore zana.
Kupokana kwakapfuura nemuzvikamu zvakasiyana kusati kwakundwa uye nekugadzwa kwe
Mukati ma1940 ANC Youth League (ANCYL) yakaumbwa pasi pehutungamiriri hwaAnton Lembede, Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo, uye AP Mda. Vaida shanduko yenzira uye sangano rine mhirizhonga uye izvi zvaida zvimiro uye vakakwanisa kuvaka pane zvakavatangira. Vakashoropodza hutungamiri hwapfuura nekusada kusvibisa maoko avo (Ruth Kutanga, CD, 1982). Zvese izvi dai angove manzwi uye masirogani dai hwaro hwemurwere hwaXuma naCalata husina kumira mushe. Uyezve, kana iwe ukatarisa chipfeko chevachemi vekare uye chehutungamiri hutsva huri kusimuka, pane zvakafanana pamwe nekusiyana, mumhando dzekuzvimiririra.
Pamusangano weANC muna 1949, chirongwa cheYL chekuita chinosanganisira zvirongwa zvedanidziro yakagamuchirwa neANC yese. Sisulu akasarudzwa kuve Secretary-General uye Dr JS Moroka vakatsiva Xuma semutungamiri wenyika, nekuti Xuma akashora gwara raipihwa nevechidiki kusangano uye kusaremekedza kwavo chinzvimbo chavo.
Sisulu seMunyori Mukuru, mu `imba yeinjini', akashandura mashandiro eANC kubva kune imwe yenhume dzaisangana pagore kana dzimwe nguva uye vachivimba nehutungamiriri hwetsitsi kuenda kune hwekuita sarudzo pamwe chete. (Chekutanga, 1982, CD). Akavaka sangano uye vakagadzirira Defiance Campaign, apo mitemo yakasarudzwa yeapartheid yaisazoteererwa. (Ona Karis naCarter, 1973). Izvi zvakatangirwa netsamba dzine mutsa kumutungamiriri wehurumende, asi idzi hadzina kufuratirwa.
The
The
Mushandirapamwe uyu wakabatsira zvikuru sangano, nhengo dzaro dzichikwira kusvika kunhengo dzinosvika 100,000 XNUMX dzaibhadharwa. Mauto aiwedzera aiva nemigumisiro yawo yakaipa. Mune imwe yemiedzo yakazoguma, Dr Moroka akazviparadzanisa nevamwe vake, achiwana mumiriri wepamutemo uye kurwisa vaipomerwa kana maKomonisiti chaiwo, kusanganisira muboka rekudzivirira.
Nguva yehutungamiriri hwaLuthuli yakabva yatanga. Luthuli akanga ari sabhuku kubva kune imwe yenharaunda dzeamaKholwa (chiKristu) uye akasarudzwa kuti ave pachigaro, tsika yakatangwa nguva yake isati yasvika. Zvakadaro akaunza shanduko dzakaita kuti vakadzi vatore chikamu munyaya dzenharaunda. Luthuli akanga anyura muAmerican Congregationalism uye aiva muparidzi. Hunhu hwake hwechiKristu hwakazivisa hupenyu hwake, asi aigara akavhurika kune dzimwe pesvedzero. Zvakaiswa pachena nehutungamiriri hwake, pamwe chete nevatungamiri vechidiki vatodudzwa igwara retsika raisiyanisa vakanakisa veANC, pfungwa yemutungamiri asina chaaimutsvakira iye, akange akagadzirira kurasikirwa nezvose uye akanamata kuti aizodzivisa muedzo upi noupi wokusaita rakanga riri basa rake retsika kuvanhu vake. Chero chipi chaakaraira vamwe kuti vaite akazvigadzirira kuti azviite, mune izvi achidzokorora Gandhi uye gare gare Mandela. (Sampson, 1999). Mukutaura kwake kwakakurumbira muna 1952 mushure mekubviswa pachigaro semukuru wemabasa ake eANC, Luthuli akati:
Kuti ramangwana rakamira sei handizivi. Kungava kusekwa, kupfigirwa mutorongo, musasa wevasungwa, kurohwa, kudzingwa uye kunyange rufu. Ndinongonamata kuna Wamasimba Ose kuti vasimbise kutsunga kwangu kuti pasave neimwe yeiyi mikana yakaipa inganditadzisa kurwira zita rakanaka renyika yedu yatinoda, Mubatanidzwa weSouth Africa, kuita kuti ive democracy yechokwadi uye mubatanidzwa wechokwadi. muchimiro nemweya wenharaunda dzese munyika.
Chinondirwadza chete pane dzimwe nguva ndechekugara zvakanaka kwemhuri yangu asi ndinoedza kunyangwe mune izvi, mumweya wekuvimba uye kuzvipira kune kuda kwaMwari sezvandinoona, kuti 'Mwari achandipa'.
Hazvidzivisiki kuti mukushandira Rusununguko vamwe vanhu nemhuri vanofanira kutungamira uye kutambura: Nzira inoenda kuRusununguko inopfuura nepamuchinjikwa.' [3] (Luthuli muPillay, 1993, 50.).
Ndiri kunyatso kukwevera pana Chief Luthuli nekuti hupenyu hwavo nezvahunoreva, kuvimbika kwavo uye kuzvininipisa uye kuda kuzvipira, pane kuwana hupfumi kana simba, zvinonyanya kukosha panguva ino. Kupindirana kunonakidza pakati pekupindira kwake kwezvidzidzo zvebhaibheri nekutenda kwake kweANC kuchaongororwa zvakare (mukati mekwaniso yangu nerubatsiro rwandiri kugamuchira) mune rimwe bepa rinotevera.
Mushandirapamwe weDefiance waive mushandirapamwe wakashata kana wekuita zvekare mupfungwa yekuti wairatidza simba reruzhinji kuramba izvo zvaipokana nemukurumbira. Chaidiwa ipapo kutaura chiono cheramangwana uye Muzvinafundo ZK Matthews vekuFort Hare, paKongiresi yeCape ANC muna 1953, vakakurudzira Congress of the People iyo yaizounganidza zvaidiwa neveruzhinji uye kugadzira gwaro rerusununguko, iro raizoshanda segwara remitemo. nyika yeremangwana yegutsaruzhinji. Iri rakanga risiri rekutanga danho rakadaro, sezvo zvirevo zveAfrica, zvakaenzanisirwa paAtlantic Charter zvakagadzirirwa muna 1944, asi iro rakanga riri basa rekomiti uye rakanga risingafungirwe seChata, kuti ritore kubva kumanzwi chaiwo evanhuwo zvavo.
Sangano reCongress of the People rakagadzira gwaro reFreedom Charter rakanga risiri chiitiko chimwe chete asi kuti chirongwa chekutsvaga kubva kuvanhu munyika yose zvichemo zvavo nezvavanoda kuti South Africa iite hutongi hwejekerere. Zvikumbiro zvakapinda mukati uye zvakaunganidzwa pazvimedu zvemapepa, misana yemabhuku ezvidzidzo zvekuchikoro, mapaketi efodya uye kurekodhwa nedzimwe nzira. Pasinei nezvinhu zve e
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