Kunobva: NACLA
Tmakore matatu mushure mehurumende yeMutungamiri Daniel Ortega nemukadzi wake, Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri Rosario Murillo, akadzvinyirira nechisimba kumukira kukuru kwakakurumbira iyo yakauraya mazana akati wandei uye yakaendesa makumi ezviuru ehupoteri, Nicaragua yakambopokana kugadzira misoro yenhau dzepasi rose sezvo nyika iri kunyura mudambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika pamberi pesarudzo dzemusi wa7 Mbudzi. Mumwedzi ichangopfuura, hurumende yakaita kusungwa uye kubatwa pasina mhosva Vakwikwidzi vanomwe vanopikisa mutungamiri wenyika uye gumi nevaviri vamwe vatungamiriri vanopikisa pasi pemitemo yakashata yenyika yakatemerwa kutanga kwa2021 iyo yakamisa habeas corpus. Avo vakasungwa kana kumanikidzwa pasi pevhu kana kutapwa kubva pakatanga kukoromoka kunosanganisira vatungamiriri vakati wandei vezvechimurenga, pakati pavo vatungamiriri vehondo dzemagandanga Dora Marรญa Tรฉllez naHugo Torres. Vaviri vakapinda muhondo ye1978 paNational Palace iyo yakamanikidza hudzvanyiriri hweSomoza kusunungura vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika makumi matanhatu, uye Torres akapindawo mukurwiswa kwebato reKisimusi kwa60 kwakamanikidza Somoza kuburitsa Daniel Ortega mutirongo.
Kana shanduko yema1980 inotungamirwa neSandinista National Liberation Front (FLSN) yakakurudzira kufambira mberi pasirese, dambudziko iri rave kuunza kutsemuka kwakadzika mukati meUS nepasirese Kuruboshwe. Sezvazvakaita mushure mekuratidzira kwa2018, zvikamu zvakakosha zveKuruboshwe zvinoramba zvichisimbirira kuti Nicaragua iri kusangana neshanduko itsva pasi pehutungamiriri hwaOrtega-Murillo uye kuti United States yakatsunga kupidigura hutongi. Aya maakaunti anonongedzera kumapurogiramu ezvemagariro akaunzwa neOrtega paakangotangazve simba mu2007 uye kuUS mari kune akati wandei emasangano eNicaragua akabatana neanopikisa Sandinista.
Chii Chasara muNicaragua?
RKupindira kusingaverengeki kweUnited States muma1980, kusanganisira kurwisa kwemauto, kurambidzwa kwehupfumi, uye kupindira mune zvematongerwo enyika kwakazoita kuti vaSandinista vavhoterwe kubva pachigaro muna 1990. orientation, uye strategy. VeSandinista grassroots vakaita kuramba kwakasimba mukutanga 1990s kuchirongwa cheneoliberal chakaisirwa nyika neUnited States uye masangano ezvemari epasi rose akabatana nekirasi yecapitalist uye vezvematongerwo enyika vanochengetedza. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvisinei, imwe nyanzvi itsva yeSandinista yakaitawo kuoneka kwayo pakati paavo vakanga vawana zvivako zvakakura mukati mokuchinja kwehurumende ya1990 nokuzviitira ivo vameneโmuinozivikanwa muNicaragua seโpiรฑataโโzvinhu zvehurumende, pfuma yehurumende. , uye zviwanikwa zvebato reSandinista zvakaumba mubatanidzwa wenyika dzechimurenga.
Sezvo ma1990 akafambira mberi, varidzi vedzimba vatsva veSandinista nemabhizinesi akatanga kuumba hukama hwezvido zvekirasi uye kubatana nemabhunu echinyakare. Mumakore gumi ese aya neanotevera, mazana evatungamiriri veSandinista venhoroondo, pamwe nezviuru zvenhengo dzebato, vakasiya kana kumanikidzwa kubuda muFSLN sezvo bato reOrtega rakawana hutongi hwesimbi pamusoro pemakina ebato uye kudzvanyirira kuyedza kwese kugadziridza. ita democratise bato. Izvi zvakaderedza FSLN kuita goko renhoroondo yebato. Vatsva veSandinista vepamusoro zvishoma nezvishoma vakatama kubva pakutungamira makirasi ane mukurumbira mukuramba kwavo chirongwa cheneoliberal chekuvakazve capitalist kuenda pakushandisa masimba ebato ari kudzikira kuti ave nemakirasi aya nekudzora kuunganidza kwavo.
Ortega aratidza kuve ane hungwaru pakushandisa mutauro unonzwika uye anti-imperialist rhetoric kurova reflexive chord yerutsigiro pakati penyika Kuruboshwe.
Zvakadaro hutungamiriri hweFSLN hwakaramba huchizviita zviri pamutemo nehurukuro yechimurenga isingaenderane nechero chirongwa chezvematongerwo enyika kana maitiro kunze kwekufambisira mberi zvido zveboka rayo uye kuwana nzvimbo pakati peboka rine simba muhurongwa hutsva hwezvematongerwo enyika. Ortega aratidza kuve ane hungwaru pakushandisa mutauro unonzwika uye anti-imperialist rhetoric kurova reflexive chord yerutsigiro pakati penyika Kuruboshwe. Asi zvakaoma kuona kuti chii kana paine chingakodzera hurumende serevolutionary kana socialist. Ortega akadzokera pachigaro muna 2007 kuburikidza nechibvumirano nevechinyakare-bapiro rekurudyi oligarchy, avo vaimbove nhengo dzehondo yekupikisa (inozivikanwa se contras), uye hutungamiri hweChechi yeKaturike nemapoka eEvangelical. Achivimbisa ruremekedzo rwakakwana rwezvivakwa zvepachivande uye rusununguko rusina kuganhurirwa rwemari, akabva aenderera mberi nekutonga pamwe nekirasi ye capitalist, yakarongeka muSuperior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP), kudzamara iyo yekupedzisira yatyora naOrtega mushure mekuratidzira kwa2018.
Mushure mekupindazve muhofisi, hurumende yakagadzirisazve hutano nehurongwa hwedzidzo, yakawedzera kushandiswa kwemari munharaunda, kuisa mari muzvivakwa, uye yakaunza mamwe mapurojekiti ehutano (achazoitwa kuburikidza neFSLN patronage network). Aya mapurogiramu ezvemagariro evanhu aigamuchirwa uye zvakakosha zvakawanikwa kumakirasi ane mukurumbira mushure memakore ekushambadzira kusingaregi uye kuomesesa. Asi vakadaro kwete kushandura yakakosha neoliberal modhi zvakaiswa nehurumende nhatu dzakatangira Ortega kudzoka pachigaro. Kusiyana neizvi, Ortega-Murillo akadzivirira zvakasimba uye nechisimba hukama hwekirasi uye pfuma, achigamuchira rumbidzo kubva kuInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) neWorld Bank nekuda kwepro-capitalist, pro-transnational corporate policy, pamwe nekurumbidzwa kubva kuUnited. Nyika nekubatana kwayo neUS Southern Command, Drug Enforcement Agency, uye US mitemo yekubuda kwevanhu munyika.
Zvichakadaro, mubatanidzwa wemukati mehurumende wakazvipfumisa kuburikidza nekupambwa kwezviwanikwa zvehurumende, kunyanya kuburikidza nehutongi hwayo. kutonga pamusoro peAlbanisa, mubatanidzwa wezvemari neoiri usina kujeka wakavambwa nemabhiriyoni emadhora murubatsiro rweVenezuela. Vana vasere veOrtega-Murillo vanoshanda sevapi vemazano kumutungamiri wenyika, pachedu kana kutonga humambo hwepachivande uye sezvinooneka veruzhinji terevhizheni, redhiyo, uye internet nhau, kutonga mari yekudyara veruzhinji, uye mhanyisa network yemabhizinesi emhuri.
Zviratidzo zvemagariro zvakavandudzwa mumakore ekutanga ekudzoka kwaOrtega kusimba, chero bedzi mitengo yezvinhu yakakwira, kuwanda kwekudyara kwekunze kwakaenderera mberi, zvikwereti zvepasirese zvakaramba zvichiwanda, uye spigot yemabhiriyoni akati wandei emadhora muVenezuelan petro-dollar subsidy yakaramba yakavhurika. Zvisineyi, zvakaoma kuwana humbowo hwakazvimirira hwechikumbiro chehurumende, chinotsinhirwa nevatsigiri vayo kunze kwenyika, chekuti hurombo hwagurwa nepakati. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti zvakajairika tsime re data iyi iWorld Bank, uyezve Bhanga rinovimba nedata rehurumende yeNicaragua. Maakaundi anoshuma kuvandudzwa kunoshamisa kwemararamiro, akadai imwe yakapihwa nepro-Ortega Kanzuru yeHemispheric Affairs muWashington, DC, ingave ichivimba chete nezvikumbiro zvehurumende yeNicaragua, kana kusangopa masosi edata rakadaro zvachose.
Sangano reManagua-based independent research Institute reInternational Foundation for the Global Economic Challenge (FIDEG) rakaita ongororo dzepagore dzemhuri kubva muna 2009. Ongororo idzi dzinotorwa nevanoongorora hurombo sewongororo yakavimbika yehuwandu hwehurombo kupfuura GDP-per capita nemamwe marudzi ehurombo. aggregate data. Maererano ne 2020 FIDEG mushumo, urombo hwakaderera zvishoma, kubva ku44.8 muzana muna 2009 kusvika ku39.0 muzana yehuwandu hwevanhu muna 2014. Asi ipapo huwandu hwehurombo hwakatanga kukwira muna 2015-makore matatu pamberi pedambudziko ra2018 iro hurumende inoti ndiyo inokonzera kuwedzera kwehurombo-kusvika pedyo. 45 muzana yehuwandu hwevanhu panosvika 2019 uye zvakanyanya kudzima zvakapfava zvakanyoreswa mumakore ekutanga ehurumende yeOrtega-Murillo.
Bonanza yeTransnational Capital
Thutongi hwake hahusati hwagadzira chero yezvirongwa zvinowanzobatanidzwa nehurongwa hwesocialist. Mumaruwa, chikamu chezvekurima chinotungamirwa nekutengeserana kwenyika dzepasi rose. Mumakore ekutanga ekudzoka kwayo kusimba, hurumende yeSandinista yakapa rutsigiro rushoma kuchikamu chevarimi kuburikidza nemhando yevatengi yemapepa. Asi nyaya yekuvandudzwa kweminda yakanga isiri pahurongwa. Pane kudaro, capitalist development strategy yakaisa pasi vevarimi kune agribusiness sector. Varimi vakadzingwa vakakurudzirwa kuti vasundire mukati uye vatore izvo zvakasara zvemuganhu wekurima murutivi rushoma rwekumabvazuva rwenyika. Mukati mebudiriro yecapitalist muLatin America iyi ndiyo nzira inozivikanwa yekuunganidza mari yekumaruwa. Pakazosvika pakati pe2010s, koloni yevatorwa yakawedzera kupinda munharaunda yeAtlantic, uko vanhu veIndigenous neAfro-dzinza vakaungana, vachipindira nekutyora nyika dzenharaunda, vachikanganisa kuzvitonga kwenzvimbo, uye kukonzeresa kurwisana kwemadzinza kwakakonzera kuuraya kwakawanda uye. kutamiswa kwevanhu ava.
Kubhanga, kurima, maindasitiri, kutengesa kunze kwenyika, uye kutengesa kunze kwenyika zvese zvinodzorwa nekongiresi dzemuno nedzepasi rose; Chikamu che96 percent chemidziyo yenyika iri mumaoko emasangano akazvimirira oga. Iko hakuna mari inodzora, hapana inofambira mberi mutero marongero (kusiyana, mitemo yemutero inodzoreredza), uye hapana kushivirira kwekuzvimiririra kuunganidza nezvikamu zvakakurumbira. Hurumende yagara ichiendesa mauto, mapurisa nemauto ku dzvinyirira nechisimba misangano iyi pazvinenge zvaitika, kusanganisira kuedza kwevashandi vepamaquiladora sweatshop kuti vaumbe masangano akazvimirira uye kurwira kukwidzwa kwemihoro, nevarimi vachiramba hurongwa hwakashata hwekuvaka mugero munyika yose, uye nevashandi vemigodhi nevaratidziri venharaunda vachiratidzira kutsutsumwa kubvumidzwa kumigodhi yepasi rose. makambani uye mitemo yebudiriro inokuvadza nharaunda.
Zvichakadaro, marisiti emitero yemakambani yakaderera kubva 2010 zvichienda mberi. Aya maresiti emutero emakambani echipiri akaderera muCentral America, mushure meEl Salvador, maererano neWorld Bank data. Kukurudzira kwekudyara kwakawanda uye kubvumidzwa kumakambani ekunze kunosanganisira 10-gore kuyambuka-iyo-bhodhi. mazororo emutero. Mutemo 480 wakabvumidza Nicaragua Canal Development Project yakapa Hong-Kong kambani. "zvibvumirano zvega [izvo] zvichagara kwemakore makumi mashanu kubva pakutanga kwekushanda" uye inogona kuwedzerwa kwemamwe makore 50. Nicaragua yakava nzvimbo yekutandarira mari yepasirese nekuti hurumende yakagadzira mamiriro akanakira bonanza yekambani, kusanganisira kumisa chirango chevashandi mukati uye kugadzikana, uye mubairo wakaderera muLatin America yese kunze kweCuba. Panyaya iyi, iyo Ortega-Murillo modhi yakada kufanana neiyo tripartite corporativism yakagadzirwa nePartido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) iyo yakatonga Mexico kwenguva refu. Mumuenzaniso uyu, masangano evatengi anokwevera muzvikamu kubva kumakirasi ane mukurumbira ukuwo hutungamiriri hwemubatanidzwa wevashandi, masangano evarimi, uye masangano enharaunda anobatanidzwa mumidziyo inotonga uye anoita kudzora zvakasimba chero kuunganidza kwakazvimiririra kubva pasi.
Muenzaniso wakashanda muNicaragua kusvika dambudziko rehupfumi rasvika muna 2014 zvichienda mberi. Dambudziko rinofanira kuiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu e kupokana kwekusimudzira capitalist muLatin America uye pasi rese munguva ino yekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose. Pamwe chete nedzimwe dzose dzeLatin Americaโpasi pehurumende dzeKuruboshwe neKurudyi zvakafananaโNicaragua yakawana kubva kuma1990 kusvika muhafu yechipiri yemakore a2010 kuwedzera kukuru kwekudyara kwemakambani emuno neekunze mumabasa emigodhi, kutema miti, bhizimusi rekurima, kushanya, uye maquiladora. kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri. Sezvo matambudziko ehupfumi achikwira uye kukura kwakadzikira kutanga pakati pemakore a2010, hurumende yakasvika zvibvumirano nemasangano ezvemari epasi rose kuti awedzere matanho ehuori, imwe yacho - kuderedzwa kwepenjeni uye kuwedzera kwemipiro yepenjeni nevashandi nevashandirwi - yaive iyo. spark iyo yakatanga kukonzeresa kuratidzira kwaApril 2018.
Part II yekuongorora kwezvikamu zviviri uku inotarisa chirevo chekuti United States iri kuyedza kupidigura hutongi hweOrtega-Murillo..
William I. Robinson ndiye Purofesa Anoremekedzwa weSociology, Global, uye Latin America Studies paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia kuSanta Barbara. Akashanda muManagua neNicaragua News Agency uye Nicaragua Foreign Ministry muma1980s uye aive akabatana neCentral American University muManagua kusvika 2001.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta