Kwakabva: Mumazuva Ano
Nyika yakange yave nekusununguka. Mhuri dzaichimbova dzeboka repakati dzaitengesa zvinhu zvavo zvinokosha mumugwagwa. Kana kwasviba, vainyanya kupererwa vaitsvaka zvokudya mumagaba emarara.
Iyoyo yakanga iri Argentina muna 2002. Munguva iyoyo yerima, sezvo vakuru vakuru veArgentina vakatamburira kuderedza marwadzo enhamo huru yezvemari pavagari vemo, chinhu chokupedzisira chavaida kwakanga kuri kumhanโara kwemhaka dzekambani. Asi ndizvo zvavanazvo.
CMS Gasi, semuenzaniso, akamhan'arira Argentina pamusoro pemutemo kumisa mitengo yekushandisa mumari yemuno kudzivirira vatengi kubva mukukwira kwemitengo. Dare redzimhosva repasi rose rakarayira hurumende iri kunetsa kubhadhara mubatanidzwa weUS $133 miriyoni. Mamwe makambani akagara kune mamwe mazana emamiriyoni.
Nenyika dzirikutsvanzvadzira kuti dzipone padenda repasi rose reCovid-19, dzimwe nyika zhinji dzinogona kutambura neArgentina. Sezvo hupfumi huri kuderera, vagadziri vemitemo ava vanofanirwa kunetseka kuti mhinduro dzavo dzemitemo dzinogona kuvaita vavariro yematare.
Imwe nzira yemutemo yakasiyana
Saizvozvo, mafemu ezvemitemo anotoita seari kumedzera mate pamusoro pekugona kuita purofiti kubva kuzvirevo zvakadaro.
โKunyange zvazvo ramangwana richiramba risina chokwadi,โ anodaro Aceris Mutemo, kambani yemagweta epasi rose, "mhinduro kudenda reCovid-19 inogona kutyora dziviriro dzakasiyana dzakapihwa muzvibvumirano zvekudyidzana kwemari mbiri (BITs) uye zvinogona kuunza zvikwereti mune ramangwana nevanoita mari kunze kwenyika." Iyo Washington, DC-based Aceris yakahwina marevesheni emakambani mazhinji epasi rose.
Iyi inyaya yemitemo yakaitwa kuti iwane pundutso nekuwanda kwezvibvumirano 3,000 XNUMX zvekutsvaga mari munyika dzakawanda uye zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana izvo zvinopa makambani kodzero yekumhan'arira hurumende nemazana emamiriyoni, kana mabhiriyoni, emadhora pamusoro pemitemo yavanoti inoderedza kukosha kwemari yavo yekunze. kana kuti purofiti yavanotarisira kuwana.
Kuburikidza neiyi โinvestor-state gakava rekugadzirisaโ system โ inonyanyo zivikanwa nemadimikira ayo, ISDS โ vatengesi vekune dzimwe nyika vanogona kupfuura matare epamba uye kuunza zvirevo kumatare epamusoro ekutonga.
Nyika yakapfuma senge United States inogona kutarisana nezvirevo zvakadaro pamusoro pemitemo ine chekuita nekoronavirus. Fungidzira, semuenzaniso, kana hutongi hwaTrump hwaizomanikidza fekitori yeSouth Korea yeHyundai muAlabama kugadzira mafevha panzvimbo pemota. Hyundai inogona kunge yakamira kuunza nyaya pasi peUS-Korea Trade Agreement.
Mukuita, zvakadaro, mashoma mafemu ekunze angave achishuvira kutora pamutemo whack pakutonga kwaTrump. Asi hurumende dzenyika dzichiri kusimukira dziri panjodzi huru. Ivo vanowanzove vanogamuchira kwete nyika yekumusha yemakambani ekunze, uye ivo vari panjodzi yezvematongerwo enyika.
Nhengo dzehurumende idzi dzinoda kubatsira vagari vadzo zvino dzinofanirwa kunetseka nemhosva dzevanodyara mari.
MuPeru, semuenzaniso, uko mhuri dziri kuvhara migwagwa pavanenge vachitiza maguta emunyika azere vanhu nekutya hutachiona, danho rakarongwa rekukurumidzira rinogona kumisa kuunganidza mutero. Asi zvatova kutya hurumende inogona kutarisana nezvichemo kubva kumakambani ekunze anoshandisa matumba aya.
MuMexico, iyo iri kuyedza kudzora magetsi ayo panguva yekubuda, hurumende iri vachityisidzirwa nekupokana nemabhizinesi muEuropean Union neCanada anoda kuwana misika yayo yemagetsi.
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakawanda dzemutemo ndanyevera kuti humwe hutano hweveruzhinji hwekukurumidzira uye hupfumi hwenyika mhinduro kuCovid-19-zvakaita se maredhiyo ekugadzira kana kurambidzwa kwekutengesa kunze kwemidziyo yekurapa, kana kudzikisa mutero wekutenga zvigadzirwa zvekurapa kunze kwenyika - zvinogona kumutsa mhosva dzekutsiva kubva kune vanoisa mari zvakare.
Nyika dzine urombo mune mhiripiri
Dambudziko remakambani anoshandisa ISDS kukanganisa zviri pamutemo zvido zveveruzhinji nemirau harina kutanga nedenda. Maererano neUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development, kana UNCTAD, segore rino vatengesi vekunze vakaisa zvinopfuura chiuru zvichemo. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwejekerere, hapana anonyatsoziva kuti imarii aifanira kubhadhara nehurumende.
KuInstitute for Policy Studies, takaunganidza mari inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe nemazana mana emadhora emubairo hurumende dzakanzi dzibhadhare vatengesi vekunze munyaya dzine chekuita nekunetsana pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvemafuta, gasi nezvicherwa. Maindasitiri ezvemigodhi anoumba chikamu chikuru chezvichemo, kazhinji zvinotsamwiswa nehurumende kuyedza kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwehutano hwenharaunda kana veruzhinji kubva muzviitiko izvi, kana kuona kuti zvimwe zvezvakanakira zvinogara munyika yekumusha.
Panyaya makumi matatu neina dzatakaongorora, imwe yakanangana neCanada. Zvimwe zvese zvakanangana nehurumende muGlobal South. Maindasitiri ezvekuwedzera ari kuda imwe mari inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe nematatu emadhora mumatare makumi mashanu nemapfumbamwe anozivikanwa akamirira, mashanu chete akananga kuhurumende dzenyika dzakapfuma. Mabhirioni akawanda ari panjodzi mumatare edzimhosva akaunzwa nemakambani ari mubhizimusi rekurima, rezvemari, remagetsi nemamwe matunhu, achityisidzira kutsausa zviwanikwa kubva mukugadzirisa denda nezvimwe zvinodikanwa munharaunda.
Kunyangwe dambudziko rehutano reveruzhinji risati raitika, dzimwe nyika dzakange dzatove nechikwereti chakanyanya kubhadhara mibairo kumakambani.
In 2019, Pakistan yakanzi ibhadhare mabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora mune imwe nyaya pamusoro pemugodhi wegoridhe nemhangura. Izvi zvakada kuenzana nechikwereti chachangobva kutaurirana chemadhora mabhiriyoni matanhatu eInternational Monetary Fund kuPakistan, icho chine chekuita nemamiriro ehupfumi hwakadzama.
Saizvozvowo, gore rakapera Masangano eEcuadorian anonzi kuti zvikwereti zveIMF, zvakasungirirwawo nezviyero zvakakonzera kuratidzira kukuru, zvaizoshandiswa kubhadhara makambani emunyika akaita seChevron. Kambani yemafuta yekuUS yakapihwa mamirioni makumi manomwe nenomwe emadhora mune imwe investor-state sutu yakatarisana neEcuador uye ine imwe yakamirira.
Chibvumirano chitsva cheUS-Mexico-Canada-kana iyo yakakurukurwazve "NAFTA 2.0"-akaita kufambira mberi mukuderedza kugadzirisa kwemari-nyika gakava, asi mazwi akaoma echibvumirano anosiya Mexico ichiri panjodzi kumakesi akaunzwa neUS neCanada makambani.
Vakabatwa nemhedzisiro yehupfumi yeCovid-19 havazove varidzi vekunze, asi varombo uye vanotambura zvakanyanya pasirese. Kana nyika dzepasirese dzichitsvanzvadzira zviwanikwa zvekutarisana nedenda reCovid-19, hurumende dzepasi rose dzinofanira kuuya pamwe chete uye kubvumirana kumisa nyaya dzese dzevarimi-nyika uye mibairo yakamirira kumakambani.
Ichi chinyorwa chakagadzirwa nekubatana ne Mutemo Wekune imwe nyika Mukukuru.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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