Mwedzi wapera ndakaziva nezvekuuraya rudzi kwandakanga ndisati ndamboziva. Kwakaitika kwete munzvimbo iri yoga isingazivikanwi yenyika, asi muSouthern Italy, musha wamadzitateguru wemitezo yemhuri yangu ndimene. Zvinotonyanya kundikatyamadza, maSouthern Italians ivo vangotanga kudzidza chokwadi chekucheneswa kwemadzinza uku, muchikamu chikuru nekuda kwemabhuku aPino Aprile, mutori wenhau uye Southerner. Terroni: Zvese Zvakaitwa Kuve nechokwadi chekuti maItalian ekuMaodzanyemba Vave "Vatorwa" yakave nemhedzisiro yemagetsi kushamwari yangu Enzo Fina anobva kuLecce, ari pachitsitsinho chebhutsu yeItaly. Enzo ihafu yevaviri Musicร ntica, imwe hafu iri Roberto Catalano, ethnomusicologist kubva kuSicily. Kubva kuSouthern California, ivo vanochengeta mimhanzi netsika dzeSouthern Italy zvipenyu.
"Unokura uchiziva kuti pane chimwe chinhu chisina kunaka," Roberto akandiudza.
"Une mafeelings, even if unconscious," akadaro Enzo.
Terrone, mumwe, kana teroni, muuzhinji, ndiwo epithet inoshandiswa kutsanangura vanhu vekuMaodzanyemba setsvina uye nekumashure. Apo bhuku racho rakabuda muchiRunguโkunyange zvazvo ndakawana shanduro yakatiomera kuteveraโndaifanira kuriverenga. Ndakaziva kuti kunonzi Kubatana kweItaly muna 1860 kwakanga kuri, nokuda kweMaodzanyemba, kuvhozhokera nokutapa vanhu vakawanda semirioni vakaurawa; vakadzi nevana vanopondwa; varume vakaendeswa kuchamhembe kunofira mumusasa wechibharo, nhamba yavo isingazivikanwi sezvo mitumbi yakanyungudutswa mu caustic lime; mazana ezviuru akasungwa pasina mhosva ipi neipi kana kutongwa; torture; chibharo; mabasa esimbi nezvigayo zvesimbi nekurima zvakaparadzwa; njanji yakabvamburwa; mabasa emapurisa akaronzeswa ku (nokudaro achigadza simba re) Mafia neCamorra; iyo goridhe kubva kuhomwe yeSpain Bourbon Kingdom yeTwo Sicilies yakatakurwa kuchamhembe kunobhadhara zvikwereti zvePiedmont.
Kudzingwa kweSouth hakuna kuperera ipapo. Kusaenzana pakati peMaodzanyemba neMaodzanyemba kwakawedzera zvikuru nemitemo yehurumende yechiFascist yaMussolini. Uye Aprile anoratidza kuti zviri pamutemo, mutero, uye zvibvumirano zvimiro zveItari zvinoramba zvichigoverazve hupfumi kuti huyerere kuchamhembe, ichisiya Maodzanyemba nemitero yakakwira, zvikoro zvakaderera, kushaikwa kwemabasa, kushomeka kwezvivakwa zvekutanga. Ipapo Maodzanyemba anopomerwa mhosva yekudzokera shure.
Ndaida kuziva zvazvaireva kushamwari dzangu kugara neaya makomba nemikaha munhau, uye ipapo ipapo dzidza zvokwadi. Asi ini ndakafunga zvakare kuti maonero ekudzokorora eMaodzanyemba, nepo achipokana muItari, inogona kunge iri nzira isina kwayakarerekera yekuti vanhu vekuAmerica vaunze nhaurirano nezvenhoroondo dzakadzimwa uye kupora kwetsika.
"Paunenge uri chizvarwa chechitanhatu kana chechinomwe mushure mekuuraya kwese," akadaro Enzo, "iwe hauzivi kuti chii chakanyatsoitika. Zvaunonzwa imhando yeparanoia isina kutaurwa uye kuti isu tiri rudzi rwevanhu vasina. vakakwana kuti vapfume, isu hatina kunaka zvakakwana kugadzira chero chinhu. Asi isu hatifungi nezvazvo tichiziva. Ndiwo mamiriro ezvinhu."
"Unokura nepfungwa yekuti Garibaldi akauya akasunungura Maodzanyemba kubva muhudzvanyiriri," akadaro Roberto.
Dzidzo yangu muNew York yakadzidzisa kuti Garibaldi aive Baba veNyika Yake, Washington yeAmerica yakakunda humambo. Uye Kubatana kwaifanira kunge kuri chinhu chakanaka, kuchiuya panguva ingangoita sevanhu vekuAmerica vakateura ropa muhondo yedu yevagari uye kuchengetedza Union.
"Ndaiziva kuti General Nino Bixio akauraya vakadzi nevana mutaundi riri pedyo nekwandakazvarirwa," akadaro Roberto. "Zvavakaita zvakanga zvakaipa kudarika zvose zvakanga zvaitwa navaBourbon. Sei? Ndinodzokera kunoshanyira guta duku rinobva kumhuri yangu. Unoona dzimba dzisina vanhu, migwagwa isina ruzha, yose yakasiiwa. Sei vanhu vose vachienda?"
Roberto akanga asati ambonzwa shoko racho terrone kusvika pamakore 13 akaendeswa kuchikoro chebhodhingi kuNorth uye ndizvo zvaaidanwa nevamwe vakomana. "Vaizotiwo, 'Iwe unobva kuTeronia, asi hausi mumwe wavo chaiye.' Izvo zvakandishatirisa pandakangonzwisisa zvazvaireva, kuti nekuti ndaive nemaziso eblue nebvudzi rakatsvuka ndakanga ndisiri munhu anonhuwa. terrone. Shoko rinorwadza. Tarisai, neveAfrica vekuAmerica, munyika ino, hatichatombotaura izwi iro, tinoridaidza N-izwi. Saka izvi ndezvedu T-shoko. Kunyangwe zvisina kufanana. Handisati ndambosungirirwa kana kuzvuzvurudzwa kuseri kwerori yeChevy nevanhu vachipopota terrone. Kunyange muna 1960, akawedzera, "vakabva kuSicily vakaenda kuMilan uye vakapiswa vari vapenyu."
Ndakabva ndaziva kuti mazuva ano kuChamhembe, vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vemuAfrica vanowanzodanwa terroni uye veMaodzanyemba vanonzi VaAfrica.
"Nezvo zvinouya pfungwa inokuudza kuti hauzombofi wakamboita chero chinhu," akadaro Roberto. "Une nungo uye uri bhomba. Hauna chaunoburitsa. Asi pandakaverenga Aprile, ndakafunga kuti hongu! hongu! Wotarisa kumashure kune zvawaona nekunzwa. Hurombo hwakatekeshera. Magetsi achisvika muma 1970. Unoziva kuti uri kumashure uye uri kure asi zvino wava kubvunza kuti, Nei zvakadaro?
Aprile akapa mhinduro, achiratidza kuti urombo uye kusiiwa kweSouth hakusi kwechisikigo, uye hazvina kungoitika netsaona.
"Kana uchibva kuSouth," Enzo akandiudza kamwe, "unopinda mubvunzurudzo yebasa uchitofunga kuti hauzopihwe basa." Asi aigara achitenda - senge mukufungidzira kana kurota - kuti zvakambosiyana. "Kusvikira Pino Aprile, zvose zvandaiva nazvo kwaiva kunzwa kuti pane imwe nguva pane simba uye simba iri muSouth Italy. Unoenda kuFlorence uye unoona zvivako zvose zvakanaka uye unofunga kuti, Oh, ivo vakapfuma. Unoenda kuLecce nevose. dhorobha mudunhu mune chechi yakanaka uye nedzimba dzakanaka asi hapana ane hanya nazvo. Dzachembera dzirikuputsika hapana chimwe kunze kwenhamo." Sezvineiwo, ini kubva ndaverenga madhairekitori emutauro wechiRungu anofananidza Lecce neFlorence uye ndinokurudzira vashanyi kuti vaedze nzvimbo iyi-ye-iyo-yakarohwa-track kuti vaone zvinoshamisa zvivakwa zvebaroque zvakagadzirwa kubva kune yakasarudzika yenzvimbo yejecha. "Saka ndaigara ndichinzwa kana zvasiyana," akadaro Enzo. "Vanobva vatiti husimbe, asi ndakaona amai vangu vachishanda nguva dzese. Hameno zvaisaita asi handina mapepa, umboo handina, saka handina kutaura."
Ndakafunga kuti kangani kunyarara kunonzwisiswa zvisizvo sokusaziva, ruvengo, kusafarira saka ndakabvunza Enzo zvimwe nezvekuzviongorora.
"Ini ndinofunga kuti nyaya yangu yanga yakafanana nenhoroondo yekuSouth," akadaro. โNdaigara ndichiitirwa zvakaipa zvekuti ndakasiyana.Ndaiva nebvudzi refu, ndaisarwa kana kutamba nhabvu. Vaindituka uye ndairohwa kakawanda. Kusvikira ndaona kuti handina kumbotaura. Izvi ndizvo zvandiri. Izvi ndizvo zvandiri chaizvo. Kana iwe ukasataura, vanhu vanogona kutaura uye kutenda chero chavanoda. Kana wangotaura chete, unenge wava nokuzivikanwa.โ Asi kunzwa kwokusachengeteka kwakapfuurira. โKunyange zvino,โ iye akadaro, โpandinonyora chimwe chinhu, mabhii okutanga papeji iduku zvikuru. Mushure mechinguva ndinozonyora ndakasununguka."
Kuyunivhesiti muLecce, aichengeta pfungwa dzake kwaari. Achiri kuyeuka nguva yokutanga yaakataura mukirasi, kundandama kwaakaita achiedza kuburitsa mashoko acho. "Zvakaoma asi ndakazvisunungura ndokuzoti vamwe ndivataurire. Ndaivaudza kuti aiwa wazvitaura. Ndakabva ndatanga kunzwa kuti ndisiri ndega uye zvine simba. Unotanga kutaura wozotiwo vamwe vanhu vakawanda. taura. Ndiko, kwandiri, ndiko kumukirana.
Imwe shanduko yakauya paakaenda kuSpain akawana vanhu - kusanganisira Carmen Garcรญa, zvino mudzimai wake - vakanga vakasimba mumaonero avo uye pfungwa yekuzvida. Vaviri ava vakatamira kuUS, asi Enzo aive achiri kunyarara. Kekutanga paakanga ari mudzidzisi wevaenzi kuUCLA, akapindura mubvunzo wese ne "Handizive." Hongu aiziva mhinduro dzacho, asi uku kwaiva kuzvibata, kuedza kuita kuti vamwe vanzwe vakasununguka nokusataura kuti vanoziva kupfuura zvavaiita. Uye akakura achitenda kuti "kana mumwe munhu anozvikudza uye akabatikana kukuratidza chimwe chinhu, usavimbe. Chenjera."
Nekuda kwechokwadi chake chekuti nhoroondo yedunhu rake yakanga yavhiringika, haana kutaura nezvazvo, achitarisira kuti vanhu vaifunga kuti vanoziva zvakawanda vaizomuisa pasi. "Kekutanga pandakaona Pino Aprile achibvunzurudzwa, zvainge zvakafanana nekunzwa chimwe chinhu chawakarota, chimwe chinhu chawaiziva asi chisina kumbouya kwauri nemashoko. Pino Aprile ane magwaro. Ane uchapupu. Haasi kungotaura maonero. Kwandiri, the gomba rakanga riri irori,โ akadaro Enzo, "pfungwa yokusakurira munzvimbo yaisazivikanwa nhoroondo yako."
Aisaziva kuti pamberi peKubatana, Naples raive guta rechitatu rakakosha muEurope, riine mutsindo wemahara, uye kutonga kwakanaka. Maodzanyemba ndiyo yaive nharaunda yakasimukira zvakanyanya yeinozova nyika-nyika yeItari. Mumazuva iwayo, vokuMaodzanyemba vaitama nemhaka yourombo; VekuMaodzanyemba havana kuita sevarimi vese vaive neimwe ivhu uye minda yeruzhinji yaivepo kune ani nani anoda kurima.
Enzo akakura achida kuziva nezve briganti - magandanga e "brigand" ane mukurumbira akaparadzwa mushure meKubatanidzwa nemauto ePiedmontese. Vamwe vanhu vaitaura nezvegororo semhando yebogeyman, asi nei izwi, rakashandiswa sechipauro, richiratidza ruremekedzo? Maererano neongororo yenhoroondo, makororo akanga asiri matsotsi chete asi kupikisa kwaisanganisira masoja eBourbon, vashandi vehurumende, nevadzidzisi vakangoerekana vadzingwa basa vakasiya vasina basa; varimi vakaerekana vasiya vasina minda; vanhuwo zvavo vakashatirwa neutsinye. (Inonzwika kujaira?)
Senge mune chero chirongwa chedzidzo chekoloniyalist, "Zvese zvaunodzidza ndezvenzvimbo yakasiyana," akadaro Enzo. "Iwe unoyeuka nziyo dzokuda nyika uye edza kunzwisisa zvavanenge vachitaura nezvazvo. Unoimba nezveRwizi rwePiave uye hauzivi kuti ndekupi, uye unoimba nezvehondo pakati pePiedmontese neAustria. Yakanga isiri hondo yedu. . Inyaya yenzvimbo isiri yako. Wakazadzwa netsika isiri yako." Uye saka pane pfungwa yekuderera, asiwo dislocation.
Sezvo Musicร ntica, Enzo naRoberto vakaita uye vakadzidzisawo kunzvimbo dzine mukurumbira seGetty Villa uye Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, asi, mumashoko aRoberto, dzimwe nguva vanowana "Vakawanda veItaly America vanoda kuchengetedza tsika, asi kwete manzwi. tinoridza, mimhanzi yainge yajaira sekuru nasekuru. Zvose izvi chikamu chenhamo, 'ndechinyakare' uye kumashure apo munyika ino, vawedzera uye vasunungurwa."
"Ini naRoberto takaberekerwa muchikamu chekupedzisira chemakore ane chiuru chetsika," akadaro Enzo, tsika yakabatana naAmai Earth, "agri-culture. Isu ndisu takaona nzanga yedu ichichinja, kubva pakushanda basa ivhu kuti risvibiswe. Ndichikura, mudhorobha rose maiva nemotokari 15. Ikozvino motokari dzinooneka, dzakawandisa, asi migwagwa yedu ichiri midiki, yakavakirwa vanhu vanofamba netsoka chete kana kuti zvimwe ngoro.
Anotenda kuti, "Chii chiri kuitika muSouthern Italy chinoratidzawo kuti zvinhu zviri kuitika sei kuvanhu. Zvakaitika ipapo yakanga iri danho rokutanga mukudyidzana kwepasi rose. Iye zvino European Union inofunga nezvekuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri, kwete pamusoro pemiti yemiorivhi yemakore 3,000 XNUMX, "uye saka kambani yeGerman yakagadzira fekitori yesolar pane yaimbova ivhu rakaorera rekurima" - zvakadaro, akafara kuwedzera, maObamas ave kushandisa mafuta emuorivhi kubva kuLecce. "Kune gwenya rinopisa marasha muPuglia uye vanhu vari kuwana. kenza uye artichokes anozivikanwa azere nekabhoni guruva. Magetsi anotengeswa kunze kwenyika kuitira purofiti. Isu hatitombowana simba racho." Kana iri stereotype yekuti Southern Italy yakaenzana neMafia, "Kwandinobva, hatina kumbova neMafia kusvika pakugadzira magetsi. Mafia akauya kuzovaka uye akapa varimi mari yakawanda yemunda uye kana vanhu vasati vatengesa, vanoisa bhomba vakaparadza zvese zvamaiva nazvo. Pakangopera kuvakwa, vanhu vanga vasisina mabasa uye isu tasara netsvina yese."
Aprile anonyora nezvemabhangi eMilan achibira mari yeMafia uye ndakafunga nezvemabhangi eEl Paso akazara nemari kubva kuJuarez cartel. Kurima kweSouthern Italy kwakaderedzwa sezvakangoita varimi vadiki muMexico vakamanikidzwa kubuda mumusika neNAFTA. VaSicilia vanoenda kunze kwenyika kana kutamira kuchamhembe kuMilan yeItari inonzi yakabatana (kwavanoonekwa sevokune dzimwe nyika), boka revashandi rinozvidzwa uye rinobhadharwa mari shoma rinopomerwa mhosva yekutora mabasa eโItalyโ; vakadzingwa veMexico vakananga kuchamhembe kune maquiladoras kumuganhu, kana, vasina magwaro kana vachifanira, mberi kuchamhembe kuUS. Maodzanyemba eItaly nemaMexico anosiya tsika dzakaputsika nemisha nemataundi akaparara.
"Vanoshandisa maodzanyemba uye vanotora zvese kubva mairi," akadaro Roberto, "uye vobva vati tinogara tichisveta ropa ravo." MuUS isu tiri vatorwa vanobva kune dzimwe nyika uye vanogashira verubatsiro nevarombo.
Ndakafunga nezvemitemo inofungidzirwa kuti haina kwayakarerekera kwemarudzi uye mitemo inoita kuti pave nokusiyana kukuru mumari yechikoro; zvirongwa zvehurumende zvekupa mari izvo zvisingadaidzwe kuti "welfare" uye zvinenge zvakabatsira vachena chete; rusaruro rwemarudzi pakutevedzwa kwemitemo; regressive tax structures izvo zvinowira kunyanya zvakanyanya kune vanoshanda varombo. Yechimiro chezvematongerwo enyika chinoramba chichibvisa hupfumi hweAmerica kusvika pa1%.
Aprile anonyora kuti mari yaitarisirwa kusimudzira Maodzanyemba yakaendeswa sei kuMaodzanyemba uye ini ndinofunga mabhanga akabvisirwa mari ndokupihwa mari isingaite mubereko kubva kuFed ivo vachiramba vachibira vatengi nekutora dzimba dzevanhu.
Ndakafunga Ali H. Mir, Mutungamiriri weMuslim Student Life paYunivhesiti yeSouthern California, akataura nezvenhoroondo isingazivikanwi yevaMuslim muUnited States, kwete vose vachangobva kupinda muAmerica, akadaro, asi chikamu chenyika ino kubva panguva yekoloni. nguva apo vaAfrica vazhinji vakaunzwa kumahombekombe aya muuranda vaive maMuslim. Ndingadai ndakaziva. Makore apfuura muGeorgia ndakaona bhuku rakanyorwa nemunhu aive muuranda wemuAfrica asi kunyangwe rakanga rakanyorwa nechiArabu hazvina kumboitika kwandiri kuti murume uyu aive muMuslim. Nei chokwadi ichi chakadzimwa? Nekuti nhoroondo yeAfrica yeAmerica haina kuverenga, kana nekuti maMuslim aisafanirwa kunge ari pano?
"Tiri kwese kwese," yaive sirogani yekare yesangano rekodzero dzengochani asi ndakafunga nezvengochani zhinji dzemuAmerica dzinongochani dzinoti kana iye zvino dzisingatauri nezvehupenyu hwavo.
Gore rino Yale University Child Study Center yakawana maitiro anoenderana ekubatwa zvisina kunaka kwevadzidzi vemuAfrica vekuAmerica, kunyanya vakomana, kubva kukireshi zvichienda mberi. Zvakanyatsotora Yale kudzidza kuti isu tione?
KuArizona, nekuda kwechirongwa cheTucson's Mexican-American studies, 94% yevadzidzi vari muchirongwa ichi vakapedza zvidzidzo asi vasingasviki hafu yevadzidzi veLatino vasina kudzidza tsika yavo vakakwanisa kupedza chikoro chesekondari. Asi zvidzidzo izvi zvave kurambidzwa nechikonzero chekuti zvaikurudzira kuvengana uye kukurudzira kubatana kwemarudzi.
Ndakazvibvunza kuti kana Enzo naRoberto, zvavave nechokwadi, vakachengeta chigumbu icho vezvematongerwo enyika nevakuru vakuru muArizona vanoti vanotya.
"Kana ndikavenga vekuItaly vekuNorth, ndiri kushandiswa sechipopi," akadaro Enzo. "Kana vekuNorthern Italy vane rusarura imhaka yekuti vakashandiswa. Isu tiri chibereko chekunyengera ikoko."
Roberto akacherechedza kuti nepo vamwe vakomana vari muchikoro chebhodhingi vakamunyomba, vamwe vakava shamwari dzepedyo uye nepo achida Sicily - "Zvinoreva nyika kwandiri" - anogara achizviona semuItaly. Zvaanofungidzira iItaly yakanyatsobatanidzwa "nekuremekedza uye kunzwisisa."
Panguva ino, Enzo haakwanisi kurega kutaura nezvazvo Terrone uye Pino Aprile. โZvakafanana kana wawana chipo chakanaka woda kutaura Tarira! Kana kuti kana mumwe munhu akandipa girazi rakanaka, rinowedzera kunaka kana ndarigovera uye munhu wese anogona kunwa kubva mariri. Chiridzwa chemumhanzi chinonyanya kunaka kana chichiridzwa uye munhu wese anowana mumhanzi. Zvino fungidzira mumwe munhu ari kuridza chiridzwa uye anopfuma kubva pakuziva maitirwo acho. "
Ndinoshuva kuti State of Arizona yakanzwisisa izvi: Munhu wose anofanira kupemberera uye kugovera ruzivo runosimbisa chiremera chevose.
Kuziva chokwadi nezvenhoroondo hakupesani, akadaro Enzo. "Zvakafanana nekuwana kiyi uye unogona kuvhura gonhi uye kunakidzwa nezvose zviri mukati. Ipapo kiyi inobvumira munhu wese kupinda kuti afare."
Diane Lefer munyori, munyori wemitambo, uye murwiri. Mabhuku ake achangoburwa anosanganisira Ropafadzo Rinotevera kune Ronda, manyepo akanyorwa pamwe nekudzingwa kweColombia Hector Aristizabal, uye bhuku rehutsotsi, Nobody Wakes Up Pretty, kubva kuRainstorm Press, iro rakahwina Mubairo weEdgar Domenic Stansberry anotsanangura se "kusefa madota ekusingaperi kweAmerica. hondo yekirasi.โ Lefer anonyorera LA Progressive, uye ari Munyori Anopa weNew Clear Vision.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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