Sezvo Venezuela yakananga kusarudzo dzayo dzegumi neshanu dzinotariswa pasi rose mumakore gumi[1], kurwiswa nevezvenhau pasi rose vachipikisa hurumende yakasarudzwa nedemocracy yeChavez kuri kuwedzera. Musi waApril 3rd, mutori wenhau weNew York Times Simon Romero akapa ruoko kune veVenezuela vepamusoro, neo-liberal vanopikisa nokukanganisa nhau dzakanaka pamusoro penhamburiko dzehurumende dzokurwisa uwori kuti dzive dzakarerekera divi rimwe chete pamusoro pezvinonzi kutambudzwa kwezvematongerwe enyika.
Nekureva kushoma kune zvakati wandei zvakakosha, Romero akakurudzira kuti Chavez asungwe zvisina tsarukano kweMutongi Marรญa Lourdes Afiuni nekuda kwekutsamwisa mutungamiri wenyika, uye kuti ichi chimwe chekuedza kwaChavez kutora kutonga kwevatongi uye kunyararidza kupokana.[2]
Zvikaonekwa sezvisina kunaka, kusungwa kweMutongi Afiuni nemhosva yekubvumidza zvisiri pamutemo mubhanga akapfuma kuti asunungurwe kubva muhusungwa nekudaro kutiza munyika kunoratidza kuedza kwehurumende kumisa hutongi hwemutemo mumabhanga ane huwori ane nhoroondo uye hurongwa hwekutonga. Zvinounzawo pachena matambudziko akadzika midzi mukutonga kweVenezuela, zvichiratidza kuti pane zvakawanda zvinoda kuitwa kugadzirisa zvizere matambudziko aya.
Chii Chakaitika?
Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika: Muna 2007, zviremera zveVenezuela zvakasunga Eligio Cedeรฑo, aimbova purezidhendi wemabhanga maviri, achipomerwa mhosva yekuba mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemanomwe emadhora kubva kubazi rehurumende rinoona nezve mari yekunze, CADIVI, kuburikidza nechibvumirano chemanyepo chekuunza kunze kwenyika.
Zvita wapera, hurumende yakawedzera kuferefeta huwori mubazi remabhanga, izvo zvakazoita kuti mabhanga gumi asungwe nemhosva yekubirira uye kuvharirwa kana kutorwa kwenyika kwemabhanga masere ayo akange atyora mitemo yemabhanga enyika - kusanganisira ese aimbova mabhanga eCedeรฑo, Banco Canarias uye. Banco Bolivar. Vakuru vatatu vemabhanga vakatiza munyika kuti vadzivise mhosva, saka hurumende yakarambidza kufamba kune dzimwe nyika kwenguva pfupi uye yakatora midziyo yevamwe vemabhanga vanoda kusvika makumi matatu vakanga vachiongororwa.[10]
Pakati peizvi zvose, musi waDecember 10th, Mutongi Afiuni akachinja mamiriro ekusungwa kwaCedeรฑo kuti asunungurwe kubva muhusungwa. Zvinotonyanya kukosha ndezvokuti, akaita izvi mudare asina kuziviswa asina kuzivisa muchuchisi kubva kuhofisi yeAttorney General, achityora mutemo wepenal procedural code. Cedeรฑo akaburitswa muhusungwa uye, mazuva akati gare gare, akaenda kuMiami, kwaakasungwa nevakuru veUnited States vanopinda nekubuda kwevanhu munyika nekuda kwekupinda munyika zvisiri pamutemo.[4]
Dai kutyora kwaAfiuni chete kwaive kutadza kwekutonga, saka angadai asina kusungwa. Asi, angadai akarangwa neDare Repamusorosoro maererano nemitemo yaro yemaitiro, maitiro akatemerwa neBumbiro reMitemo ra1999 kuitira kuvimbisa kusununguka kweBazi reJudicial. Nekudaro, pakanga paine humbowo hwekuti Afiuni aive arangana kubatsira Cedeรฑo kuti asatarisana nemhosva pakati pekunyomba kuri kuwedzera kwaakange achibatanidzwa. Saka, vachuchisi venyika vakapomera Afiuni mhosva yekurangana, izvo zvakaita kuti asungwe.[5]
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti hapana Mutongi Afiuni kana Eligio Cedeรฑo vanga vachipikisa kana kushora hurumende. Vaya vanozeya nyaya sekunyararidza vatsoropodzi vehurumende havana kururama uye vane mhosva yekutsausa veruzhinji nemaune. Mutongi nemubhangi vakasungwa nekuda kwehuwori nehutsotsi, zvichiteerana, uye vachaenda kunotongwa sevamwe vagari.
Hunyengeri hukuru kune nhepfenyuro dzimwe chetedzo dzinoti kune vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika pose kana hurumende ichitora matanho akasimba ekurwisa huwori nehuwori kuti vashorewo hurumende nekusaita zvakakwana pamusoro pehuwori nehutsotsi, zvichienderana nekuti ndekupi kushoropodza kunobatsira chero nguva. .
Kunyange zvakadaro, inofanira kutaurwa kuti pakanga paine matambudziko ane chekuita nekusungwa kwaCedeรฑo naAfiuni. Somuenzaniso, Romero anotaura nezvemagweta matatu ekodzero dzevanhu eUN anotsoropodza kusungwa kwaCedeรฑo. Kutsoropodza kwakanangana neidi rokuti kuvharirwa kwaCedeรฑo kwakatora makore anoda kusvika maviri kutongwa kwake kusati kwatanga, kuumba kukanganisa pakodzero yake yekutongwa kwakakodzera.[6] Chokwadi, miedzo yakanonoka yagara iri uye inoramba iri dambudziko muVenezuela.
Asi uhwu hausi humbowo hwekutambudzwa kunoitwa nenyika; inoratidza kusashanda kwemaitiro ekutonga sese. Matambudziko ehurongwa akadai anofanirwa kusiyaniswa seakadaro uye kuongororwa zvakadzama, maererano nematanho ehurumende ekuvandudza matarenda.
Iyo Venezuelan Judicial System
Dare redzimhosva reVenezuela rine dambudziko guru nehuwori hwakakanganisa hutongi hwemutemo uye hwakashandira zvido zvehudzvanyiriri hwemapato maviri maviri makumi emakore apfuura Chavez. Kupondwa kwakawanda kwakashata kwakarairwa nehurumende kwevanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika muma1980 kwakaramba kusingarangwi kusvika zvino, uye hurumende yeChavez iri kuongorora zviitiko uye kutsvaga mitumbi yevakaurayiwa.[7]
Huori huripo nanhasi, uye kune vachiri kushungurudzwa, asi havasi ivo vanoratidzirwa nevanopikisa uye vanobatana navo vezvenhau vepasi rose. Vanosanganisira varongi vekumaruwa vanodarika mazana maviri nemakumi maviri avo, mumishandirapamwe yavo yekutsvaga zvidimbu zveminda maererano nemutemo wehurumende weLand Law wa220, vakaurayiwa nemhondi dzinoshandira zvido zvevaridzi veminda vakakura.[2001] Ava varidzi veminda vakapfuma, vanongwarira vanoshandisa mari yavo kushandisa simba rinoshamisa pamatare nevashandi vehurumende yematunhu, uye nokudaro vanhu vashomanana ndivo vakaenda kujeri nemhosva idzi.[8]
Hazvishamisi kuti varimi vasina minda ava havaratidzirwe munhau dzemazuva ese, kwete nekunetsekana kwechokwadi kurwira kwavo. Asi, vaurayi vavo vanodzivirirwa pane kunonzi โkupambwaโ kunotsigirwa nehurumende kunotyisidzira zvinhu zvavo.[10]
Tichitarisa mamiriro ezvinhu aya, nyaya yaMutongi Afiuni inoratidza matambudziko maviri makuru muutongi hwejekerere: Mabatirwo aakaitwa ari mujeri uye mukana wekupindira nemamwe mapazi ehurumende mukusungwa kwake.
Jail
Chinyorwa chaRomero chinotaridza kuti Afiuni ari kutambudzwa nekuiswa muchitokisi chisina kujeka muchitokisi chimwe chete nevasungwa vaakatonga kana kuti vakangotsamwira matare edzimhosva aanomiririra. Kuti zvive pachena, hapana humbowo hwakapihwa hunoratidza kuti kodzero yaAfiuni yekutevedzera gwara rakatyorwa, kana kuti akanyimwa ruzivo kana gweta, kana dzimwe kodzero dzakadai sekutaura kwaRomero.
Iyo Venezuelan jeri system yave nemukurumbira wakawandisa, kusachengetedzwa zvisina kunaka, huwori, uye nengozi kwemakumi emakore, kana zvisiri. Kurwisana kwemumajeri kunodeura ropa uye kumukirana kwakaitika kuma1990, pamwe chete nevanhu 32,000 1992 vaiva mujeri muna 2006. Hurumende yeChavez yakatanga chirongwa chekubatsira vanhu mumajeri muna 11, ichiunza utano huri nani, nzvimbo dzemitambo, uye zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi kumajeri akawanda.[20,000] Zvakadaro, majeri ari kuramba akazara nevanhu vanodarika zviuru makumi maviri mumakore gumi apfuura, uye pave nekukwira kuri kuita vasungwa nekuda kwekuwedzera kuri kuita hurumende nzira dzekurwisa kuparwa kwemhosva. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvevasungwa zvave zvakamirira kutongwa pane dzimwe nguva, uye mazana evasungwa anourayiwa mukurwa gore negore.[12]
Zvirokwazvo, mutongi haafanire kuwana sero cozier nekuda kwekirasi yake yemagariro nehupfumi. Saka, kana munhu achida kunyunyuta nezvekodzero dzaAfiuni semusungwa panyaya iyi, anofanira kutaura kuti vasungwa vose vanoda zvirongwa zviri nani zvekuvabatsira kuti vadzorerwe pamwe nekubatanidzwazve munzanga. Zvakataurwa naAfiuni kuNew York Times zvekuti anonzwa kunge ari โmugehenaโ hausi humbowo hwekurwiswa kwaakaitwa nehurumende kunyanya, asi chiratidzo chekuti pane zvakawanda zvinoda kuitwa kuvandudza hurongwa hwemajeri eVenezuela.
Judicial Independence
Imwe nyaya yakakosha ndeyekuti rusununguko rwematare rwakatsigirwa here panyaya yaAfiuni. Nguva pfupi Afiuni abvumidza kuti Cedeรฑo asunungurwe, Mutungamiriri weNational Assembly Carlos Escarrรก, uyo ari gweta rebumbiro uye aimbova Mutongi weDare Repamusorosoro, akashora pachena Afiuni. "Aive mupari wemhosva, uyezve, akabatsira Cedeรฑo kutiza," akadaro Escarrรก. โKururamisa kunofanirwa kuenzana nemunhu wese. Sezvinongoita munhu anobira chimedu chechingwa anoiswa mujeri, saizvozvowo mubhanga kana muzvinabhizimisi anofanira kuwana huremu hwakazara hwemutemo,โ vakadaro.[13]
Vhiki gare gare, mushure mekunge Cedeรฑo asvika kuMiami, Mutungamiri Chรกvez akataura hasha dzake kuti mutongi aizobatanidzwa mukupokana zvakananga nekuedza kurwisa huwori muhurongwa hwekutonga. Vati Afiuni anofanirwa kugara mujeri kwemakore makumi matatu. "Akatyora mutemo, chekutanga, nekuti hapana mutongi anogona kutonga nyaya pasina muchuchisi aripoโฆ ari mutirongo, uye ndinoda kuomerwa nemutongi uyu," akadaro mutungamiri wenyika.[14]
Zviziviso izvi paruzhinji zvinobva kuLegislative Branch neExecutive Branch zvinoumba here kupindira muJudicial Branch, kutyora bumbiro remitemo yenyika? Sangano reRed de Apoyo para la Justicia y la Paz, sangano rakazvimirira rinorwira kodzero dzevanhu muCaracas, rinoti izvi zvinonetsa.
โChimwe chinhu chinotaurwa nemunhu pachena nezvenyaya. Hapana chakaipa kuti wezvematongerwo enyika ataure kuti munhu apinzwe mutirongo, "General Coordinator Pablo Fernรกndez akaudza Venezuela Analysis svondo rapfuura. "Chimwe chinhu maitiro mukati mebazi rekutonga. Ko chiziviso pamusoro paAfiuni chakanzwisiswa uye chakaitwa semurairo here? Kana kuti Hofisi yeAttorney General yakatevera nzira dzenguva dzose dzenyaya yakadai?โ[15] Kusvika pari zvino, zvinoita sekunge vachuchisi vatevedzera tsika dzemutongi anopomerwa mhosva.
Kune rumwe rutivi rwenyaya yerusununguko rwekutonga, boka rinopikisa-rinoenderana nekodzero dzevanhu muCaracas, PROVEA, rakaratidza muChirevo chegore ra2009 kuti pane kusangana pakati pezviziviso zvevashandi veBazi guru uye zvimwe zvezviito zve Dare Repamusorosoro, Hofisi yeGweta Guru, uye Hofisi yeMudziviriri wePublic Defender. [16]
Sangana yakadaro pachayo hairevi kutyora rusununguko rwematare. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti titarise nyaya dzacho pachezvadzo humbowo hwekuti zvakaziviswa nemutungamiri wenyika zvine pesvedzero kana kukanganisa kururamisira.
Semuenzaniso, PROVEA inoti mazana mashanu nevapfumbamwe varatidziri vezvematongerwo enyika vakambovharirwa kana kusungwa mukati memakore gumi ekutonga kwaChavez. Sangano racho rinovadaidza kuti โvasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika uye vanyajambwa vekusashivirira mune zvematongerwo enyika,โ uyewo vanyajambwa veโkushandiswa kwevatongi vematare semidziyo yokutyisidzira,โ zvichireva kuti bato rinotonga rezvamatongerwe enyika rakapindira mubazi rokutonga.[509]
Nhau dzenharaunda dzinosimbisa kuti kumwe kuratidzira kwevanopikisa veVenezuela kune runyararo uye kumwe kune mhirizhonga, uye kumwe kunotanga murunyararo vozoita zvechisimba. Kuratidzira murunyararo kunoitika nguva nenguva pasina kudzvinyirirwa nemapurisa. Kusiyana neizvi, mapurisa anodzingira nzira kusvikira kufora kwapera. Nekudaro, nhoroondo dzezvapupu zvemeso dzinosimbisa kuti pakufora kwechisimba, uko mumakore achangopfuura kwainyanya kutungamirwa nemapoka evadzidzi vanopikisa, varatidziri vanorwisa mapurisa vachishandisa cocktails yeMolotov, zvombo zvekumba, zvipfuramabwe, matombo, magirazi uye apo neapo pfuti. Mapurisa anopindura kurwiswa kwechisimba nemaplastic pellets uye tear gas, uye vadzidzi vanodzokera kumayunivhesiti avo, uko mapurisa asingapinde nekuti zvinorambidzwa nemutemo. Vachipindirana pakati pekurwiswa kwemapurisa, mapoka evaratidziri vasina pfuti vanopfugama pamberi pemapurisa nemaoko avo mudenga, vachiratidzira mufananidzo wevasina mhirizhonga kune vezvenhau.[18] Nhepfenyuro huru, kusanganisira New York Times, inowira mumutsara nekupa nhau dzenhema uye kukanganisa zviitiko kuti zvienderane nemutsetse wavo wenhau, vachiti hurumende yeChavez inodzvinyirira varatidziri vane runyararo.[19]
Chero muratidziri anodhonza pfuti kana bhomba kumapurisa muUS nedzimwe nyika zhinji anokurumidza kudonhedzwa nechimvuramabwe chepfuti. Asi muVenezuela, varatidziri vakadai vanosungwa kwenguva pfupi kana kusungwa, kana zvakadaro.
Nyaya yekuti mutungamiri wenyika VaChavez vanoshoropodza pachena kuratidzira kwemhirizhonga kwakadai kana kwaitika, uye pane imwe nguva vakakurudzira mapurisa kukanda hutsi hunokachidza kwavari, hazviratidzike kunge kutyora rusununguko rwematare, kana kodzero yevaratidziri yekutonga. Zvinoita sezvisingabviri kuti zvakataurwa naChavez zvakaita kuti mapurisa aite chimwe chinhu uye vatongi vatonge zvisiri izvo zvavanga vatoita, kana kuti zvine utsinye kupfuura zvavaifanira kuita.
Kuvandudzwa kweHutongi hweHurumende
Zviri pachena kuti kusungwa kwaAfiuni kunoratidzwa kuti kuite sekunge kuri kutambudzwa kwenyika, asi ichokwadi mhedzisiro yekuedza kwehurumende kugadzirisa matambudziko agara aripo. Zviri pachena zvakare kuti vanopikisa hurumende vanoshandisa gakava rekutambudzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kudzivirira shamwari dzavo dzezvematongerwo enyika kana vapara mhosva. Pamusoro penyaya mbiri idzi, vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotiwo danho rehurumende rekuvandudza matare pachayo rakatyora rusununguko rwematare.
Chavez achangotanga basa muna 1999, pakaumbwa dare reJudicial Restructuring Commission uye chikamu che80% chevatongi venyika vakabviswa nemhosva yehuori. Vakatsiviwa nevatongi venguva pfupi vakagadzwa nekomisheni uye vaifanira kunge vari venguva pfupi.[20] Zvisinei, PROVEA yakataura muChinyorwa Chayo Chegore kuti kubva muna 2008, 51% chete yevatongi vakanga vaongororwa uye vakapiwa hutongi huzere, asi 49% yakaramba iri kwenguva pfupi.[21] Zvinogona kupokana kuti avo makumi mana nepfumbamwe muzana vanogona kukanganiswa nezvido zvehurumende zvakavaisa panzvimbo. Uyezve, chimwe chechikonzero chakaita kuti kuongorora vatongi venguva pfupi vatore nguva yakareba kudaro ndechokuti vakawanda vakaonekwa vaine huori ndokubviswa pazvigaro, uye vatsva vakaiswa munzvimbo dzavo. Izvi zvinogara zvichitenderedza vatongi, zvinosuwisa, zvakakanganisa kunaka uye chinangwa chekutongwa kwakawanda, idi iro rakaunzawo kutsoropodzwa.
Mutemo wa2004 weDare Repamusorosoro wakambovewo nyaya yegakava pamusoro perusununguko rwematare. Mushure mekunge Dare Repamusorosoro ratoregerera kutongwa kwaChavez muna Kubvumbi 2002 nemutongo wekuti kwaisava kupidigura hurumende, mutemo wa2004 wakadzikwa mukuyedza kugadzirisa Dare Repamusorosoro rine zvematongerwo enyika zviri pachena. Mutemo uyu, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, wakabvumidza dare reNational Assembly kudoma nekukanzura vatongi nevhoti yakareruka, kana mavhoti maviri muzvitatu akasawanikwa mushure mekuvhota nekukakavadzana katatu. Iri simba, vatsoropodzi vanoti, rinoita serinoita kuti Dare Repamusorosoro rive pasi pegwara rezvematongerwo enyika reNational Assembly, iro raive uye rinoramba richitsigira Chavez.[22]
Kuti hurongwa hwekuchinja zvinhu hunyatsoshanda uye hubudirire, hurumende yakatanga danho rechipiri rekugadzirisa zvinhu muna 2005. Gwaro retsika rakaumbwa, uye matare emanisipala akaumbwa kuti nyaya dzikurumidze kugadziriswa uye kuvandudza kodzero yevagari vemo. Makomisheni mazhinji matsva akagadzirwa kuti avandudze hunhu mukati mehurongwa hwekutonga uye kubvisa chiokomuhomwe, huori, kutyorwa kwemaitiro akakodzera, uye kumwe kukanganisa kwakajairika. Komisheni yakadai, National Justice System Commission, yakaumbwa nevamiriri veNational Assembly, Supreme Tribunal of Justice, Ministry of Justice and Internal Affairs, mapurisa, majeri, hofisi yeAttorney General, hofisi yePublic Defender. . Komisheni iyi yakapihwa basa rekubatanidza mitemo yehurumende yekuvandudza hurongwa. [23] MuChirevo chegore ra2009, PROVEA yakashoropodza kuti kusanganiswa kwemapazi ehurumende aripo pakomisheni "inogadza chinhu chisingaperi chekupindira nemamwe masimba mubazi rekutonga."[24]
Zvinosuruvarisa, pasinei nekuedza uku kwekuvandudza, uori huchiri kupararira. Ongororo yakaitwa muna 2009 yevatongi veVenezuela, yakaitwa neboka rekodzero dzevanhu Development and Justice Consortium, yakaratidza kuti chikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu chevatongi vanofunga kuti vatongi vanogamuchira chiokomuhomwe vanorangwa, uye hafu chete yevatongi vakati vatongi vanotyora mitemo vanodzingwa. 25]
Kutsoropodza uku maererano nokuzvitonga kwematare kune hwaro uye kunofanira kufungwa nezvazvo, asi hakumboratidzi kuti kusungwa kwaMutongi Afiuni waiva muenzaniso wekutambudzwa kana kunyaradzwa kwevanopikisa hurumende, kana kuti kutambudzwa kwakadaro kuri kukura muVenezuela. Vanodaro, zvisinei, vanosimbisa kuoma - kunenge kukanganisika - kwekupindira muhurongwa hwematongerwo enyika nechinangwa chekugadza rusununguko rwematare.
mhedziso
Mune yake Kubvumbi 3rd chinyorwa cheNew York Times, Romero akashandisa nekumonyanisa chokwadi nezvenyaya yaAfiuni kuti ienderane nehurongwa hweTimes hwekuvhiringidza nhau dzechokwadi uye nhaurirano pamusoro peVenezuela, kufambisa ruzivo rwekuparadza hurumende yeChavez yakapararira munhau dzepasi rose.
Romero akati mutongi Afiuni naEligio Cedeรฑo vaive vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika. Izvi hazvina kunyatsojeka, kunyanya sezvo pasina humbowo hwakapihwa hwekuti vaiita zvematongerwo enyika. Chidimbu chake chairevawo, nekusiya mamiriro akakwana, kuti hurumende yeChavez ndiyo honzeri yematambudziko muhurongwa hwekutonga. Izvi zvakare hazvina kururama uye zvisizvo. Romero akatosvika pakufananidza Afiuni naDalai Lama pakupera kwechinyorwa chake, achisimbisa kusakosha kweTimes pakugadzirisa nyaya idzi.
Chinyorwa chaRomero chinotukisa vasungwa chaivo vezvematongerwo enyika vekuLatin America - vekare nevemazuva ano - vakashungurudzwa, vakapondwa, uye vakatsakatika nevadzvanyiriri uye neo-liberal hutongi hwaishandisa hutongi hwehutongi semudziyo unodzvinyirira kubvisa vanopikisa. Uye, chinyorwa chaRomero chinotsausa vateereri vake vepasirese kubva kune chero hurukuro inovaka pamusoro pematambudziko ari muhurongwa hwekutonga kweVenezuela uye kuti angazvikunda sei, mumamiriro enhoroondo iyi inotyisa.
Hurumende yeVenezuela yaita nhamburiko pakugadzirisa kwakasimba, kwakasimba kwehurongwa hwekutonga. Izvi hazvina kunyatsobudirira kusvika parizvino. Asi mhinduro yevanopikisa - kutsoropodza kwese kuri kuita hurumende kugadzirisa zvinhu, ichiisa mhosva yese kuhurumende yaChavez pamatambudziko ari mumatare edzimhosva, uye vanozviti vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika - zvinoparadza uye hazvibatsire. kugadzirisa dambudziko reVenezuela renhoroondo yekutonga.
Notes
[1] "Kodzero dzevanhu muVenezuela," Embassy yeBolivarian Republic yeVenezuela kuUnited States, Kukadzi 24, 2010, http://www.embavenez-us.org/factsheet/FS-HR%20in%20Venezuela02242010.pdf
[2] Romero, Simon, "Kutsoropodzwa kwaChรกvez Kunomiswa Nekusungwa," The New York Times, Kubvumbi 3, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/world/americas/04venez.html?scp=1&sq=afiuni&st=cse
[3] Suggett, James, "Venezuela Inobata Midziyo Yevabhengi Vanopomerwa Nehutsotsi," Venezuela Analysis, Zvita 12, 2009, http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/4999
[4] Janicke, Kiraz, "Venezuela Kuda Kuwedzerwa Kwemubhengi Akavharirwa muUS," Venezuela Analysis, Zvita 22, 2009, http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5024
[5] Red de Apoyo General Coordinator Pablo Fernรกndez Blanco, kubvunzurudzwa kwake, Kubvumbi 6, 2010.
[6] http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33273&Cr=judges&Cr1
[7] Suggett, James, "Venezuela Advances Investigations of Fourth Republic Massacres," Venezuela Analysis, Gumiguru 1, 2009, http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/4830
[8] Suggett, James, "VeVenezuelan Farmer Activists Kurwisa Kuurayiwa neVaridzi veEstate," Venezuela Analysis, Gumiguru 3, 2009, http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/4838
[9] Sekureva kwaAdriana Ribas, nhengo yeEzequiel Zamora National Campesino Front, vanyori vatanhatu uye munyori ane njere dzekuuraya uku vakasungwa. Farrel, Jojo; Fox, Michael; uye Martinez, Carlos, Venezuela Inotaura!: Manzwi anobva kuGrassroots (Oakland: PM Press, 2010), 58.
[10] Mienzaniso yakawanda, sezvo ichionekwa nguva dzose munhevedzano yemapepanhau makuru anopikisa anoparadzirwa munyika yose, asi heino rimwe regore rapfuura. "Denuncian invasiones masivas en Puerto Pรญritu," El Universal, Gunyana 2, 2009, http://noticias.eluniversal.com/2009/09/02/pol_art_denuncian-invasiones_1548622.shtml
[11] Chinyorwa chinotevera chinonongedza Human Rights Watch, NACLA, uye mamwe masosi panyaya iyi. Janicke, Kiraz, "Venezuela Inofambisa Kuita Hunhu Hurongwa Hwejeri Pakati Pekurova Kwenzara," Venezuela Analysis, Kurume 11, 2008, http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/3260
[12] Programa Venezolano de Educaciรณn-Acciรณn en Derechos Humanos, "Informe Annual 2009: Derechos de las Personas Privadas de Libertad," PROVEA, 2009, http://www.derechos.org.ve/proveaweb/wp-content/uploads/18-c%C3%A1rceles.pdf
[13] "Escarrรก fustiga a jueza del caso Cedeรฑo por 'complice de un delito'," Noticias24, Zvita 15, 2009, http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/128996/escarra-fustiga-a-jueza-del-caso-cedeno-por-ser-complice-de-un-delito/
[14] โChรกvez solicitรณ pena mรกxima para jueza que liberรณ a empresario Eligio Cedeรฑo,โ Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias, Zvita 11, 2009, http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=211496&lee=4
[15] Red de Apoyo General Coordinator Pablo Fernรกndez Blanco, kubvunzurudzwa kwake, Kubvumbi 6, 2010.
[16] Programa Venezolano de Educaciรณn-Acciรณn en Derechos Humanos, "Informe Annual 2009: Derechos a la Justicia," PROVEA, 2009, p. 249, http://www.derechos.org.ve/proveaweb/wp-content/uploads/13-justicia.pdf
[17] ibid.
[18] Gabriel, George naSuggett, James, "Vadzidzi veVenezuelan uye Mauto Ekuchengetedza Vanorwisana Nechisimba sezvo Referendum Gakava Rinowedzera," Venezuela Analysis, Ndira 28, 2009, http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/4148
[19] Farrell, Jojo, "US Media Bias uye Mhirizhonga Yevadzidzi Ichangoburwa muVenezuela," Zviroto zvakajairika, Mbudzi 15, 2007, http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/11/15/5247
[20] Wilpert, Gregory, Kuchinja Venezuela neKutora Simba: Iyo Nhoroondo uye Zvitengo zveHurumende yeChavez (New York: Verso Books, 2007), 45.
[21] Programa Venezolano de Educaciรณn-Acciรณn en Derechos Humanos, "Informe Annual 2009: Derechos a la Justicia," PROVEA, 2009, p. 248, http://www.derechos.org.ve/proveaweb/wp-content/uploads/13-justicia.pdf
[22] Wilpert, 47.
[23] Bolivarian Lawyers Front Member Alexander Eรฑaranda, hurukuro yega, Kubvumbi 6, 2010.
[24] Programa Venezolano de Educaciรณn-Acciรณn en Derechos Humanos, "Informe Annual 2009: Derechos a la Justicia," PROVEA, 2009, p. 248, http://www.derechos.org.ve/proveaweb/wp-content/uploads/13-justicia.pdf
[25] โ80% de jueces no confรญan en mรฉtodos para sancionarlos,โ El Universal, Zvita 21, 2009 http://www.eluniversal.com/2009/12/21/pol_art_80-de-jueces-no-con_1704275.shtml
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