France, yaichimbova simba renhapwa kumadokero kweAfrica, yapinda muMali nokutsiva mukurwisa kwemauto kwakatangwa muna Ndira 11. Ndege dzehondo dzeFrance dziri kubhomba maguta nemaguta munzvimbo huru yekuchamhembe kweMali, nharaunda inosvika chiuru chemakiromita kubva kumaodzanyemba. kumusoro uye kumabvazuva kusvika kumadokero. Mauto eFrance ari mumakoramu ane zvombo akatanga kurwisa, kutanga nemataundi ari kumaodzanyemba kwenharaunda yekuchamhembe, anenge makiromita mazana matatu kuchamhembe nekumabvazuva kweguta guru reMaliya reBamako.
Chikwata chemauto cheFrance chakapinda muMali mazuva akati wandei apfuura kubva kuIvory Coast yakavakidzana, imwe yaimbova koloni yeFrance. mauto eFrance akatungamirira kuparadza yehurumende yenyika muna 2011.
Kupinda uku kwakagamuchira rutsigiro rwepasirese kubva kune vanobatana neFrance imperialist. Nyika dzeAmerica, Canada neEurope dziri kubatsira nemari uye nezvifambiso zvemauto. Kupa shizha remuonde rekutenderwa kweAfrica, zvirongwa zvakakurumidza kuunza mauto kubva kunyika sere dzedunhu kuti apinde muhondo (mepu pano).
'Magandanga echiIslam' nezvimwewo, nezvimwewo.
Iyo Public Relations Version yeFrench and said kupindira chinhu chinozivikanwa. "Magandanga echiIslam" uye "jihadists" akatora kutonga kwekuchamhembe kweMali uye kutyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwepasirese uye kugarika kwevagari vemo. Hutsinye hunotyisa hunoitirwa vanhu vemunzvimbo iyi hunonzi uye hunoshambadzwa zvakanyanya nevezvenhau vemakambani. Ngano dzakafanana dzakafambiswa nevagadziri vehondo pavakapinda muAfghanistan muna 2001 neIraq muna 2003.
Ichokwadi kuti Islamic fundamentalists vakatonga kuchamhembe kweMali neruoko rwesimbi kubva pavakatora chigaro muna 2012. Asi zvikonzero zvekupindira kwemazuva ano zviri mukutsunga kwemasimba eumambo enyika kuchengetedza vanhu uye zviwanikwa zvematunhu ane urombo enyika. inochengetedza purofiti yecapitalist. West Africa inzvimbo ine hupfumi hwakawanda, kusanganisira goridhe, oiri uye uranium.
Migodhi yeuranium muNiger yakavakidzana uye madhipoziti euranium muMali anonyanya kufarira France, iyo inogadzira 78 muzana yemagetsi ayo kubva kusimba renyukireya. Migodhi yeUranium yeNiger inosvibisa zvakanyanya uye inovengwa zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwevanhu, kusanganisira pakati pevashoma-vanotama veTouareg vanhu vanogara munzvimbo dzemigodhi. Kambani yeFrance Areva parizvino iri kuvaka muImouraren, Niger, inove yechipiri pakukura mugodhi weuranium pasi rose.
Zvisineyi nehupfumi hwakakura hwakagadzirwa nemigodhi yeuranium, Niger ndeimwe yenyika dzine hurombo paPasi. As mumwe munzveri weEurope anozviisa, "Migodhi yeUranium muNiger inochengetedza chiedza muFrance uye rima muNiger."
Mali (ine huwandu hwevanhu vanosvika miriyoni gumi nemashanu nemazana mashanu) inyika yechitatu pakukura kuburitsa goridhe muAfrica. IAMGOLD yeCanada inoshandisa migodhi miviri ipapo (uye chetatu muBurkina Faso iri pedyo). Vamwe vazhinji vekuCanada nevekunze vanoisa mari varipo.
Mutambi akakosha muhondo irikuitika iAlgeria. Hurumende yeikoko ine shungu dzokuratidza kuvimbika kwayo kuhurumende. Muganho waro wakareba nekuchamhembe kweMali inzvimbo yakakosha ye "kugadzikana" kwekuchamhembe kweMali uko France nevabatsiri vayo vanotanga.
Humwe humbowo hwehunyengeri hwe "democracy" iyo France inoti iri kurwira muMali inowanikwa muchimiro chehurumende yeMali iyo yakabatana nayo. Kazhinji ichiratidzwa munhau se "chiedza chedemocracy" kumadokero kweAfrica, hurumende yeMali yaingove huwori uye hunyoro hutongi hweudzvanyiriri gore rapfuura apo mauto eMali aidzidzira uye akashongedzerwa akaiparadza kaviri - muna Kurume uye zvakare muna. Zvita. Mauto eMali arikutsvanzvadzira kurwa pamwe chete nemukoma wake mukuru weFrance akarambwa uye akarambwa neUS, Europe neCanada panguva pfupi, yekusagadzikana kwekunetsekana zvichitevera kupidigura kwekutanga.
Nhasi, hurumende yeMali igomba rehurumende inotonga pakuraira kwemauto eMali, vadzidzisi vekunze vekupedzisira, uye makambani emigodhi ekunze anopa mari yakawanda.
Touareg vanhu
Pamwoyo wezvematongerwo enyika wekunetsana muMali ndiko kurwira kwemakumi emakore iyo Touareg vanhu, vanhu vashoma vanotama-tama vanosvika mamiriyoni 1.2. Mutauro wavo chikamu cheboka remutauro wechiBerber. Nyika yavo yenhoroondo inosanganisira yakawanda yeNiger nekuchamhembe kweMali nenzvimbo diki dzeNigeria, Burkina Faso, Algeria neLibya. Vanozvidaidza kuti Kel Tamasheq (vatauri vemutauro weTamasheq).
VaTouareg vakarwa a kutevedzana kwekumukira muzana remakore rechi20 vachipesana nemiganhu yakatemerwa nekolonialism uyezve yakadzivirirwa nehutongi hwekuzvitonga, neocolonial regimes. Ndivo vamwe vemarudzi madiki kumadokero kweAfrica vachirwira kuzvitonga kwenyika, kusanganisira Sahwari yekuWestern Sahara, dunhu rinodzorwa neMorocco uye vane hutungamiriri hweSahwari, Polisario Front, inozivikanwa pasi rose.
VaTuareg vakakundwa zvine hutsinye nehukoloni hweFrance pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20. Kutevera kusununguka kweMali nenyika dzakavakidzana muna 1960, vakaramba vachitambura nerusarura. Kupandukira kwekutanga kweTouareg kwakaitika muna 1962-64.
Chechipiri, chimurenga chikuru chakatanga muna 1990 uye chakakunda kuzvitonga kubva kuhurumende yeMali iyo yakasarudzwa muna 1992 uye yakasarudzwa zvakare muna 1997. Kupandukira kwechitatu muMali neNiger muna 2007 kwakakunda mamwe matongerwo enyika uye nharaunda, asi izvi zvakaramba zvichidzokororwa. Chibvumirano cherunyararo cheLibya chakapera kurwa muna 2009.
Nyika yeMali nemauto aigara achitsvaga kutora zvavakanga varasikirwa nazvo. Mhirizhonga uye kunyange kuurayiwa kwevanhu veTouareg zvakakonzera kuti zvinhu zvienderere mberi muna 2011. Mauto akakundwa nemauto eNational Liberation Movement of Azawad uye musi wa 6 Kubvumbi 2012. MNLA yakazivisa Azawad yakazvimirira, sekudaidza kwavanodaidza kuti kuchamhembe kweMali. nenzvimbo yakapoteredza. MaTouareg nderimwe remapoka enyika akati wandei mukati menzvimbo ine gakava.
Chiziviso chekuzvitonga chakaratidza kunonoka uye chisingagoneki. MNLA yakakurumidza kusundirwa parutivi nemapoka akashongedzerwa echiIslam anopikisa Touareg kuzvitonga uye nyika yakazvimirira. Ukuwo mauto akaramba achishungurudza nekuuraya vanhu. Boka ravafundisi vechiMuslim vanoshanyira 17, somuenzaniso, rakanga riri akaurayiwa musi waGunyana 22, 2012.
Maererano ne mishumo isina kusimbiswa, MNLA yaramba chinangwa cheAzawad yakazvimirira. Yakapinda muhurukuro nehurumende yeMali muna Zvita yekuzvitonga mudunhu rekuchamhembe. A January 13, 2013, statement pawebhusaiti yeboka inobvuma kupindira kweFrance asi inoti haifanirwe kubvumidza mauto euto reMali kuti apfuure nemutsetse wekutema muganhu wakaziviswa muna Kubvumbi wegore rapfuura.
Militarization yeMali uye kumadokero kweAfrica
Mali ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzine hurombo paPasi asi yakakweverwa muchamupupuri chemashure maGunyana 2001 mauto anotungamirwa neUnited States. Mauto eUS anga achidzidzisa mauto eMali kwemakore. Muna 2005, iyo US yakagadzira iyo Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism Partnership, inosanganisira 11 "shamwari" nyika dzeAfrica: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria neSenegal.
Iyo "kubatana" inoitisa gore negore mauto ekudzidzira anonzi "Flintlock". Kudzidzira kwegore rino kuchaitika muNiger uye, sekureva kwaNdira 12 Globe uye Mail, "Kupinda muchiuto kweCanada muNiger kwatotanga."
Mauto eCanada atora chikamu mumitambo yemauto kumadokero kweAfrica kubvira 2008. Muna 2009, Mali yakanzi imwe ye "nyika nhanhatu dzakatariswa" muAfrica kune rubatsiro rweCanada. Kutanga gore iro, rubatsiro rweCanada kuenda kuMali rwakasvetukira kwayave imwe yenyika huru inogamuchira mari yerubatsiro kuCanada.
Muna 2008, Canada chinyararire akatanga chirongwa kumisa zvigaro zvitanhatu, zvitsva zvemauto kunze kwenyika, kusanganisira maviri muAfrica. (Hazvizivikanwe kuti chikamu cheAfrica chechirongwa chakamira papi nhasi.)
Hutsinye hwehondo
Mazuva mashoma mukurwiswa kweFrance, humbowo huri kuwedzera hwevanhu vakakuvara nemauto. Muguta reDouentza pakati peMali, vanhu vakakuvara havakwanise kusvika kuchipatara cheko, sekureva kweMรฉdecins sans frontiรจres (Vanachiremba Vasina Border). "Nekuda kwekubhomba nekurwa, hapana ari kufamba mumigwagwa yeDouentza uye varwere havasi kusvika kuchipatara," akadaro murongi wezvekukurumidzira wesangano iri Rosa Crestani.
Sangano reInternational Red Cross riri kuzivisa vanhu vakawanda vakakuvadzwa nemauto mumaguta arikurwiswa neFrance.
Amnesty International's West Africa muongorori, Salvatore Saguรจs, aive munyika munaGunyana akaona kutorwa kwevana muuto reMali. Ari kunetsekana nekutsiva kurwiswa nemauto kana rikadzoreredza hutongi hwemataundi nemaguta aakarasikirwa nawo, kunyanya mumaguta ekuchamhembe eGao, Kidal neTimbuktu.
Akayambirawo nezvehurongwa hwekuunza mauto akavakidzana nawo kuchamhembe kweMali. "Mauto aya, ayo ari kutotyora zvakanyanya munyika dzawo, anogona kuita zvimwe chetezvo, kana kusazvibata zvinoenderana nemutemo wepasi rose kana vari kuMali", akadaro.
Maererano nesangano revapoteri reUN UNHCR, dambudziko richangoburwa rakabvisa mukati mevanhu vangangosvika mazana maviri nemakumi matatu ezviuru veMaliya. Vamwe 230,000 veMaliya vanga vatova vapoteri munyika dzakavakidzana.
Mutauriri weUNHCR, Adrian Edwards, anoti hafu yevagari veguta reKonna, vamwe vanhu zviuru zvishanu, vakatsvaga mabhomba eFrance achityisidzira kuti achadonha nekutiza mhiri kweRwizi Niger.
Muchiratidzo chinokatyamadza chevanhu vakawanda vakafa vari kuuya, uye vachitsinhira zvikonzero zvehutsinye nemauto anorwisa varwi muIraq, Afghanistan nePalestine mumakore achangopfuura, vatungamiri vemauto eFrance vari kuchema-chema nekunetsa kwekusiyanisa varwi vavari kubhomba kubva kune vasiri varwi. vanhu. Mukuru wemauto eFrance Edouard Guillaud akaudza Reuters kuti kurohwa nemhepo kweFrance kuri kukanganiswa nekuti mauto aishandisa vanhuwo zvavo senhoo.
Kwete kuhondo muMali
Kurwiswa kwemauto muMali kwakarairwa neMutungamiriri weFrance Franรงois Hollande, akakunda musarudzo dza2012 akamiririra Bato reSocialist. Sarudzo yake yakashorwa nemapoka ari kuruboshwe rwezvematongerwo enyika muFrance, kusanganisira iyo Nouveau parti anticapitaliste (New Anti-Capitalist Party) uye Gauche anticapitaliste (Anti-Capitalist Kuruboshwe). Iyo yekupedzisira maitiro mukati meFront de gauche (Kuruboshwe Mberi). Bato reLeft Front rakatora zvikamu gumi nechimwe kubva muzana zvevhoti yekutanga yemutungamiri wenyika gore rapfuura.
Zvinokatyamadza, boka rehutungamiriri reLeft Front rabuda richifarira kupindira. Mutevedzeri waFranรงois Asensi akataura akamiririra hutungamiriri hwebato muNational Assembly muna Ndira 16 uye akazivisa, "Zvinzvimbo zvevatevedzeri veLeft Front, maCommunist nemarepublic, zviri pachena: kusiya vanhu veMali kune hutsinye hwevanyanyisi chingave chikanganisoโฆ Kurwiswa kwemauto epasi rose kwaidiwa kudzivirira kugadzwa kwegandanga. nyika.โ
Mashoko avo akaenderera mberi achigununโuna kuti mutungamiri wenyika, VaHollande, havana kuzvinetsa nekutsvaga mvumo kudare reNational Assembly.
Chirevo chaNdira 12 neFrench Communist Party (PCF), chikamu cheLeft Front, chakati, "PCF inogovera kushushikana kwevaMaliya pamusoro pekurwiswa nemauto kwemapoka eJihadist kumaodzanyemba kwenyika yavo ... mhinduro kuchikumbiro cherubatsiro chemutungamiri weMali inofanira kunge yakaitwa muhurongwa hwemubatanidzwa weUnited Nations neAfrican Union, pasi pemureza weUNโฆโ
Kusiyana nekupidigurwa kwehurumende yakasarudzwa yeHaiti muna 2004, iyo PCF neSocialist Party yakatsigira panguva iyoyo, France nevatsigiri vayo havana kunzwa kuda kuwana chitambi chemvumo kubva kuUN Security Council muMali. Asi kuita kudaro kungadai kusina kushandura hunhu hwehutsinye hwemishoni iyi yazvino, sezvazvakangoita muHaiti.
A Ndira 15 chirevo cheCanada Peace Alliance inotsanangura, kuti: โChikonzero chaichoicho chokubatanidzwa kweNATO ndechokuwana nharaunda dzeAfrica dzakapfuma nokuda kweMadokero. Basa rekucherwa kwegoridhe rekuCanada rine hupfumi hwakakosha muMali sezvakaita dzimwe nyika dzekumadokeroโฆ
โZvinoshamisa kuti kubva pakafa Osama Bin Laden, mauto eUS anozvirova dundundu achiti Al-Qaeda iri kumhanya uye haikwanise kurwa hondo. Zvichakadaro, chero nguva paine kudiwa kwekupindira, pane kamwe kamwe kutsva kweAl-Qaeda kutyisidzira kunobuda muhuni.
"Canada haifanire kutora chikamu muhurongwa uhu hwehondo isingaperi."
Ndiko kushevedzera kwechiito kunofanirwa kuitwa mumazuva nemavhiki anouya seimwe yenzvimbo dzine hurombo uye dzisina kusimba pasirese inowira munjodzi yekudzika kwechiuto uye kupamba.
Roger Annis murwiri anopesana nehondo anogara muVancouver, Canada.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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