Yakashandurwa naBarbara naDavid Forbes.
Muna Mbudzi 2004, George Bush akasarudzwa zvakare kuve mutungamiri weUnited States kwemamwe makore mana, aine mavhoti mazhinji munhoroondo yenyika. Sarudzo iyi haina kumira zvakanaka pahukama pakati peHavana neWashington. Hukasha hwehurongwa hweUS kuCuba hwakatevera gwara rayo, chokwadi kune zvayakaziviswa zvinangwa zvekubvisa magariro evanhu pachitsuwa. Pamusoro pemushandirapamwe wayo wepasi rose wekuparadzira, hutongi hweBush hwakawedzera zviitiko zvehunyambiri zvine chinangwa chekushungurudza vanhu veCuba. (1)
Zvirango zvitsva zvehupfumi zvakatemerwa muna Chivabvu 2004 naColin Powell's Report zvakakanganisa zvitsuwa zveCuba pamwe nevagari vekuAmerica vanobva kuCuba. Semuenzaniso, kushanya kwemhuri kwevagari vanogara muU.SA kwakaganhurirwa rwendo rumwe kuenda kuCuba makore matatu ega ega, izvo zvakakonzera mamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa seaEmma Cruz. Mai Cruz, mugari weMiami ane makore makumi manomwe nemana, haana kupihwa mvumo yekuenda padivi pemubhedha wemwanasikana wavo Irma Rodales ane makore makumi mana nemapfumbamwe, airwara negomarara rinouraya uye aigara kuCuba. Ms Rodales akafa nehurwere hwake musi wa74 Chikunguru 49 pasina amai vake vakwanisa kubatana naye munguva dzake dzekupedzisira. Hofisi yeKune dzimwe nyika Kudzora Zvinhu kuDhipatimendi rePfuma yakaramba chikumbiro chaAmai Cruz chekuti vafambe vasina kana kumbomira kupindura chikumbiro chavo chekuchimbidza. (22) Matambudziko mazhinji emhuri akafanana akamuka muUSA uye akamhanya achipesana nekusakendenga kwevakuru veWashington.
Nyaya inoshungurudza iyi inongoshanda kuburitsa zvimwe zvishoma zvekutsunga kweBush manejimendi kuderedza shanduko yepurojekiti yeCuba kuita madota. Mai Cruz vachiri kumirira mvumo kubva kuDhipatimendi Rezvemari kuti vakwanise, pakupedzisira, kushanyira guva remwanasikana wavo uye kugoverana kusuwa kwake nevazukuru-vazukuru vavo. 'Pane zvakawanda zvekutaura nezvevanhu pano, asi hapana kwandambozviona,' akadaro achipererwa. (3)
Zvichitevera kugadzwa kwematanho akatemerwa mushumo 'Komisheni yeRubatsiro kuCuba Yemahara', ndege yemauto yeC-130 Commando Solo yakapihwa zvachose kuitira kutapurira zvirongwa zviripo zveRadio neTV MartÃ, zvakagadzirirwa kukurudzira zvisiri pamutemo. kutamira kuU.SA. (4) Zano reWashington rakajeka uye rinotevera nzira ine musoro. Chekutanga, kubuda kutsva kwezvirango zvehupfumi kunounza matambudziko akakura kune vanhu vekuCuba pachitsuwa ichi, avo vanongobvumidzwa kuwana mari shoma kubva kuhama dzavo dzinogara muUSA. (5) Zvichitevera izvi, huwandu hwemavhiza hwakapihwa neChikamu cheNorth America Zvido muHavana kune avo vanotarisira kutama zviri pamutemo hwakaderedzwa zvakanyanya, mukutyora chibvumirano che1994 chakasainwa naPresident Bill Clinton, chinobvumira kupihwa 20 000 visa gore negore. (6) Chekupedzisira, zvirongwa zveRadio neTV Martà zviri kukurudzira kutama zvisiri pamutemo kuburikidza nekudaidza Cuban Adjustment Act ya1966, iyo inobvumira otomatiki kodzero yekugara zvachose kune wese Cuba anosvika ivhu reUS. (7)
Kusiyana nekuonekwa, chirongwa ichi chiri kure nekusanzwisisika. Muchokwadi, pamusoro peparaganda inogona kupihwa nekutama kwehupfumi zvisiri pamutemo - izvo pepanhau repasirese richakurumidza kutsanangura nekuzvikudza kukuru se 'kutiza kubva kuhutongi hwehudzvanyiriri kuenda kurusununguko' - zano iri rakanangwa kutungamira mukupindira kwepfuti. yemauto eUS muCuba. Washington yakatyisidzira Cuba zviri pachena kuti ichatsiva mauto kana paine kuyerera kutsva kwevanotamira kuUSA. Mutevedzeri weMunyori weNyika kuDhipatimendi reAmerican Affairs, Roger Noriega, akaberekerwa kuCuba uye ari padyo neakanyanya uye akanyanya-anochengetedza kurudyi-bapiro muFlorida, akataura zvinotevera: 'Takatoudza hurumende yeCuba kuti USA ichafunga. chero kuedza kunyengedza kana kumutsa kutama kukuru kuenda kumahombekombe edu sekutyisidzira kuchengetedzwa kwenyika yavo. '
Sarudzo inogoneka yaJohn Kerry kumutungamiri wenyika, kunyangwe kubuda kwehunyambiri uye nzira yehutongi hweBush, ingadai isina kuunza shanduko huru mugwaro reWashington rekuenda kuCuba iro, chero zvakadaro, rinongoratidza kuenderera kwemudzvanyiriri. nzira inodzokera kumashure anopfuura mazana maviri emakore. Kutaura zvazviri, VaKerry, vakatorwa nekutsvaga kwavo musarudzo, vakashora hurumende yeHavana iyo, semaonero avo, inoumba 'chipingamupinyi chikuru mukukunda kwedemokrasi' muLatin America. VaKerry havana kunyanya kukanganisa, kana tikazvinetsa nekuturikira mashoko ataurwa pamusoro tichidzokera muna 1959. Kutaura zvazviri, Cuba inoumba 'chipingamupinyi chikuru' '¦ kune US hegemony mukondinendi. Uye izvi zvinoramba zvisingagamuchirwi neWashington. (9)
Zvichakadaro, vatsigiri veCuba vakaita saVaJoe Garcia, avo vaimbove mukuru mukuru weCuban-American National Foundation (CANF), havana kuzeza kupinda mukamba yeDemocratic Alliance kuitira kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti kana Kerry akasarudzwa, acharamba akavimbika mitemo yehasha uye yekupindira iri kushanda iko zvino kurwisa Cuba. VaGarcia, avo vanga vabuda pachena vachipikisa matanho achangobva kuziviswa nedzinza rekwaBush, inhengo yeDemocratic Party, umo vari kukurudzira kuti zvirango zvakatemerwa vanhu vekuCuba zvirambe zviripo. (10)
CANF yakapa pachena tsigiro yayo kune aimbove director wayo, saka Jorge Mas Santos, mutungamiri weCANF, akabvuma kuti uyu inyaya yezano: 'Hatidi kusara kweDemocratic Party kutungamira hurongwa hweCuba. kana kufunga pamusoro peCuba. Zvakakosha kuchengetedza mabhesi ose akavharwa nokuti hatizivi kuti ndiani achakunda munaNovember uye hatigoni kuva vasina hanya nekuisa mugumo weCuba mumaoko emunhu mumwe chete kana bato rimwe chete.' (11)
Kana ari Secretary of State Colin Powell, haana kusarira kumashure. Sekureva kwake, Castro (iyo muUS yezvematongerwo enyika-diplomacy mutauro yakaenzana ne 'Cuban Revolution') 'haana kumbomira kuve dambudziko' kuAmerican hemisphere. (12) Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakatopomera hurumende yeCuba yekukonzera kupandukira muColumbia neVenezuela nekutaura nezve ' kuvapo kwevanoverengeka vevashandi veCuba' munyika yaHugo Chavez. Mutauriri waVaPowell, Richard Boucher, zviri pachena kuti akakundikana kutaura kuti vashandi vari kutaurwa vakaumbwa zvachose navanachiremba nevadzidzisi vaishanda munzvimbo dzine urombo zvikuru munyika yambotaurwa. Sezviri pachena, chero zvichabuda musarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika, mhirizhonga yeWashington kuCuba ndiyo ichagara iri danho guru rehukama pakati penyika mbiri idzi. (13)
Hondo iri kuitwa nehutungamiriri hweUS yekurwisana neveCuba zvakare ndeyehungwaru. Muchokwadi, chero zvinyorwa zvedzidzo, zvesainzi uye zvetsika uye zvidzidzo zvakaitwa muCuba zvinongoiswa pane dema-rondedzero uye zvinorambidzwa muUSA, nekuti zvinowira mukati mehurongwa hwezvirango zvehupfumi. Ichi chikamu chinofuratirwa zvachose nenhau dzepasirese iyo, kune rumwe rutivi, haimbokundikane kushora 'kufunga monopoly' muchitsuwa cheCuban. Boka revanyori nevatsikisi vekuUS, vanoda kuburitsa mabhuku avo akange anyorwa kuCuba, vatanga matare edzimhosva vachipikisa Bazi reHurumende nezvekushandiswa kwematanho aya, asi pasina kana mukana wakakura wekubudirira. 'Hakufanirwe kuve nekurambidzwa pamazano', Janet Francendense, director weTemple University Press, akadaro panyaya iyi.(14)
Mapoka akati wandei anotsikisa akadai seAssociation of American Publishers/Professional/ Scholarly Publishing Division (AAP/PSP), Association of American University Presses neArcade Publishing ndivo vamhan’ari mudare riri kuitika muNew York. ' USA ingatsigira sei chinzvimbo chedu sechiedza chekupanana mazano nesainzi zvakasununguka kana isu pachedu tichiongorora vanyori nekuda kwekwavanobva ? ' akabvunza Marc Brodsky, purezidhendi weAAP/PSP. (14)
Muna Gumiguru 2004, Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakaramba kupa mavhiza kune vangangoita makumi matanhatu neshanu varairidzi vekuCuba vaive vakokwa kuti vatore chikamu mumubatanidzwa wepagore weLatin-American Studies Association (LASA) wakaitwa muLas Vegas 65th-7th Gumiguru 9. Izvi zvakange zvisati zvamboitika uye zvakaratidza kuti hapana kudzoka kwakasvikwa nedzinza rekwaBush mukupokana kwavo neCuba. Kare, Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakanga ratoramba kubvumidza mavhiza kuvadzidzisi vepayunivhesiti asi kwete kuboka rose. ' Inguva yekutanga kuti izvi zviitike,' akadaro Michael Erisman, purofesa weDhipatimendi rePolitical Science paState University yeIndiana. Maitiro akaitwa neLASA kune vezvematongerwo enyika vari kutungamira haana kubudirira, kunyangwe kuunganidzwa kwechikamu chikuru chenyika dzedzidzo dzeUS uye dzimwe nhengo dzeRepublican neDemocrat dzeCongress. ' Ini ndinofunga ichi isarudzo inotyisa zvakanyanya', akasimbisa Uva de Aragón, mutevedzeri wemukuru weInstitute for Cuban Studies paFlorida International University (FIU). 'Kurambidza kusangana nevarairidzi vekuCuba, mumamiriro ezvinhu aya ezvidzidzo, hakukurudzire kuchinjana kwemazano akakosha kuCuba' akazvidemba. (2004)
Hurumende yeUS yakapembedza danho rayo nechikonzero chekuti vashandi vepayunivhesiti vaive vashandi vehurumende yeCuba. Mutauriri weDhipatimendi reHurumende Richard Boucher akatsanangura nechiso chakatwasuka kuti vaimiririra kutyisidzira kuUSA. 'Tinofunga kuti hazvienderane nezvido zvedu,' akadaro. ' Hazvina kukodzera kuti boka iri revashandi vehurumende yeCuba - vadzidzisi vekumayunivhesiti - vauye kumusangano kuti vaparadzire bato ravo,' VaBoucher vakayambira. (17)
Sarudzo iyi ine kukosha kwemukati muhurongwa hwekukanganisa nzanga yeCuba. Muchokwadi, kushambadza uye kushambadzira kwenhema kwakatangwa neWashington neCuba yakanyanyisa kurudyi muFlorida haizive miganhu uye inofambiswa mune zvechitendero nevezvenhau vemarudzi akawanda. Zviri nyore kuti zviremera zveUS zvichengetedze huwandu hwavo hwakanamira mumhute yepfungwa iyi, izvo zvinovatendera kuti vabvumidze kushungurudza kwavo vanhu vekuCuba zviri pamutemo. Kudyidzana kwese pakati pemarudzi maviri aya kunokuvadza munhu weumambo, uyo, kuti abudirire, anofanirwa kuchengetedza pfungwa dzeruzhinji rweUS mukusaziva kuzere pazvinhu zvine chekuita nemamiriro eCuba. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei vagari vemuUS vasina kodzero yekushanyira Cuba, zvinopesana nebumbiro remitemo yenyika yavo, nekutya kutongwa nekutongerwa kugara mujeri kwemakore gumi. Vashandi veyunivhesiti yeCuba vakaisa panjodzi yekuratidzira maitiro ehutongi hweBush, nekudaro kuramba uku.
Mishandirapamwe isina kunaka yenhau dzenhau dzakatangwa kurwisa Cuba dzine kurwiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwavanogona. Imwe yemhosva dzakapihwa neWashington yaisanganisira kutsanangura chitsuwa ichi senzvimbo ine njodzi yekuwandisa kwezvombo zvebhaibheri. Zvakadaro, ongororo yakaitwa muCuba nenyanzvi kubva kuWashington-based Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) yakagumisa kuti kupomerwa kwevakuru veUS hakuna hwaro. Pakanga pasina kana humbowo humwechete hwekusimbisa mhosva iyi, akadaro John Tucker, muongorori weCNS. (18)
Indasitiri ye dissidence, yakagadzwa neWashington uye naJames Cason, mukuru weHavana Section yeNorth American Interests, yakaratidza zvakajeka zvisingakwanisi. Zvakadaro, mapoka e'vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu', sekutsanangura kunoita vezvenhau vepasi rose avo, nemadhora echibhakera, vasingazeze kuisa hupenyu hwevamwe vavo mungozi uye hutongi hwenyika yavo, vari kubvarura. mumwe nomumwe ari oga. Elizardo San Pedro MarÃn, 'anopesana', akapomedzerwa nevamwe vake mubhizinesi rimwechete rekuva mumiriri anobhadharwa wehurumende yeCuba. Kubatana kwake nesangano remagandanga Alpha 66, ane mutungamiriri Andres Nazario Sargen akafa musi wa 6 Gumiguru 2004 pazera re88 (19) haana kutadzisa vamwe vake kutanga diatribes kwaari. (20)
Zvikonzero zvekunyomba uku kuri kukanganisa ' professional dissidents' zvichida zvinobva mudambudziko rekugovanisa mari dzakatambirwa kubva kunze kwenyika. Kutaura zvazviri, 'nhengo dzemasangano akazvimirira' dzakanyunyuta kuti hadzisati dzawana mubairo wavakavimbiswa pamabasa avo, uye vakapomera vamwe vavo kuti havana kugovera mari dzakaunganidzwa nenzira yakaenzana.
Kudonha kusingafadzi kwemutungamiri weCuba, Fidel Castro panguva yemhemberero paSanta Clara chaive chinhu chinoshamisa uye chisati chamboitika chenhau. Mifananidzo yakatenderera pasirese uye nzizi dzeinki dzakayerera mumahofisi ekunyora emapepanhau makuru epasi rese kwemazuva akati wandei. Paiva nemufaro mukuru uye usina musoro, wakashongedzwa nefungidziro iyo yakanga yakapararira sezvayakanga iri yekufungidzira. (21) Panguva imwecheteyo, Washington yakaramba kubvumira kambani yeDutch, Intervet, kutengesa jekiseni rakakosha muhondo yekurwisa cancer kune vanorwara neCuba kubva kuchirwere ichi, nekuti mushonga uyu waive ne10% yeantigene inogadzirwa muUSA. Hapana kana shoko reizvi rakashumwa mumapepanhau enyika dzakawanda. Chokwadi ichi chinoratidza kudzikira kwerusununguko rwepfungwa uye kukanganiswa kwetsika kwakasvikwa nechaunga chekumadokero, muzera umo kutsoropodza kwakasimudzwa kune chimiro chehunhu. (22)
Notes
1 Salim Lamrani, 'Hondo yePropaganda Kurwisa Cuba: Musangano wePrague', ZNet, 9 Mbudzi 2004. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=54&ItemID=6612 (saiti yakaongororwa 10 Mbudzi 2004).
2 Wilfredo Cancio Isla, ' Fuerte impacto de las medidas de Bush en los viajes a Cuba ', El Nuevo Herald, 4 Gumiguru 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9828423.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 5 Gumiguru 2004).
3 Wilfredo Cancio Isla, ' Demora en permiso empide a madre ver a su hija moribunda en Cuba ', 4th October 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9828333.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 5 Gumiguru 2004).
4 Colin L. Powell, Komisheni Yerubatsiro kuCuba Yakasununguka, (Washington : United States Department of State, Chivabvu 2004). www.state.gov/documents/organization/32334.pdf (saiti yakabvunzwa 7th Chivabvu 2004).
5 Ibid.
6 Felipe Perez Roque, Nous ne comptons pas renoncer à notre souverainete, Conference de presse offerte par le ministre des Relations exterieures de la Republique de Cuba le 9 avril 2003 (La Havane : Editora PolÃtica, 2003-20), pp.
7 Dhipatimendi reHurumende 'Cuban Adjustment Act', Public Law 89-732, 2 novembre 1966, Hofisi yeCuban Affairs, Bureau yeWestern Hemisphere. www.usembassy.state.gov/havana/wwwhact.html (saiti yakabvunzwa ne28 Ndira 2003).
8 Pablo Alfonso, ' Washington advierte a Cuba que no tolerara nueva ola de balseros ', El Nuevo Herald, 2nd Gumiguru 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9814351.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 2nd Gumiguru 2004).
9 El Nuevo Herald, 'Kerry ataca aCastro y anopindura Powell', 7 Gumiguru 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9853176.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 7 Gumiguru 2004).
10 Karl Ross, 'Kudzingwa: Mutungamiri Bush Vatadza Kuunza Democracy kuCuba', The Miami Herald, 22nd Gunyana 2004. www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/cuba/9729520.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 25 Gunyana 2004).
11 Cuban American National Foundation, ' Executive Director weCANF Anosiya Kujoina maDemocrats ', Gunyana 2004. www.canf.org/2004/principal-ingles.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 25 Gunyana 2004).
12 El Nuevo Herald, ' Preocupa a Washington papel de Castro en Venezuela neColombia ', Gumiguru 10, 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/98804440.htm (saiti consulter 11 Gumiguru 2004).
13 Warren P. Strobel, ' Castro Ichiri Dambudziko, Powell Anoti ', The Miami Herald, Gumiguru 8, 2004. www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/cuba/9864385.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 25 Gunyana 2004).
14 Christina Hoag, ' Musoro weSuit : Kurambidzwa Kwemabhuku eCuba ', The Miami Herald, 28th Gunyana 2004. www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/cuba/9775614.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 29 Gunyana 2004).
15 Christina Hoag, ' Quieren levantar el embargo sobre libros cubanos ', El Nuevo Herald, 28 Gunyana 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9775614.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 29 Gunyana 2004).
16 Pablo Alfonso, 'Niegan las visas a 64 academicos cubanos', El Nuevo Herald, 30 Gunyana 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9793751.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 30t hSeptember 2004).
17 El Nuevo Herald, 'Firme Washington en su negativa de visas', 8 Gumiguru 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9862970.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 30 Gunyana 2004).
18 Nancy San Martin, ' Hapana Humbowo Cuba Ichishanda paBioweapons, Nyanzvi Inoti ', The Miami Herald, 22nd Gumiguru 2004. www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/cuba/9982994.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 23rd Gumiguru 2004).
19 Elaine de Valle, 'Anti-Castro Boka Mutungamiri Anofa', The Miami Herald, 8 Gumiguru 2004. www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/cuba/9982994.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 9 Gumiguru 2004).
20 Wilfredo Cancio Isla, ' Afirman que disidente es un espÃa castrista ', El Nuevo Herald, 29 Gunyana 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/9784462.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 30 Gunyana 2004).
21 Mary Jordan, ' Castro Falls, asi Anoti 'Ari muChipande Chimwe' ', The Washington Post, 22nd Gumiguru 2004 : A16.
22 Granma Internacional, ' Estados Unidos impide la venta de vacunas a Cuba ', 12 Gumiguru 2004. www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/octubre/mar12/42venta-e.html (saiti yakabvunzwa 13 Gumiguru 2004).
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