Kwakabva: Foreign Policy in Focus
Mwedzi wekutanga wemutungamiri wenyika yeBiden yaive nhanho yemamiriro ekunze, ichitsvaira pachena kusatendeseka kwehutongi hwaTrump.
Mushure mekupinda zvakare muChibvumirano cheParis uye nekukanzura iyo Keystone XL pombi paZuva 1, Mutungamiri Biden vakakurumidza kuburitsa hurongwa hwemitemo ine chekuita nemamiriro ekunze kukumbira masangano ese kuti aone mamiriro ekunze pabasa ravo. Chepamusoro pakati pazvo chaive chirevo che "pakati pedambudziko remamiriro ekunze muUS mutemo wekunze uye chengetedzo yenyika."
Sechikamu chehurongwa uhu, vakuru vakuru kubva kune anopfuura gumi nemaviri masangano ehungwaru, kusanganisira CIA, vachagadzira National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) mumwedzi mina inotevera pamusoro pezvakakanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze munyika nehupfumi, mwero wepamusoro wekuongorora nyaya dzakatariswa senjodzi huru kuUnited States. Nzira iyi aigona kuvhura zviwanikwa zvakawanda kubva kune mamwe masangano kana njodzi huru dzikaonekwa.
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, mune chero pfungwa ine musoro yeshoko, inyaya yekuchengetedzwa. Usatarise kure kupfuura Texas, uko kupera kwemagetsi kuri kukanganisa nyika parizvino pakati pe kutonhora kukuru, kuenda mamiriyoni asina kupisa uye magetsi mumamiriro ekunze anotonhora.
Zvakadaro, pfungwa yekuti kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunofanirwa kutorwa zvakanyanya segwaro rekune dzimwe nyika kana nyaya ye "kuchengetedzwa kwenyika" itsva kuU.S. instream.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura sa2015, vezvenhau vezvematongerwo enyika vakabata panguva iyoyo-mutungamiri wenyika Bernie Sanders zvishoma zvisina musoro nokuti kutaura kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze ndiko kwakanga kuri tyisidziro huru kuchengeteko yenyika. Asi mushure memakore mana efossil-fueled kudzokera kumashure pasi paTrump uye kuchinja kunoshamisa mukati maonero everuzhinji nezve alarm nezve kukanganiswa kwemamiriro ekunze, kuronga mamiriro ekunze sechinhu chinotyisa iko zvino hwava huchenjeri hwezvematongerwo enyika.
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuchakanganisa nharaunda yese, saka zvave kurebesa kukonzeresa dambudziko muzvikamu zvese zvehurongwa hwehurumende. Asi zvakakosha kubvunza kuti dambudziko remamiriro ekunze riri kubatanidzwa muchinangwa chemasangano akasiyana.
Zvakanyanya kukosha, rudzii rwe "chengetedzo" inonyanya kukosha kurwisana nedambudziko remamiriro ekunze: kuchengetedzwa pamwe chete, izvo zvinokurudzira kushanda pamwe chete kutyisidzirwa nenyika? Kana kuti mafungiro enhare anotsanangura vamwe sekutyisidzira, kutongwa kana kutobviswa?
Pasina hurongwa hwakajeka hwekubatsira vanhu hwekuti dambudziko remamiriro ekunze rinofanira kugadzirisa sei mutemo wekunze, kurigadzira zvishoma maererano ne "kuchengetedzwa kwenyika" kusimbaradza maitiro eAmerica echiuto kune dzimwe nyika. Izvi zvinosimudza njodzi yehondo yakawandisa uye kusagadzikana kana zvichinyanya kukurumidza kuvaka kushandira pamwe nekubatana kwepasirese kunoda kusvibirisa hupfumi hwepasi rose kuti vararame pamwe chete.
Chiratidzo Chinotyisa
Saka ndedzipi mhando dzemhedziso dzinogona kuwanikwa neNIE? Mabhuku akawanda kubva kubazi rekuchengetedzwa kweU.S. anopa mazano asingagadzike.
Pentagon vanoronga vanga vachiratidzira dambudziko remamiriro ekunze sekutyisidzira kwekuchengetedzwa kwenyika sekare kare 2003. Asi panzvimbo pekusimbisa kukosha kwekumhanyisa shanduko yegirinhi, mishumo yavo inowanzoregedzerwa kune…igwa rokununura pfuti” kusvika kupasi rinopisa zvisingadzivisiki. Vanodaidza kusimbaradza mabhesi emauto, kugadzirira hondo, kuvharira muganhu, uye kunyange kushandisa nzira dzekupikisa kurwisa vanhuwo zvavo kuti ive nemhirizhonga munharaunda.
Mishumo ichangoburwa yanga ichinyatso jekeswa nezve huwandu hwakawanda hwezvishandiso zvemauto zvinodikanwa, uye mamiriro ezvingango shandiswa.
A 2019 kuongororwa neArmy War College inoyambira kuti mauto eUS "haana kugadzirira zvisina kugadzirira" dambudziko remamiriro ekunze riri kuwedzera, richironga nzvimbo dzemangwana dzemakakatanwa enyika uye nguva itsva yehondo isingaperi. Sezvineiwo, mhinduro dzakarongwa dzinowedzera mari yekugadzirira kurwisa mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoitika.
Chirevo ichi chinosimudzawo mukana wekuwedzera mauto emudzimba mukati meUS kubata nenjodzi dzine chekuita nemamiriro ekunze senge denda, kushomeka kwechikafu, uye kunyange kudzimwa kwegedhi remagetsi — a mamiriro akafanana nezvatiri kuona kuTexas. Mukushaikwa kwemabasa ehurumende akasimba ekupindura kumatambudziko akadai, gavhuna akadaro kuendesa mauto eNational Guard.
Projecting kubva ku Hondo yevagari veSyria, uko kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakakonzerwa nekusanaya kwemvura kukuru, vanoongorora vanosimbisa Bangladesh sechiitiko chakaipisisa chekuwedzera kunetsana kweSyria uye kupindira kwemauto eU.S. Vanopfuura miriyoni 160 vekuBangladesh, vazhinji vavo vanogara pedyo negungwa, vari panjodzi huru yekukanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze uye kutamiswa.
Chirevo ichi chinopa kuti Mauto eUS ape dzidziso yemauto kuBangladesh, yatove ane mauto zvakanyanya kutongwa kwehurumende a hondo ine utsinye yezvinodhaka pakati pekusaenzana kwakanyanya. Vaongorori vanoenderera mberi vachiona kuti vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni mazana matanhatu vanogara pagungwa pasi rose, zvichireva kuti mamwe matunhu akawanda anogona kukoka kupindira kwemauto, kunyanya uko mauto eUS aripo.
Imwe scenario inoburitsa tarisiro ye kurwisa Arctic pakati pekunyungudika kuri kukurumidza kunyunguduka maaizi echando, senge kudzivirira Russia ichangobva kusimudzira — kushupika kwenguva refu kwe“vatambi vehondo” vachishushikana kuti Russia yakagadzirira "kukunda" dambudziko remamiriro ekunze. The American Security Project, tangi rekufunga rine bhodhi rinosanganisira "nhumwa yemamiriro ekunze" yeBiden John Kerry, inodoma dambudziko rekuchengetedza kwekunyungudika kweArctic pakati payo. zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha yehutongi hweBiden, vachisimbisa kukosha kwekuratidza vanobatana navo kuti "US inoreva bhizinesi muArctic."
Izvi zvinogona kuzova nechirevo chinotyisa chakapetwa kaviri. The 2019 Army War College report inocherekedza kuti Arctic ingangove ine chikamu chimwe chete muzvina chepasi rose pasi rose hydrocarbon reserves. Izvi zvinosimudza mukana wakashata wekuti "[kudzivirira] zvido zvehupfumi" mudunhu kungangofanana nekuwana zvimwe zviwanikwa zvemafuta ekutsva kuti zviwane pundutso - izvo zvingave nemhedzisiro yekuwedzera kuwedzera dambudziko remamiriro ekunze uye mhirizhonga munharaunda.
Kuongorora kwenguva refu kune izvi kunove kwakanyanya dystopian. Vhidhiyo inoshandiswa paJoint Special Operations University inoyambira kuti maguta makuru pasi rose — seLagos, Nigeria, kana Dhaka, Bangladesh — “zvisingadzivisiki” achava nzvimbo dzekuberekera "kutyisidzira kwakasanganiswa” iyo U.S. inofanira kugadzirira. Inopa zano rekuwedzera gadziriro itsva dzekurwisa mhirizhonga uye hondo yemumaguta kurwisa vagari vemumaguta makuru.
Kuongorora Chokwadi
Tinoda kutariswa chokwadi nechimbichimbi pane zvinofungidzirwa zviri muzviratidzo izvi zvinotyisa.
Nei kugadzirira kupindira kwemauto kuchifanira kuva mhedziso yakafanotaurwa? Wadii kusimbisa kukosha kwekudzivirira kusawirirana nekuvaka zvivakwa zvakasvibirira zvinogona kudzikisira kukanganisa kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze? Wadii kusima mari mukudyidzana kwemamiriro ekunze uye nemhinduro yerubatsiro rwepasi rose? Uye wadii kuekisesaiza zvakanyanya kutonga kwevanhuwo zvavo pazvinhu zvehondo, pane kugara uchitarisira kuti mauto apindire mumatambudziko ivo kusakwanisa kubata?
Ngatitangei nekwatiri kuisa zviwanikwa zvedu.
Kutarisana nedambudziko remagariro rinoda shanduko yakakosha yehurongwa hwedu hwehupfumi, chinhu chekupedzisira chatinoda ipembedzo yekumanikidza. mari yakawanda mubhajeti yePentagon yakatozvimba — iyo inotoshandisa inopfuura hafu yeU.S. discretionary kushandisa.
Chimwe chinhu, Pentagon ine kakawanda vakakundikana ongororo yakazara uye haisviki mwero unonzwisisika wemutoro wemari. Gore rapfuura, Pentagon yakatsauswa $1 bhiriyoni mukuyamura COVID-19 mari yaifanirwa kupa mari yezvidziviriro kuvagadziri vezvombo zvejeti zvikamu.
Uyezve, the Mauto eU.S. pachawo anosvibisa gasi regreenhouse. IUS ine pamusoro pe800 mhiri kwemakungwa mabhesi emauto, mazhinji acho ari kuwedzera panjodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Zviwanikwa zvakakura zvichange zvichitaurwa kuti zvivandudze, asi mabhesi aya atove akawandisa, anodhura kuchengetedza, uye njodzi yezvakatipoteredza. Zvakatonyanya kuipa, ivo vanowanzo jaira chengetedza zviwanikwa zveoiri chaizvo izvo zviri kukanganisa mamiriro ekunze.
Panzvimbo pekupa mari zhinji yeruzhinji, zvine musoro kutanga kuronga kuvhara akawanda emabhesi aya. Kunyange kana US yakavhara 60 muzana yezvose zvayo mabhesi emhiri kwemakungwa, ingadai ichine vanopfuura 300 vasara. (Russia, zvakasiyana, ine vanenge 21 chete.)
"Greening mauto” inogona kungosvika kure pasina kubata nezvinokonzeresa zvechiuto. Panzvimbo pekuisa tariro yezvematongerwo enyika pakuisa Pentagon se "mutambi mukuru muhondo yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze,” vezvematongerwo enyika vanofunga zviri mberi vangaita zviri nani kuti vasundire zvine hukasha mabhindauko makuru evashandi vehurumende mudzimba ayo anogadzirisa zvakakonzera dambudziko remamiriro ekunze nenzira dzinoenderana ne Green New Deal, iyo veruzhinji vanogona kukoshesa uye kubatsirwa nayo zvakananga mairi.
Tine zvekushandisa — tiri kungozvishandisa zvisizvo.
Hondo yeKutyisa yatovepo yakadyira hurumende yeUS $6.4 trillion kwemakumi maviri emakore kubva ipapo 9/11 uye rinoonekwa nevakawanda senjodzi. Mukuenzanisa, zvingada mari inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika madhora mazana mana nemazana mashanu emadhora kushandura gidhi remagetsi reUS kuenda 100 muzana simba rinogonekazve mukati memakore gumi anotevera. Chii chingatiita kuti tichengeteke?
Climate Diplomacy
Danho rinotevera rinenge riri rekugadzira simba rakasimba zvikuru repasi rose rerutsigiro rwevanhu nemamiriro ekunze.
Kare pamberi paTrump, basa guru reUnited States muhurukuro dzemamiriro ekunze pasi rose rave iro shamwari yangu Basav Sen inodaidzira "obstructionist-mukuru-mukuru.” Vatauriri veU.S akadiridza zvisungo kuderedza kubudiswa uye kuramba kubvuma mutoro yemagasi egreenhouse anobuditswa mumhepo kubva mukukura kwemazana emakore ekusimudzirwa kweindasitiri.
Iro basa rakanyenyeredzwa rinobvawo kubva kuhupfumi husingaenzaniswi hune nyika dzakaita seUS, iyo yaive yakawanda. yakabudiswa kuburikidza nekolonialism kubva kuGlobal South societies muAfrica, Latin America, neAsia idzo dzine mutoro mudiki uye zvakanyanya panjodzi yekusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze. Kana nyika dzeGlobal South dzikamanikidzwa kusimudzira nenzira yefossil-fueled yekubatanidza mune yazvino kurongeka kwehupfumi hwenyika, pasina rubatsiro rwekuvaka mapurojekiti akasvibira anovabvumira kutevera imwe nzira, ramangwana harina kujeka.
Ndosaka nyika dzakapfuma dzichida kubatsira mari yegreen energy munyika dzine urombo.
Pasi peMutungamiri Obama, US yakapa mabhiriyoni matatu emadhora kupasi rose Green Climate Fund (GCF), yakagadzirwa neUN kubatsira nyika dzine urombo kurarama nemamiriro ekunze uye kuvaka zvivakwa zvakasvibirira. Pasi paTrump, U.S. reneged pachivimbiso chishoma ichocho uye ndokubvisa tsigiro yehomwe.
Kudzoreredza kuzvipira kwenguva yaObama ndiyo yakaderera bar yehutongi hweBiden. Nhanho chaiyo yekuenda mberi ingave yekuzadzikisa kufona kwevaratidziri vemamiriro ekunze vekuUS kukwidza mari yepasi rose yemamiriro ekunze kusvika pamabhiriyoni masere emadhora, zvichiita kuti U.S. iwirirane nedzimwe nyika dzinopa mari idzo dzakapeta mipiro yadzo mumakore achangopfuura.
Ndiro raingova danho rekutanga. Chikamu chakanaka chemari yepasi rose yemamiriro ekunze kubva kuUnited States, zvichibva pachikamu chiripo cheU.S. cheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) GDP, chingazosvika $ 680 bhiriyoni - ichiri pasi pebhajeti rese remauto eUS, $740 bhiriyoni gore rino.
Vapoteri Reettlement
Kugovewa patsva kwehupfumi kwakadaro kwaizobatsira nzanga pasi rose kugadzirisa, uye pamwe kutobudirira, kuburikidza nedambudziko remamiriro ekunze. Asi kukuvadza kwakawanda kwakatoitwa, uye vanhu vazhinji vachafanira kusiya dzimba dzavo.
Kupfuurisa vanhu mamiriyoni 140 inogona kutamiswa nemamiriro ekunze mumakumi emakore ari kuuya, mazhinji acho kubva kumatunhu atoparadzwa nekupindira kwemauto anotsigirwa neUS, zvirango zvehupfumi, uye kukanganisa maitiro ekutengeserana. Uku kutama kwevanhu vakatamiswa kunowanzoonekwa sekutyisidzira kwekuzvarwa kune "chengetedzo yenyika" muUS, zvichitungamira kuenderera mberi kwechiuto uye kusimbiswa kwemuganhu kunotyisidzira chero mukana we kururamisira mutama.
Kugadzirisa kukuvadzwa kwakawanda kwakapfuura, kwazvino, uye kweramangwana kunoda kuchinjika kubva pahurongwa hwechiuto nekuchengetedza, uye kuenda kune nzira yekugadzirisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinofanirwa kusanganisira kuzvipira kupa vanhu vakatamiswa kune dzimwe nyika kodzero dzakakura dzekufamba uye kugariswa patsva.
Kubva 1980, iyo US yakapa avhareji sirin'i inopfuura 95,000 kugamuchirwa kwevapoteri pagore kusvika VaTrump, avo vakaisa zvigaro zvekugara patsva kwevapoteri pakare zvakaderera gore rega rega rehutungamiri hwavo, zvichiita kuti vapoteri 15,000 chete vagamuchirwe muFY 2021. Semumiriri, Biden akazvipira kudzoreredza chivharo kuvapoteri 125,000, vanopfuura 110,000. VaObama vanonyanya kubvumirwa kupinda 2017 muna XNUMX.
Ndiko kutanga kwakanaka. Kunyangwe nhamba dzakakwirira dziri mukati menhoroondo yenhoroondo - Sirin'i yepamusoro yeMutungamiri Ronald Reagan yaive vapoteri zviuru zana nemakumi mana. Ne zvakakwana rutsigiro rwehutungamiriri, nyika ino inogona kuzvipira kugarisa patsva vamwe vapoteri vakawanda kuti vazadzise zvinodiwa nechimbichimbi pasi rose.
Kurongeka patsva
Kuisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze pamitemo yese yekunze kwenyika uye kufunga nezve "chengetedzo" inhanho huru yekumberi kune mukuru wepasirese anodzivirira — uye zvechokwadi kuvandudzwa kubva kuna Trump. Asi dhiyabhorosi ari mune zvese.
Kuisa mutemo wedu wemamiriro ekunze pakutonga kunze kwenyika uye miganhu yakavharwa kumba ingave njodzi. Zvaizochengetedza zviwanikwa zvevashoma chete vakapfuma, zvichisiya vamwe vese vachitsvanzvadzira mafufu munyika iri kuramba iine mhirizhonga, inodziya. Nzira iyoyo yaizowedzera kusimbisa masimba e fossil-fueled fascism kuhwanda kuseri kwaTrump, uye kunotungamira kune dzimwe nzira dzine rima mberi.
Chinokosha kuisa mari mukuchengetedzana, kwete "chikepe chehupenyu chine zvombo" kuenda kupi. Kubva pa Green New Deal kuenda kudiplomacy yemamiriro ekunze uye kugadzirisa vapoteri, kune marudzi ese ematanho ane musoro anogona kutorwa nehurumende yeBiden kuona kuti mutemo wedu wemamiriro ekunze unochengetedza vanhu.
Nekufamba kwenguva, kuwana pasi rinopfuura dambudziko remamiriro ekunze kunoda kurongeka patsva kweUnited States pakushandira pamwe kwenyika dzose, kuremekedza mitemo yenyika yose, uye kodzero dzevanhu vose.
Ichi chinyorwa chakagadzirwa pamwe chete na Mutemo Wekune imwe nyika Mukukuru uye Mune Zuva.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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