Sezvo masangano epasi rose akaisa hurombo pahurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika muma1990, zvishoma zvakanzwika nezvekusaenzana. Izvi zvinoshamisa chose, sezvo wanga uri mukaha wemari pakati penyika dzakapfuma nenyika dzine urombo wakakonzera chirongwa chebudiriro mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Zvisungo zvekutanga zveUN pamusoro pebudiriro hazvitauri nezveurombo, asi zvinoreva kusaenzana kukuru pakati penyika dzakabudirira nedzisina kusimukira.
Nehurongwa hutsva hwehurombo hweWorld Bank uye chirongwa chekusimudzira vanhu cheUNDP (United Nations Development Programme), zvose zvakaunzwa muna 1990, vanhu, kana vasiri vanhu, zvakajeka vave zvinhu zvebudiriro. Chokwadi pane zvikonzero zvakanaka zvekugamuchira shanduko iyi, sezvo budiriro isina mabhenefiti kuvanhu ingave isina zvazvinoreva. Asi munhu anofanirawo kuziva kupindirana kwakakwana kweshanduko iyi nekubuda kweneoliberal agenda yakaedza kunetesa nyika nekudzinyima basa radzo rehupfumi. Kana nyika dzisiri zvinhu kana masimba ebudiriro asi dzinongofanira kugadzira nharaunda inogonesa uye nehanya nevarombo zvakanyanya, zviri pachena kuti pane hurongwa hutsva hwebudiriro uye pane zvikonzero zvakanaka zvekuongorora mhedzisiro yayo yese.
Imwe yemhedzisiro iyi ndeye shanduko ye semantic mune iyo pfungwa ye budiriro yenharaunda. Urombo hunotsanangurwa zvizere uye kwete maererano nemaitiro. Mapepa ePRSPs (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers) anosimudzirwa neWorld Bank neIMF pamwe neMDGs eUN akanyatsokwana muchirongwa cherusununguko. Kugovera patsva hakuchataurwi, nepo kusaenzana kunobata nyaya dzese dzehupenyu hwemagariro uye kashoma kuwana mari, uye kuenzana kwemikana ndicho chinangwa chikuru. Kune kubvumirana kwepasi rose, kunyange neNGOs (masangano asiri ehurumende), kupa zvakakosha pakuderedza urombo. Asi, hapana nharo dzinogutsa dzinotsanangura kuti nei urombo hwakakosha kudarika kusaenzana kwemari. Sezvandichatsanangura pasi apa, pane zvikonzero zvekudavira kuti kusaenzana kunotyisa kupfuura urombo uye kunogona kuonekwa sedambudziko rinokurumidzira repasi rose.
Chero zvingave zvikonzero zvekuchinja kubva mukusaenzana uye (re) kugoverwa kuenda kuhurombo hwakakwana uye hwakanyanya, zvinofanirwa kuve pachena kuti maajenda maviri akasiyana zvachose ane chekuita. Kune rimwe divi, hurongwa hwebudiriro hwema1960 nema1970 sezvakarongwa neUN uye ruzhinji rwayo rutsva rwenyika dzine urombo. Budiriro yaifanirwa kuwedzera kukura kwehupfumi nekufambira mberi kwevanhu; chaive chirongwa chemubatanidzwa chekuvandudza uye kusunungura nyika nemagariro. Nekune rimwe divi, chirongwa chehurombo chemakore ekuma1990 chine chinangwa chekubatsira vanhu vanotambura zvakanyanya uye kunyanya madzimai kuwana mukana wekuwana dzidzo nemabasa ehutano, kuitira kuti vasimudzire hunyanzvi hwavo hwekuita. Kusimukira kwehupfumi kunosiirwa kumasimba emusika uye kutengeserana pachena kunofanirwa kusimudzira hupfumi. (Mu) kuenzana uye (re) kugovera hazvisisiri pachirongwa.
IKO (RE)KUBUDIRIRA KWEKUEQUALITY AGENDA
Zvingave zvakaipa kutaura kuti kusaenzana kwanyangarika zvachose kubva muhurukuro yezvematongerwo enyika iripo.
MuLatin America, kondinendi yenyika isina kuenzana zvikuru, kunyange apo urombo huri kuderera, kusaenzana kunogona kuwedzera. Pfungwa iyi yagara ichiita basa rakakosha mukufunga kwebudiriro uye kunyangwe zvinyorwa zveWorld Bank zvichangobva kuitika paLatin America zvinoziva basa rayo guru mukuburitsa urombo.
Mumakore achangopfuura, vatsvakurudzi vakawanda uye masangano epasi rose ari kutarisa zvakare kusaenzana, kunyange kana vasingagari vachibatanidza mhedziso dzezvematongerwo enyika kune zvavakawana.
Sangano rekutanga uye guru rinofanira kutaurwa iUNDP. Kubva payakatanga kutsikisa Human Development Reports muna 1990, yakapa huwandu hwegore negore pamusoro pekusaenzana kuri kukura pasi rose. Muna 1992 yakabudisa iyo zvino yakakurumbira girazi re champagne zvichiratidza kuti vakapfuma zvikuru 20 muzana yevagari vepasi vane 82.7 muzana yemari yepasi rose, nepo varombo zvikuru 20 muzana vachifanira kugovera 1.5 muzana. โVapfumi zvikuru pasi rose 1 muzana yevanhu vanowana mari yakawanda sezvakaita varombo zvikuru 57 percent. Vapfumi vegumi muzana vehuwandu hweUS vane mari yakaenzana neyevarombo 10 muzana pasi rose. Zvichitaurwa zvakasiyana, mari yevapfumi zvikuru mamiriyoni makumi maviri neshanu vokuAmerica yakaenzana neinoda kusvika mabhiriyoni maviriโ. Zvakadaro, zvisinei nenhamba idzi dzinokatyamadza, UNDP haimbove nezvisungo zvezvematongerwo enyika zvekudzikisa kusaenzana kwemari uku. Zvinoita sekunge mienzaniso ichangobva kutaurwa kukurudzira vese vanoita zvematongerwo enyika kuti vapinde mukuedza kwakasimba kwekusimudzira vanhu. Ndiyo imwe yemapoinzi akati wandei apo UNDP inowanikwa iine schizophrenic zvishoma.
Sezvinongoitawo hurombo, kune nzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana dzekuyera kusaenzana, uye hadzina kwadzakarerekera. Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakatarisa hukama hunogona kuitika pakati pekudyidzana kwepasi rose nekusaenzana asi vanosvika pamhedziso dzakasiyana. Vamwe vanowana mwero unowedzera wokusaenzana pakati kana kuti mukati menyika. Vamwe vanongwarira kana kutaura kuti kusaenzana kungave kwakadzikira pasi rose asi kuti kusiya China neIndia kunze kwekuongorora, kusaenzana kuri kuwedzera.
Mhedziso idzi dzakasiyana-siyana hazvidzivisiki nekuti kune data shoma rakavimbika rekuyera kusaenzana kwemari, nekuti zviyero zvakasiyana zvinogoneka uye nzira dzakasiyana dzinogona kushandiswa. Kushaikwa kwe data kwakatonyanya kuipa kupfuura muyero yehurombo, uko nyika dze67 dzisina chero data uye nyika dze93 dzinoshaya data yemaitiro pa1 Dollar pazuva rehurombo. Misiyano mikuru zvakadaro inobva pamaonero ari kutorwa nevanyori, hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pezvinoumba kugovaniswa kwakanaka kwezviwanikwa kubva mukudyidzana kwepasi rose.
Mumwe wevaongorori vakuru vekusaenzana, Branco Milanovic, anoshanda nemafungiro matatu akasiyana ekusaenzana. Yekutanga ndeye unweighted international kusaenzana. Inoshandisa mari kana GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita uye inozvidza huwandu hwevanhu. Uku kusaenzana kwave kuchikwira zvakajeka mumakumi amakore apfuura. Anoita mutsauko pakati pemapoka mana enyika, dzakapfuma, the vanokwikwidza, yakagadzirira kubata uye kujoina kirabhu yakapfuma, iyo nyika yechitatu nyika uye nyika yechina nyika. Kubva kunyika gumi nepfumbamwe dzisiri dzekumadokero dzaive dzechikwata chakapfuma muna 1960, ina chete ndiyo yasaramo muna 2000. Nyika ina itsva dzisiri dzekumadokero dzakapinda muchikwata chevapfumi. Boka revanokwikwidza rakapotsa ranyangarika. Makumi maviri kubva pamakumi maviri nevaviri ekutanga vakakwikwidza muna 1960 vaive muboka rechitatu kana rechina renyika muna 2000. Boka renyika dzechina rakawedzera kubva pamakumi maviri neshanu muna 1960 kusvika makumi manomwe nerimwe muna 2000. Izvi zvinoita kuti Milanovic agumise kuti kwave ne Africanisation urombo uye a westernization yeupfumi.
Pfungwa yake yechipiri ndeyekusaenzana kwehuwandu hwevanhu pasi rose apo munhu anofungidzira kuti munhu wese munyika anowana mari yakafanana asi huwandu hwevanhu vanomiririra kubva kunyika imwe neimwe hunoratidza huwandu hwayo. Inotora kuti mukati me-nyika kugoverwa kwakaenzana. Zvikayerwa nenzira yakadai, kusaenzana kwadzikira mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, kunyangwe zvakawedzera kana munhu akatora India neChina.
Pfungwa yechitatu inobata, mumusimboti, munhu wese zvakafanana, kusakoshesa nyika yemunhu. Ichi hachisisiri chiyero chepasi rose chekusaenzana asi chepasi rose. Zvinopfuura methodological nationalism. Pano tinoona kuwedzera kukuru kwekusaenzana pakati pa1988 na1993. Varombo zvikuru vashanu muzana vakarasikirwa neinoda kusvika 5 muzana yemari yavo chaiyo, nepo quintile yepamusoro yakawana 25 muzana. Kuwanda kwekuwedzera uku kunogona kutsanangurwa nekukwira kwepakati-nyika kusaenzana. Vapfumi 12 50,000 vanogamuchira varombo vanosvika mabhiriyoni 2.7. 75 muzana yehuwandu hwepasi rose inogara nemari isingasviki pasirese kureva mari ye3,526 Madhora muPPP (kutenga simba parity) mazwi.
Achiyera kusaenzana nepfungwa yechitatu, Milanovic anoti 17.4 muzana chete yevagari vepasi vari vepakati uye kuti vanowana chete 6.5 muzana yemari yenyika muna 1998. Milanovic anopedzisa kuti "vanhu varombo nokuti vanogara munyika dzine uromboโ.
SEI KUSAenzana KUCHIFANIRA KUDZOKERA PA AGENDA?
Mukugadzirira iyo yechipiri hukuru hurombo Report ye2000, World Bank yakabudisa zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pehurombo hutsva hutsva, pamusoro pemitemo yayo itsva yekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu uye imwe yezvikonzero nei kusaenzana kuri kuita zvishoma nezvishoma kudzoka. Kuenzana uye kushanda zvakanaka hazvisi zvinhu zvinopatsanurika, vanyori vanocherekedza, nekuti misika haina kumbokwana. Kunyangwe kana kusaenzana kusingachinji zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva, basa nderekutsvaga misanganiswa yezviridzwa zvinounza zvese kukura uye kuenzana. Nyika inoratidzika kunge iri kuungana yakananga kumakirabhu maviri: mupfumi nemurombo. Nyaya dzemitemo, uye shanduko yenyika inogona kuchinjwa nekupindira.
Ravallion ndiye akatanga kuratidza kuti kusaenzana kunogona kuva chipingamupinyi chekukura kwevarombo uye kuti munyika dzine kusaenzana kwakanyanya zvinogoneka kuti kukura hakuna zvakunoita kune varombo. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinosimbiswa mune zvimwe zvinyorwa uye zvakabatanidzwa zviri pamutemo mukufunga kweWorld Bank. โMazinga akakwirira ekusaenzana uye kushayiwa kunogona kukuvadza pakubudirira uye kukuraโ, inodaro World Development Report ya2003.
Muna 2006, World Bank's World Development Report yakatsaurirwa kune equity. โKuenzana uye kuenzana kunopindirana zvakanyanyaโ yakataura imwe yedzakarongwa yemushumo umo pfungwa dzose dziri mbiri dzakashandiswa pasina kumbojekesa mutsauko. Kana kutariswa kwekuenzanisa uku kuri kubudirira kukuru kuWorld Bank, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwawo kuti gwaro rekupedzisira rinotarisa chete Nokutendeka uye anofuratira kuenzana. Chinangwa chegwaro hachisi kuenzana kwezvibereko. Migumisiro ine basa, asi zvakanyanya nekuda kwesimba ravo pakunyimwa zvachose uye basa ravo mukuumba mikana. Kurudziro yemunhu mumwe nemumwe haifanirwe kukanganiswa nehurongwa hwekugoverazve mari, nekuti izvo zvinogona kukonzera kukura kushoma. โNhoroondo yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri izere nemienzaniso yezvirongwa zvisina kurongwa zvakatevedzwa muzita rekuenzanisa izvo zvakakanganisa [โฆ] maitiro ekukuraโฆ Chiyero chinofanira kutsvagwaโฆโ Chirevo ichi chinoumba shanduko chaiyo mukufunga kweWorld Bank nekutaura kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu sekuwedzera mukana, mibairo midiki, kodzero dzevanhu uye misimboti yebasa, kunyangwe mitero, kunyangwe zvese izvi zvinonzi zvinoreva kutengeserana kwakakomba. Muchokwadi, chirevo hachinei nekusaenzana kwemari asi kungoita kusaenzana kwemikana uye haipe huwandu hwekusaenzana kwemari. Uyezve, kuchinja uku kunoratidzika kuva kwakanaka kuWorld Bank kunopikiswa neimwe nhevedzano yemishumo yaro inoronga nyika zvakanaka kana dzine mitemo mishomanene kana kuti isina mitemo yemusika webasa, uye inodzipa zvibodzwa zvisina kunaka apo misika yevashandi inodzorwa.
UYE ZVIMWE ZVIMWE ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVAKANAKA ZVOKURWA KUSAenzana
Zvikonzero zvakataurwa neWorld Bank kuti sei kusaenzana kwadzoka pachirongwa zvine zvishoma asi zvisina kukosha. Chirevo chayo cha2006 chinoratidza kuti Bhangi harina kunyatsogutsikana nezvekubatsira kwekuongorora kusaenzana kwemari. Kutaura zvazviri, kufunga kwaro pamusoro pezvibatanidzwa nehurombo-kuderedza kukwanisa kwekukura kunogona kutungamirira kune rudzi rwekusaenzana kwakakwana: zviduku zvakakwana kuti zvisadzivisa kuderedza urombo, hukuru hwakakwana kuti hurege kukanganisa kukura.
Pane zvimwe zvikonzero zvekugadzirisa kusaenzana.
Chikonzero chekutanga kutsamwa kwetsika, kwete chete kutarisana nehukuru hwekusaenzana, asiwo kutarisana nekunzwa kwakadzama kwekusaruramisira kune vanhu vazhinji. Milanovic anopa muenzaniso wekamuri rakazara nevanhu umo munhu mumwe chete anowana zviuru makumi maviri zvemadhora uye vamwe vese vari pakati pemasendi makumi maviri nemashanu nemakumi manomwe neshanu. Kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vose kunovandudzika, asi vanhu vakawanda havazogamuchiri uku kuparadzirwa kusina kunaka. Mari inotambirwa nevanhu haisi nzira yekungowana nayo zvimwe zvinhu nesevhisi, zvakare kucherechedzwa kunobatika kwemakoshesero anoita nzanga. Kuenzana chinhu chakakosha munharaunda yega yega, uye ndosaka pfungwa yekusaenzana ichive yakakosha kana kutarisisa kwakanyanya kwakanangana nekudyidzana kwepasi rose. Kusaenzana pakati peAfrica neEurope hakuna basa chero bedzi pasina kudyidzana kwevanhu pakati pavo, asi kana kwavepo, kusaenzana kunova kwakakosha zvikuru.
Nharo iyi inova yakakosha kana mapepanhau neterevhizheni zvine nyaya dzemazuva ese pamusoro pekuunganidzwa kwehupfumi hwemaCEO uye kutaura nezvekudzingwa mumakambani ari kuita purofiti. Maererano neMerrill Lynch World Wealth Report, pari zvino kune vanhu 9.5 miriyoni pasi rose vane pfuma inodarika miriyoni imwe yeDollars (HNWI kana kuti high net worth individuals), kuwedzera kwe8.3 % zvichienzaniswa ne2005. 1 muzana yavo vane mari inodarika mamiriyoni makumi matatu emadhora. HNWI-hupfumi hwakaunganidzwa hwakabva pamabhiriyoni gumi nematanhatu nemakumi matanhatu emadhora muna 16,600 kuenda pamabhiriyoni 1996 muna 37,200, kuwedzera kwezvikamu zvisere pagore uye zvakanyanya kudarika mwero wekukura kwehupfumi. Maererano neILO (International Labor Organization), vanhu 2006 bhiriyoni kana 8 muzana yevashandi vose uye 1.39 muzana yevashandi munyika dzichiri kusimukira vakawana mari isingasviki 50 Dollars pazuva muna 58.7. 2 mamiriyoni evanhu kana 2003 per cent. vevashandi venyika dzichiri kusimukira vanowana mari isingasviki dhora rimwe pazuva. Hafu yevashandi venyika nokudaro iri kushanda muurombo. Vasingasviki 550 muzana yevanhu vari munyika dzine urombo vane kuchengetedzwa kwakakwana kwevanhu. Muna Zvita 23.3, 1 vashandi vezvemari muGuta reLondon vakagamuchira mumwe nemumwe bhonasi ye10 miriyoni Euro.
Chikonzero chechipiri zvakare chine chokuita nekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose uye kudiwa kunoshamisa kwemiganhu ine chekuita nekusaenzana kuri kukura. Kana munhu achitenda mukudiwa kwenharaunda imwe yenyika umo kwete chete zvinhu uye mari asiwo vanhu vanogona kufamba vakasununguka, kusaenzana idambudziko guru. Mukaha uri pakati penyika dzakapfuma nedzine urombo, pamwe chete nokushaikwa kwemaonero munzvimbo huru dzenyika, kunoita kuti vanhu vatame vachitsvaka mikana iri nani. Havasi varombo zvikuru vanosiya nyika yavo, asi zvikurukuru mapoka ari pakati nepakati ane unyanzvi hwebasa anodiwa munyika dzakapfuma. Zvisinei, nyika dzakapfuma dzinoshaya nheyo yemagariro evanhu vakawanda vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika, hurumende dzehutano dziri pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, avo vanonzi vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika zvisiri pamutemo vanowanzoshandiswa pamusika wevashandi kana kufa pamhenderekedzo yeMediterranean kana kuSouth electronic border yeUnited States. Zviri pachena kuti hapana kufamba kwakasununguka kwevanhu, kutama kwemazuva ano inzira yekupona uye miganhu inofanirwa kusimudzwa kuitira kumisa kutama kwevanhu vakawanda. Zvakare, ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei mauto ezvematongerwo enyika ane rusaruraganda kana xenophobic achiwana simba munyika zhinji dzakapfuma uye achityisidzira democracy. Kusaenzana kukuru, ipapoka, kunoita kuti miganhu ive madikanwa uye kunodzivisa kufamba kwakasununguka kwavanhu. Mune mamwe mazwi, kusaenzana kukuru hakuenderane nekudyidzana kwepasi rose kana nedemocracy.
Chikonzero chechitatu chine chekuita nekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Kubva 2002 uye iyo RIO+10 UN musangano pa
budiriro inoenderera mberi, World Bank inotaura nezve โkugarika kwevanhuโ. Nhau dzezvemagariro evanhu chikamu chehurumende uye dzinofanirwa kutungamirirwa nenzira imwe chete nemamiriro ekunze. Matambudziko anomuka kana aya assets vari panjodzi uye zvinogona kukonzera"kushushikana kwevanhu munzanga - uye pakunyanyisa, kurwisana kwevanhu " Kupesana nekutaura kweClub yeRome ye1971 kudana miganhu yekukura kuitira kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza, World Bank inoda kuderedza urombo uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kuitira kuchengetedza kukura kwekukura uye kudzivisa kukakavara. Zvisinei, hapana humbowo hunoratidza kuti varombo zvikuru ndivo vanokonzera kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kana ugandanga. Varombo zvikuru, vanorarama nemari isingasviki 1 Dollar pazuva muhupfumi hwemusika, vanofanira kushandisa nguva yavo yose nesimba mukuedza kurarama. Kusiyana neizvi, mapoka epakati anotyisidzirwa nehurombo, vechidiki vakapedza kudzidza vasina maonero emabasa, nyanzvi dzinovhiringidzika nezvipikirwa zvisingazadziki zvebudiriro, vose vakatarisana nenhau dzakanaka dzekumadokero dzinogara dziripo dzekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose vangava nezvikonzero zvekuramba uye kumukira. Kusaenzana kuri kukura kunogona kungoipa mamiriro aya ezvinhu. Basa rekukurumidzira ipapo harifanirwe kunge riri rekudzikisa hurombo - kunyangwe zvichidikanwa - asi kuderedza kusaenzana. Kana munhu achida kusimudzira kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, zvakanakisisa hondo pamusoro pekutya haisi hondo paurombo sezvakaziviswa neaimbova mutungamiri weWorld Bank, Jim Wolfensohn, asi hondo yekurwisa kusaenzana.
Chikonzero chechina ndechezvematongerwo enyika. Kodzero dzezvemagariro evanhu nedzehupfumi dzakavapo kuitira kupa zvinoreva kuva mugari wezvematongerwo enyika. Hugari hunobva pakuenzana. Mukupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe nehafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, kuwedzera kwekuziva kwekukosha kwekuenzana uye kukosha kwakaenzana kwevanhu vose kwakatungamirira pakusikwa kana kuvimbiswa kwehurumende dzehutano. Zvakangofanana, chirongwa chebudiriro chakavapo mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri chaive chakanangana nekuvhara mukaha uripo pakati penyika dzine urombo nenyika dzakapfuma. Zvisineyi, kusaenzana kuri kuramba kuchikura kunokanganisa ugari hwevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika. Munyika dzine urombo, hazvina kunyanya kuoma kutenga mavhoti evarombo, sezvakangoitawo zvisiri nyore kutenga mavhoti enyika dzine urombo mumagungano epasi rose. Kusiyana kwehupfumi kunoreva hukama hwesimba reasymmetric uye kutonga kwevamwe pamusoro pevamwe. KuUnited Nations, nyika dzine urombo dzinowanzosungirwa kutevera vhoti yenyika dzakapfuma, kuitira kuchengetedza rubatsiro rwadzo rwebudiriro. Bhanga reWorld Bank neIMF vanokwanisa kumisa mamiriro avo ehupfumi kuti vaburitse hupfumi hwenyika nekudzimisa mitemo nekuti ndivo vane kiyi yekupa mari yebudiriro. UN Charter inotaura nezve "changamire kuenzanaโ yenyika, asi geopolitics uye kusaenzana kunongedza kune rimwe divi.
Chikonzero chechishanu chine chokuita nechikwereti chenyika dzakapfuma kunyika dzine urombo. Nhoroondo yemazuva ano inogona kunzi yakafarira nyika yakapfuma uye yakaita kuti nyika dzine urombo dzive nourombo. Ikozvino kune humbowo hwakawanda hwekuti marongero ekugadzirisa zvimiro zvakajeka aive nemhedzisiro yakaipa yemagariro kune nyika dzine urombo. Mutengo wedambudziko rehupfumi wakatanga kuma1970 wakatambidzwa zvakanyanya kunyika dzine urombo, nenzira yekubhadhara chikwereti, kuderera kwemitengo yezvinhu, kukwira kwemitengo kubva kunyika dzakapfuma uye kubhururuka kwemari. Pakati pa1998 na2003, mambure ekutamiswa kubva kune varombo kuenda kunyika dzakapfuma aive 51 kusvika 132 bhiriyoni Madhora pagore. Nyika dzine urombo dzaive nemari inosvika bhiriyoni imwe chete nemazana mana nemakumi matanhatu emadhora mumabhanga ekuChamhembe, nepo dzaive nemabhiriyoni mazana manomwe emadhora echikwereti kumabhanga mamwe chete aya. Kunze kwechikwereti chemagariro aya, nyika dzakapfuma dzine chikwereti chakakura chezvemamiriro ekunze nemashandisiro adziri kuita zviwanikwa, basa radzo rekuderedza zvipenyu, kubuda kwadzo kweCO1,460 kunoderedza budiriro yenyika dzine urombo, pamwe nekugadzira kwadzo njodzi kusvibisa makemikari, chepfu kana zvombo zvenyukireya nemarara. Kuyera chikwereti chezvakatipoteredza ichi ibasa rakaoma uye rine gakava, asi nekufamba kwenguva kubva muna 700 kusvika 2 nyika yakaita seIndia ingadai yakaunganidza kabhoni inodarika mabhiriyoni mazana mashanu emaEuro, nyika yakaita seCongo pakati pe1950 ne2000 bhiriyoni maEuro. Chekupedzisira, pane zvikonzero zvakanaka zvekutaura chikwereti chenhoroondo, nekuda kwemazana emakore ekukoloni uye kutengeswa kwevaranda izvo zvakabira nyika dzine urombo zviwanikwa uye zviwanikwa zvevanhu. Zvekare, kuyera chikwereti ichi inyaya ine gakava, asi tichifunga nezvekutamiswa kwemakumi emamiriyoni evatema kubva kuAfrica kuenda kuAmerica, mari yacho haigone kuve diki.
Ichi chikonzero chechishanu chinoda kuti tifunge nezvemutoro. Kana mubvunzo wechikwereti zvakajeka ndiwo mhedzisiro yechiitiko chenhoroondo, zvizvarwa zvazvino zvinotakura chero mutoro pazviri uye zvinofanirwa kushandira chikwereti ichi? Zvakaoma kupa mhinduro yakanaka kumubvunzo uyu, sezvo pasina munhu anogona kugara nhaka yezvivi zvemadzitateguru avo. Asi sekubvunza kwaThomas Pogge, saka sei "vanogona kugara nhaka yezvibereko zvezvivi izvozvo, hukuru hukuru hweupfumi huripo pakupera kwenguva yeudzoriโ? Kusaenzana kwakavakwa munguva yehukoloni kwakaita kuti pave nekutanga kusaenzana zvikuru munguva yemashure ehukoloni. Kusaenzana uku kunoratidzwa muhukama hwemasimba emasangano akaita seWorld Bank neIMF, uko nyika makumi maviri neina dzemuAfrica dzine isingasviki 1,5% neChina isingasviki 4 muzana yemasimba ekuvhota, nepo United States ine simba rekuvhota. vasingasviki chikamu chimwe muzvina chevagari veChina vane chikamu chinodarika gumi neshanu kubva muzana. Nemamwe mashoko, kusaenzana kunowanzoita kuzvibereka.
KURWIRA SEI KUSAYANA KWEMIPIRO?
Kana paine zvikonzero zvakanaka zvekurwisa kusaenzana, zvinoreva here kuti tinofanira kuvavarira kuenzana kwemari yakakwana? Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanhu vachizopindura mubvunzo iwoyo vachibvuma, zvinotendwa nevakawanda kuti kumwe mwero wokusaenzana unogamuchirwa zvakakwana nokuda kwematarenda akasiyana, kusakwanisika kwemikana yakaenzana zvakakwana uye maitiro akasiyana-siyana kune zvinokurudzira kusaenzana. Asi ndeipi dhigirii yekusaenzana inogamuchirwa kana isingagamuchirwi, haigone kupindurwa padanho redzidziso. Mubvunzo wezvematongerwo enyika unogona chete kupindurwa mugakava rakakura regutsaruzhinji. Vanhu vashoma vangatsunga kutaura kuti kusaenzana kunofanira kuva kusina muganhu kana kuti vakapfuma havafaniri kugoverana navasina chinhu.
Kana kusaenzana kuchizoganhurirwa, kunofanira kuitwa munzirai? Kazhinji, pane zvingangoitika zviviri.
Chekutanga, kusaenzana kunogona kudzikiswa nekupa varombo mukana wekukwira kusvika padanho remari reboka repakati kana vakapfuma. Izvi zvatopfuura zviriko zvino UN MDGs kana kuti maPRSPs eWorld Bank, ayo anongorwisa hurombo hwakanyanya. Asi iyi mhinduro inoyevedza haigone kubva pakuona kwezvakatipoteredza. Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwevanhu kwakatopfuura simba rekuzvarwa patsva kwepasi nekupfuura kwe20 muzana. The ecological footprint yeUnited States, pamunhu, inodarika zvakapetwa kagumi kupfuura muIndia. Kukwira kukuru kwemari uye kushandiswa kwemaitiro ekumadokero kungave kutsvoda kwerufu kune kusimbaradza kwepasi, kunyangwe matekinoroji matsva anogona kudzikisira mimwe mhedzisiro.
Ukuwo, kusaenzana kunogona kuderedzwa nokuderedza mihoro yevapfumi. Izvi zvinoreva kugovewa patsva kwemari inowanikwa uye/kana upfumi kuitira kuderedza urombo nekusaenzana. Nzira dzechinyakare dzekuona izvi philanthropy nerudo, mutero wemari, mutero wehupfumi uye kuchengetedzeka munharaunda.
Philanthropy inoratidzika seyo nzira inofarirwa nevapfumi vanhasi. Nheyo gumi dzakakura zvikuru muUnited States neEurope dzaive nepfuma inodarika mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi mashanu emadhora muna 150. Warren Buffet naBill Gates, vaviri vevarume vakapfuma kwazvo pasi rose, vakabatana maoko uye zvino vanosvika pamabhiriyoni makumi matanhatu emadhora. MuUnited States, kupa kwepachivande kwakapfuura zvikuru rubatsiro rwehurumende uye kwakakwira kusvika kumadhora anodarika mabhiriyoni 2005 muna 60. Kupa kuri pachena kunoita kuti vapfumi vafare. Izvo hazvingovape chete mabhenefiti emutero, zvakare humbowo hwekubatsira kwavo munharaunda. Uyezve, inovapa simba risingagumi. Iko hakuna kutonga kwedemocracy pamusoro pekuti uye kupi nheyo dzinoshandisa mari yadzo, nepo rubatsiro rwekusimudzira zviri pamutemo runotariswa kusvika pamari yekupedzisira uye inofanirwa kuratidza kushanda kwayo.
Mutero wepfuma uri pane kumwe kunyanyisa kwezvido zvevanhu vakapfuma. Nyika shoma chete dzine mutero chaiwo wezvivakwa, kunyangwe mikana yekunzvenga mutero yakawanda.
Mutero wemari inofambira mberi ndiyo yakanakisa nzira yekugovera, kunyangwe iri kuramba ichinyanya kufarirwa ichipa nzira kumitero isina kunanga kana mitero yemitero inobhadharwa nenzira isingaenzaniswi nemhuri dzinotambira mari shoma.
Mitero inobvumira hurumende kupa zvinhu zveveruzhinji, semabasa eruzhinji anopa mukana wakaenzana kune vese kumabasa emagariro (dzidzo, hutano, nharaundaโฆ). Vanewo basa rekudzivirira democracy. Kunze kwechirevo chekare hapana mutero pasina mumiririri (uye zvakapesana), mitero inobvumira hurumende kuti ive nemutemo wakawanda, sezvo vagari vemo vachigona kumanikidza kushandisa zvakanaka mari uye hurumende dzinogona kuzvidavirira. Mutero unogona kuve chinhu chakakosha mukutsvaga hutongi hwakanaka uye demokrasi.
Kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu munharaunda kune basa rehuviri: kuchengetedza vanhu kubva pakusagadzikana kwemusika uye kuronga kubatana. Inzira yeinishuwarenzi uye chishandiso chekuvimbisa mihoro. Nenzira iyoyo, inoita basa rakakosha mukugovewa patsva kwemari inowanikwa kunyangwe mabhenefiti akatorwa zvachose kubva kumari yevashandi pachinzvimbo chemari. Nguva isati yasvika neoliberal, World Bank yakasimudzira kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu sechinhu chakakosha mukuvandudza nzanga, nekutsiva mubatanidzwa kana dzinza nemubatanidzwa wakarongeka wehurumende, kana, kushandisa izwi reDurkheimian, nekutsiva mechanic nekubatana kwehupenyu.
Muhukama pakati penyika dzakapfuma nenyika dzine urombo, mitero nekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu hazvisati zvave kushanda. Pano rubatsiro rwekusimudzira runogona kuita basa rekugoverazve, asi huwandu hweODA (rubatsiro rwekusimudzira zviri pamutemo) rwakanyanya kushomeka kuti risave nemhedzisiro. Zvakare, chikamu chikuru cherubatsiro hachibvi munyika inopa kana sangano, asi chinopedzerwa pamari, vashandi kana kutora kuNorth.
GLOBAL REDISTRIBUTION UYE WORLD PUBLIC FINANCES
Kana kuderedza urombo kunoramba kuri chinhu chinonyanya kukosha munharaunda yenyika, zvinofanira kunge zvakajeka kuti izvi hazvifaniri kugumira kune urombo hwakanyanya uye hwakakwana. Kunyange dai urombo hwose hwakanyanyisa hungagona kupedzwa - kure neMillennium Development Goals - hatingagari munyika ine kururamisira kana, panguva imwe chete, kusaenzana kuri kukura. Vanhu havapanduki nokuti varombo, asi nemhaka yokuti vanosangana nokusaruramisira, nokuti chiremera chavo chinodzvinyirirwa, nokuti vanoshorwa uye vanonzwa vasina kubatanidzwa mukubatana kwetsika dzevanhu.
Kunyange kurwisa urombo hwakakwana kunoda kuti kusaenzana kugadziriswe. Asset uye kusaenzana kwemari ndicho chipingamupinyi chikuru mukuderedza urombo. Kukura kuri pachena hakuna kukwana uye kunotyisidzira kusaenzana uye kuwedzera kusaenzana. Nyika dzine hurombo hwakanyanya ndidzowo dzine kusaenzana kwakaderera. Iyo MDGs ingangove isingazadzikiswe, nekuda kwekusaenzana maitiro. Chero nzira ipi iyo munhu anotarisa dambudziko rehurombo nekusaenzana, zvinoita sezviri pachena kuti kugovera kunofanirwa kudzoka pachirongwa uye ndicho chikonzero pfungwa ye World Public Finance yakakosha. Zvinogona kuitika chete pane zvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika.
Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kunogona kuve yekutanga nhoroondo nzira inopa chaiyo uye ine chirevo chemukati kupfungwa yenharaunda yepasi rose uye yemunhu mumwe wepasi rose. Kuti kudyidzana kwepasi rose kubatsire munhu wese, kusaenzana kunofanira kugadziriswa nekururamisira kwekugovera, nemitero yepasi rose uye kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu pasi rose, kunze kwekuderedza urombo. Urombo harisi dambudziko remunhu mumwe nemumwe, asi idambudziko renharaunda yese, hunonongedza kugovewa kwemari yakarerekera uye ndiro danho rarinofanira kugadziriswa.
Hutongi hwejekerere hunoda mari dzeveruzhinji uye hutongi hwejekerere hwepasi rose hunoda mari yeruzhinji rwepasi rose sezvo mari isingachatarisirwi kubva kunzvimbo yakasarudzika yenyika. Zvakare, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose neoliberal kwakatobvisa zvakanyanya hupfumi hwenyika dzenyika. Kunzvenga mutero uye nzvimbo dzemitero dzinofanira kurwiwa, nepo mitero yepasi rose ichizofanira kugadzira hwaro hwakasimba hwekugovanisa padanho repasi rose. Kugovewa patsva uku kunogona kutora nzvimbo yerubatsiro rwebudiriro, inzira isina kufanira uye isingashande yekupa nyika dzine urombo mari. Mafungiro matsva pamusoro perubatsiro rwebudiriro nerutsigiro rwebhajeti idanho regwara chairo asi richiri kunyanyoenderana nemamiriro akaomarara. Nehurongwa hwekutarisa hunoshanda pakutengeswa kwezvombo uye pakubhururuka kwemari, nekujeka kwakawanda pakufamba kwemari uye kuziva kwekusimba kunodiwa kwehurongwa hwepasi rose uye kudyidzana kwevanhu, izvi zvinogoneka.
Pfungwa yeWorld Public Finance ine mukana wepamusoro wekugadzirisa zvakare gakava rebudiriro. Inobvumira kufunga pamusoro pekupihwa kwezvinhu zvepasirese zveveruzhinji senge nharaunda yepasirese, masevhisi eruzhinji, mvura uye kugovera kururamisira pachako. Pfungwa iyi inodzivirira zvipingamupinyi zvechiratidzo chakamanikana pabudiriro uye mutero wepasi rose. Chakanyanya kukanganikwa mumakore gumi apfuura ndechekuti budiriro inoda mari yakakosha yekupinza. Rubatsiro runogona kuve rwakasiyana-siyana uye ruve hurongwa hwepasi rose hwekugoverazve mari uye yekubatana.
Kufanana nehurombo, kusaenzana hakugoni kungotariswa kubva pakuona kwevarombo. Ose matambudziko emagariro uye emagariro ane hanya nesu tose. Urombo nekusaenzana, pamunhu uye padanho renyika, hazvigone kuparadzaniswa nehupfumi, zvakafanana nekufema mukati uye kufema kunze, zvese zviri chikamu chehurongwa humwechete hunoburitsa zvese hupfumi nehurombo.
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