Guta raThomas Piketty muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri nerekutanga ibhuku remazana matanhatu nemakumi masere neshanu rinonyatsoratidza maitiro emari uye kusaenzana kwehupfumi muhupfumi hwecapitalist mumakore mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu apfuura, uye kunyanya pamusoro pezana rapfuura. Inonyorawo kukwira kunotyisa kwekusaenzana mumakore makumi mana apfuura uye inopera nekudaidzira kudzoreredzwa kwemutero wemutero wepamusoro uye mutero wehupfumi hwenyika.
Bhuku rake rakabata tsinga uye rava chiitiko. Mukuisa simba rakasimba kurwisa kusaenzana, Piketty akavewo munhu ane tsaona gakava. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti bhuku rake rine mukana wekumutsa gakava pamusoro pezvinonzi "musika wemahara" capitalism. Mubvunzo mukuru ndewekuti zvichaitika here?
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Iyo yakajairika Svondo New York Times yaive nechinyorwa chakareba ichiperekedzwa nedivi-bar ichiisa bhuku raPiketty padivi paAdam Smith's (1776) The Wealth of Nations; Thomas Malthus '(1798) Chinyorwa cheNheyo yeKuwanda kwevanhu; John Stuart Mill's (1848) Misimboti yehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika; Karl Marx's (1867) Das Kapital: naJohn Maynard Keynes '(1936) The General Theory of Employment, Interest uye Mari. Ndinofunga zvakanaka kutaura kuti chiitiko hachisi kuwedzeredza.
Bhuku raPiketty rine zvikamu zvina. Yekutanga inopa hwaro hwedzidziso, yechipiri inopa magwaro ehunyanzvi, uye yechina inopa hurongwa hwekudzoreredza kuwedzera kwekusaenzana kwemakore makumi mana apfuura. Neakaunti ese kubva kune avo vanoziva, iro basa reempirical rakakura muhukuru uye zvakadzama uye rinorumbidzwa sechikamu chehunyanzvi hwehupfumi hutsva hunoongorora "mahombe" data seti. Munyaya yaPiketty iyo data huru ndeye mutero wega wega.
Nguva yebhuku iri pedyo-yakakwana nekuda kwekumutswa kwezvematongerwo enyika kufarira kusaenzana, asi zvakawanikwa zvine hungwaru hazvisi zvekuchinja uye kuwedzera kwemari nekusaenzana kwehupfumi kwakanyorwa kwemakore, kunyangwe zvishoma. Kutanga muna 1988 neiyo yekutanga edition yeThe State of Working America, Larry Mishel nevamwe vake vanyori paEconomic Policy Institute muWashington DC vakanyora kaviri dambudziko rekumira kwemihoro uye kuwedzera kwekusaenzana kwemari muUS - uye ivowo vanoshandisa hombe. data kubva kuCurrent Population Survey. Jamie Galbraith akasimbisa zvakanyanya mufananidzo iwoyo mubhuku rake ra1998 Yakagadzirwa Kusaenzana: The Crisis in America Pay. Zvakare, iyewo akashandisa data hombe pakugovaniswa kwemihoro yekugadzira, uye akazowedzera tsvakiridzo yake kuvhara hupfumi hwenyika.
Imwe nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yakaratidza kukwira kwemari yeUS uye kusaenzana kwehupfumi ndiEdward Wolff mubhuku rake ra2002 rakanyorwa nePamusoro Inorema: Kuwedzera Kusaenzana kwePfuma muAmerica uye Chii Chingaitwa Nezvazvo, uye bhuku rake ra2008 Hurombo uye Income Distribution. Nezvemaitiro epasi rose, Branko Milanovic anga ari mupi wepamusoro nechinyorwa chake che2002 "True World Income Distribution, 1988 uye 1993: Maverengero ekutanga akavakirwa paHomehold Surveys Alone" nebhuku rake ra2005 Worlds Apart: Measuring International and Global Inequality. Vamwe vane mukurumbira vakapa vanosanganisira Anthony Atkinson naFrançois Bourguignon. Uye hongu, Piketty akabatsirawo nechinyorwa chake chehunyanzvi cha2003, chakanyorwa pamwe naEmmanuel Saez, pamusoro pekusaenzana kwemari yeUS kubva 1913 kusvika 1998. Chokwadi, bhuku rake muchikamu chekuwedzera kwemaitiro akagadzirwa imomo.
Tichifunga izvi, zvinonakidza kubvunza kuti sei Piketty akapaza apo vamwe vakundikana. Mukuona kwangu, chimwe chikonzero ndechezvematongerwo enyika. Mishel, Galbraith, naWolf inyanzvi dzehupfumi dziri kufambira mberi. Kunyange zvazvo mabhuku avo asiri edzidziso kana akakwana ekugadzirisa dambudziko, pfungwa dzavo dzakajeka dzedzidziso inosimbisa simba rehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika. Pfungwa iyoyo yakagadziridzwa zvakajeka mubhuku rangu ra1998 Plenty of Nothing: The Downsizing of the American Dream and the Case for Structural Keynesianism.
Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti hupfumi hwenyika hune dambudziko rekubvuma basa kubva kunzvimbo dzakadai nekuti kubvuma kuita zviri pamutemo. Izvo zvinogadzira mamiriro asinganzwisisike mune zvehupfumi umo chimwe chinhu chisingafungirwe kana kuzivikanwa kudzamara munhu akakodzera azvitaura. Iyi pateni inoshanda kune kusaenzana kwemari, iyo macroeconomics yechikwereti deflation, hupfumi hwepasi rose capital controls, uye Phillips curve inflation theory, kutaura mashoma mashoma.
Aya maonero anotungamirira kune chechipiri kunetseka, iyo, mushure mokunge kupopotedzana kwekutanga kwapera, bhuku raPiketty rinogona kuguma rave gattopardo economics rinopa shanduko pasina shanduko. Hurukuro yeruzhinji pamusoro pekusaenzana kwemari nehupfumi yave kuramba ichiitwa nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzinofambira mberi, zvese nekuda kwekuziva kwavo nyaya iyi nekukasika uye kubatana kunonzwisisika uye kusimba kwetsananguro yavo. Izvo zvakaisa hupfumi hwemazuva ese padziviriro yezvematongerwo enyika. Piketty anopa yakajairika neoclassical tsananguro yekuwedzera kusaenzana muchikamu chekutanga chebhuku rake. Izvo zvinogadzira mukana wegattopardo umo kusaenzana kunopetwa kumashure mudzidziso huru yehupfumi iyo inoramba isina kuchinjwa.
Achishandisa yakajairwa marginal productivity framework, Piketty inopa tsananguro yekukwira kwekusaenzana kunobva pakuwedzera kwegap riri pakati pechigadzirwa chemaricho chemari, icho chinotaridza mwero wepurofiti (r), uye mwero wekukura (g). Nekuda kwekuti hupfumi hwemari hwakanyanya kuwanda, purofiti yepamusoro kana kukurumidza kukura inowedzera kusaenzana sezvo mihoro yevapfumi ichikura nekukurumidza kupfuura hupfumi hwese.
Hunhu hwakajairwa hwekufunga kwaPiketty hunosimudza musoro mumitemo yake yemitemo. Yake neoclassical yekukura chimiro inomutungamira kuti atarise pamutero semushonga. Iko kushoma kutarisa kunyaya dzemasangano ehupfumi uye zvimiro zvesimba rehupfumi nekuti izvi hazvisi chikamu cheiyo neoclassical framework. Izvi zvinotsanangura zvakanyanya kugamuchirwa kwevanofambira mberi kwehupfumi hwebhuku. Uyezve, kunyangwe kana zvichigoneka nehunyanzvi, zvirevo zvemitero zvaPiketty zvine zvematongerwo enyika zvakapihwa capital inowedzera kutonga maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika.
Aya maficha akaita kuti vamwe vatsoropodzi vasimudze nharo dzekare dze "Cambridge" pamusoro pehungwaru kusabatana kweiyo marginal goho rekugovera mari yekugovera. Vatsoropodzi vanotiwo Piketty anosanganisa mari yemuviri neyemari, achitarisa basa remari mukuona mareti ekudzoka uye mapatani emari uye kugovera hupfumi. Pane matambudziko maviri nemhinduro idzi. Chekutanga, nyanzvi munyaya dzezvehupfumi dzakasarudza kare kare kusaona uye kusanzwa nenzeve kumagakava akadaro. Chechipiri, nharo idzi dzinopotsa nzombe-ziso inova chimiro che capitalism.
Mhinduro irinani ndeyekuti vatsoropodzi varambe vakabatirira pamwero wepurofiti maringe nenharo yekukura uku vachirasa iyo neoclassical marginal goho chikamu chePiketty's theoretical nharo. Mainstream economists vanozotaura nyaya yakajairika nezve purofiti inotemerwa tekinoroji. Zvisinei, sezvakataurwa naPiketty apo neapo, chokwadi chiyero chepurofiti chinotemerwa nezvematongerwo enyika uye munzanga nezvinhu zvinopesvedzera kugovaniswa kwesimba rehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika. Kukura kunokanganiswawo nepolicy uye sarudzo dzemasangano. Ndiyo nzvimbo yekusundidzira gakava, zvinova izvo vatsoropodzi vezvehupfumi zvagara vachiita (zvisina kubudirira) kwemakumi emakore. Kubatsira kwakadzama kwebhuku raPiketty ndiko kunogadzira mukana mutsva mune ino nzira.
Mainstream academic economists vanoedza kuvhara izvo uye kusundira gattopardo tactic. Kufanotaura kwangu “r minus g” algebra ichaita nzira yayo kupinda mucurriculum, ine purofiti inotsanangurwa sechigadzirwa chemukati chemari; Chicago School economists ichapikisa hupfumi hune nzira dzinodzikamisa kureba kwakakura kusiyana kwe r uye g; uye Harvard neMIT vadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza vanozove nemikana yekuita misika yekutadza tsvakiridzo vachipokana zvakasiyana. Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuti hupfumi huchasiiwa husina kushanduka uye zvakatonyanya kuoma kuchinja.
Kubudirira kunoshamisa kwaPiketty kunomutsa matambudziko anotyisa kune vanofambira mberi mune zvehupfumi. Bhuku rake rakasimudza chimiro chezvematongerwo enyika chekusaenzana; anoita seane mwero zvinoyemurika; anosimbirira kuratidza maonero akasimba pamusoro pehupfu hwekusaenzana kwezera pane democracy; uye anokurudzira mutero wepfuma. Kutsoropodza kwerudzi rwupi norwupi kunogona kuratidzika sokunaya kwehudyu paparadhi yake. Matambudziko akafanana anobata maererano nenyanzvi dzehupfumi dzakaita saPaul Krugman uyo akavimbika mukushoropodza kwake maRepublicans, asingavimbike mukushoropodza kwake maDemocrats, uye asingavimbike mukutsoropodza kwake kwehupfumi hwenyika. Kutsoropodza njodzi dzinoderedza aya masosi erutsigiro rwemubatanidzwa.
Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinhu izvi zvinofanira kutaurwa. Hunhu hwakagovaniswa uye kuongororwa kwakagoverwa kwakasiyana. Tsika dzakagovaniswa dzinogona kugadzira zvibvumirano zvenguva pfupi zvinovanza kusawirirana kwenguva refu kunowanikwa mukusiyana kwekufunga. Mazano ane basa uye kutadza kutaura pfungwa chokwadi zvinogona kuva nemhedzisiro yakaipa. Nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzinosungirwa kutaura nyaya dzedzidziso zvakajeka. Bhuku raPiketty ibhuku rezvidzidzo rine zvinorehwa neruzhinji mutemo, zvinoreva kuti zvakanaka kuratidza maitiro ayo neoclassical uye njodzi dzegattopardo.
Bhuku racho rakatove nemigumisiro yakanaka kwazvo mune zvematongerwo enyika. Mukuona kwangu, kutaura chokwadi pamusoro pezvaigumira hakuzodzikisi simba iroro. Neoclassical economists vagara vachitaura nezve capital (K). Nyaya inorambidzwa ndeye capitalism. Piketty akakudza chido cheveruzhinji nekutaura kwake kwemari. Kutsoropodza kwehushamwari kunogona kuita kuti veruzhinji vafunge nezve capitalism uye chii chinodiwa kuita kuti capitalism ibudise budiriro yakagovaniswa.
Thomas I. Palley ndiye Senior Economic Policy Adviser weAFL-CIO uye Research Associate paEconomic Policy Institute. Pakati pezvinyorwa zvake mumakore achangopfuura Kubva Kunetsa Kwemari kuenda Kumira: Kuparadzwa Kwekugoverana Kubudirira uye Basa reEconomics (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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