Isvondo reCongo Genocide, zuva rekurangarira kupinda muCongo muna 1998 nemauto eUS eRwanda neUganda. Kubva ipapo 5.4 miriyoni vekuCongo vakaparara. Mutori wenhau weAfrica Ann Garrison anotaura naSylvestre Mido weGenecost nezvekupinda nemhedzisiro yazvo makore makumi maviri apfuura.
Genocost, boka rinomiririra kuCongo rinomiririra kuUK, vakarangarira kuurayiwa kweCongo svondo rino musi wa2 Nyamavhuvhu. Nyamavhuvhu 2 izuva iro vanodyidzana neUnited States, Rwanda neUganda, dzakapinda muDemocratic Republic of the Congo, kutanga Hondo yeChipiri yeCongo muna 1998. Kunyange zvazvo chibvumirano cherunyararo chakasainwa muna 2003, mhirizhonga, kutamiswa uye kuuraya vanhu vakawanda zviri kuramba zvichienderera mberi. Vanamazvikokota vehondo vachishanda neInternational Rescue Committee vakafungidzira kuti vanhu vakafa pa5.4 miriyoni mukati memakore gumi chete ehondo yemakore makumi maviri.
Genocost inobvunza kuti nyika dzicherechedze zviri pamutemo Nyamavhuvhu 2 seCongo Genocide Rememoration Day. Ndakataura nemutauriri weGenocost Sylvester Mido, muCongo weBritish IT nyanzvi uye muratidziri. Mhuri yake yakatiza Congo muna 1999, paaiva nemakore gumi nematanhatu.
Ann Garrison: Sylvester, sei boka rako richida "kurangarira" kuurayiwa kuri kuitika? Ko kupondwa kwemarudzi nedzimwe njodzi hazviwanzoyeukwa here kana tichidzokera shure?
Sylvestre Mido: Tinoda kurangarira kuurayiwa kwevanhu muCongo nekuti muCongo mune nhoroondo yakazara nematambudziko akakanganwa. Hapana mhemberero dzevaCongo mamiriyoni gumi vakaurayiwa mukutonga kwaMambo Leopold II wekuBelgium. Mambo Leopold II akaparadza hafu yevanhu vedu panguva iyoyoโmakore anopfuura zana apfuuraโnemhaka yerabha, nyanga dzenzou, uye ndarama.
Mune mamwe marudzi, zviyeuchidzo zvaizovakwa zvenhamo yakadaro, mabhuku aizonyorwa pamusoro payo, uye nhoroondo yayo yaizodzidziswa muzvikoro. Asi muzvikoro zvedu takadzidziswa kuti Leopold II akanga ari โMambo wedu Muvakiโ wedu. Takaudzwa kubatsira kwaakaita kuvaka nyika yedu nekugadzira migwagwa nezvivakwa. Murume uyu achiri kutengeswa kuvana veCongo se "muponesi" werudzi rwedu. Kusvika pari zvino, maCongo mazhinji kumba achiri kumudaidza uye mamwe maBelgian colonizers saNokos (Mai Madzimai).
Mushure mekuenda kuUK ndipo pandakawana nyaya yechokwadi yaLeopold muBBC documentary "White King, Red Rubber, Black Death."
AG: OK, batai nekuti shaya yangu yarova pasi. Uri kundiudza kuti wakaenda kuchikoro kuCongo, vakakuudza nezvaMambo Leopold ane mbiri vasina kukuudza kuti akaparadza hafu yevanhu?
SM: Ehe.
AG: Havana kukuudza izvozvo?
SM: Aihwa.
AG: Ichokwadi here pachikoro cheCongo?
SM: Sekuziva kwangu ndiyo general situation. Nanhasi, Congo inodzidzisa kosi yeBelgian yakasiiwa mushure mekukoloni.
AG: Saka wakaitei mushure mekunge waona "White King, Red Rubber, Black Death"?
SM: Kuwana nyaya yechokwadi yaLeopold II kwakaita kuti ndione kukosha kwazvakaita kuti isu serudzi tikwanise kudzidza nekutaura nyaya yedu uye kuipfuudza kuchizvarwa chinotevera tichitarisira kuti havazotamburi sezvakaita zvizvarwa zvakapfuura. . Nhasi Congo iri kurarama kushungurudzwa kwakafanana kwakafanana nekwayakaita panguva yaLeopold - kuurayiwa kwakarongwa uye kuitwa varanda kwevaCongo nekuda kwezviwanikwa zvavo. Saka takasarudza kutanga nekuyeuka zuva rayakatanga. Nyamavhuvhu 2nd izuva rekutanga kweHondo yechipiri yeCongo, saka tinoirangarira kuyeuchidza nharaunda dzeCongo kumusha nekune dzimwe nyika kuti kubva pazuva iro, mamirioni eCongo akaurayiwa, akabatwa chibharo, akapambwa, uye akaiswa muuranda nekuda kwezviwanikwa zvedu. Tinofanira kuvarangarira uye kushanda kuti kuuraya kupere.
AG: Ndofunga munodawo kuti isu tose tibvume kuuraya uye tishande kukumisa?
SM: Ehe. Tinoda kuti shamwari dzedu pasi rese dzimire nesu dzitibatsire kupedza kuuraya.
Congo ine zvakawanda zvokupa kunyika. Inyika ine runako rusingadaviriki, ine pfuma inotambanukira kupfuura zvicherwa zvayo. Congo imusha kune rimwe remasango makuru epasi rinonaya mvura zhinji, yechipiri chete kuAmazon, uye zvinoreva kuti chikamu chikuru chemapapu epasi. Kushandiswa kwematanda kwakapararira uye kuparadzwa kwemasango kuri kuparadza kwete vanhu vedu vomusango chete asiwo mamiriro okunze enyika yose.
Isu tinozivikanwa nekudziya kwedu, tsika dzedu dzakasimba, uye mimhanzi yedu nehunyanzvi uye tinoda kugovera runako urwu nenyika yese, asi chero mhirizhonga ichienderera mberi, hatisi kurasikirwa nevanhu vedu chete, asi. zvakare tsika dzedu, nharaunda yedu, mhuka dzedu dzesango, uye mukana wedu wekubatana mukudzivirira njodzi yemamiriro ekunze.
Saka tiri kukumbira vanhu pasi rose kuti vabatane nesu muhondo iyi.
AG: Ungataure here nezvekuti Jeremy Corbyn akakutsigira sei?
SM: Ndakasangana naJeremy Corbyn paKisimusi 2011, pandakanga ndakamira kunze kwe10 Downing Street kuchitonhora nekunaya nezviuru zvevanhu vekuCongo vachitsutsumwa nesarudzo dzeCongo dzakabiridzirwa. Murume mukuru akasvika akati aida kutaura nesu, uye vakuru vakati, โNgaataure; ndiye MP weIslington,โ iyo ine nharaunda yakakura yeCongo. Akanga ari Jeremy Corbyn, uye akatiudza kuti akanga amboenda kuCongo, ainzwisisa zviri kuitika ikoko, uye aida kutikurudzira kuti tienderere mberi nehondo yedu nokuti inoda kutariswa nenyika. Saka ndinoshamisika uye ndinofara kuti, makore matanhatu gare gare, Jeremy Corbyn anotungamira Bato reLabour uye ane mukana wakanaka wekuve Mutungamiriri.
Uye haana kungotaura. Mushure mezvo vakakumbira Paramende kuti ipasise chikumbiro chekuti zvakabuda musarudzo dzemuna 2011 hazvivimbike.
AG: Ndakatarisa chikumbiro chakaitwa naCorbyn, chakabudiswa musi waDecember 12, 2011, patakanga tichitaura. Nhengo gumi nepfumbamwe dzeLabour Party dzakavhotera, sezvakaita nhengo nomwe dzeLiberal Democrats, uye nhengo imwe neimwe yeConservatives, Democratic Unionists, Plaid Cymru, uye maGreens. Caroline Lucas ndiye ega Green muParamende yeUK, saka, seUS uye Global Green, ndinofara kuona kuti bato rangu rakatsigira danho iri 100%. Nekudaro, ese mavhoti aya akawedzera kusvika makumi matatu chete enhengo mazana matanhatu nemakumi mashanu eParamende muImba yeCommons.
SM: Hongu, asi zvakanga zvichiri kukosha kuti Jeremy Corbyn akavaita kuti vanzwe nyaya yedu uye vakatitsigira kunyange zvakadaro.
AG: Uye izvi zvinonyanya kukosha nekuti US neUK ndidzo masimba makuru ane simba muCongo neAfrica Great Lakes Region, handiti?
SM: Ehe, UK neUS ndidzo dzinopa nyika mbiri dzakakura kuCongo neRwanda, saka ndinotenda kuti kuve nemunhu akaita saJeremy Corbyn pachigaro kunogona kuunza shanduko yakanaka. Handisi pasi pekunyepedzera kuti kusarudzwa kwake chete kuchakwana kugumisa kuurayiwa kwevanhu. Mauto emakambani emarudzi akawanda uye mapoka akasiyana-siyana achange achirwa naye. Asi zvaizotumira chiratidzo chakasimba kuna Paul Kagame wekuRwanda nevamwe vese vadzvanyiriri nevakuru vehondo vari kukanganisa muCongo neGreat Lakes Region. Zvaivaita kuti vazive kuti shamwari dzavo dzenguva dzose, kusanganisira Tony naCherie Blair, havasisiri kutungamira uye havachakwanisa kuvadzivirira kwenguva refu.
AG: Vamwe vanyori nenyanzvi vakati izwi rekuti genocide rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya uye rinoshandiswa zvisina kunaka mune zvematongerwo enyika zvekuti havacharishandisa, kana kurishandisa kashoma. Vanosanganisira Purofesa Edward S. Herman naDavid Peterson, vanyori vanyori ve "The Politics of Genocide," uye Noam Chomsky, uyo akanyora sumo yebhuku iroro. Ndinobvumirana navo, asi iyi inyaya yako, saka ndiudze kuti sei iwe neboka rako muchifunga kuti zvakakosha kutaura izwi rekuti โgenocideโ?
SM: Chisungo chechipiri cheUN Convention on Genocide chinotsanangura mhosva nenzira 5:
(a) Kuuraya nhengo dzeboka;
(b) Kukuvadza zvakakomba mumuviri kana kwepfungwa kune nhengo dzeboka;
(c) Kuuraya nemaune mamiriro eboka rehupenyu hwakaverengerwa kuunza kuparadzwa kwayo kwemuviri zvachose kana muchikamu;
(d) Kuisa matanho ekudzivirira kuberekwa mukati meboka; kana,
(e) Kuendesa vana veboka iri kune rimwe boka nekumanikidza.
Ese maitiro aya anowanikwa muCongo. MaCongo anourawa zvakarongeka. Vana vanobviswa kumhuri dzavo kuti vanorovedzwa savarwi vaduku kana kuti kushandiswa savaranda mumigodhi. Vakadzi vanobatwa chibharo zvine hurongwa, vanoparadzaniswa nenharaunda yavo uye vanosiiwa vachirarama nezvirwere zvepabonde. Tine zvizvarwa zvose zvakakanganiswa nazvo.
Imwe neimwe yezviito zvinokuvadza zvakaitirwa vanhu veCongo inokodzera tsananguro yekuuraya rudzi pachayo. Asi kana wava nazvo zvishanu zviri kuitika panzvimbo imwe chete, hauchagoni kutaura kuti uku hakusi kuuraya vanhu. Kupondwa kwemarudzi ndizvo zviri kuitika muCongo. Ndizvo zvanga zvichiitika kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi maviri apfuura. Kuuraya kwakarongwa. Kuuraya kunopfuurira. Kuuraya kunosundwa nekudiwa kwekuita purofiti, uye kudiwa kwemhangura, coltan, uye zvimwe zvicherwa izvo maCongo anazvo.
AG: Saka zvakarongwa uye zvakarongekaโkuparadzanisa vanhu nenyika yavo nezviwanikwa.
SM: Hongu, ndizvo zvazviri.
AG: Dzimwe mhosva dzepasi rose dzisiri muUN Convention on Genocide dzakaparwawo muCongo. Vakavambwa neUnited Nations 'International Law Commission kuti vanyore misimboti yemutemo iri pasi peNuremberg Trials yenhengo dzebato reNazi mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Chekutanga pane izvi ndechekuti:
โMhosva dzinopesana nerunyararo: (i) Kuronga, kugadzirira, kutanga kana kurwa kwehondo yechisimba kana hondo inotyora zvibvumirano zvepasi rose, zvibvumirano kana vimbiso;
(ii) Kutora chikamu muchirongwa chakafanana kana kurangana kuzadzikiswa kwechero zviito zvataurwa pasi (i)."
Rwanda neUganda dzakatyora mutemo wekutanga uyu wemutemo wenyika dzakawanda nekupinda muCongo kakawanda. Vakaitawo mhosva dzehondo uye mhosva dzinopesana nevanhu sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa muNuremberg Principles:
(b) Mhosva dzehondo: Kutyorwa kwemitemo kana tsika dzehondo dzinosanganisira, asi dzisina kuganhurirwa, kuponda, kubatwa zvisina kunaka kana kuendeswa kunhapwa kana nekuda kwechimwe chinangwa chevagari venzvimbo kana munzvimbo inogarwa, kuuraya kana kurwara. -kubatwa kwevasungwa vehondo, vanhu vari mumakungwa, kuuraya nhapwa, kupamba pfuma yavose kana yavanhu, kuparadza maguta, mataundi, kana misha, kana kuparadza kusingakodzeri kurwirwa nehondo.
(c) Mhosva dzinoitirwa vanhu: Kuponda, kuuraya, kuita nhapwa, kudzingwa munyika uye zvimwe zviito zvisina hunhu zvinoitirwa chero vagari vemo, kana kutambudzwa nezvematongerwo enyika, rudzi kana zvechitendero, kana zviito zvakadaro zvichiitwa kana kutambudzwa kwakadai kuchiitwa mukuurayiwa kana mu ine chekuita nemhosva ipi neipi inopesana nerunyararo kana chero mhosva yehondo.
Zvinogona kupokana kuti UN Convention on Genocide inosanganisira zhinji dzemhosva idzodzo mukutsanangurwa kwakawanda, asi imwe mhosva yaisingasanganisire ndeye "kupamba pfuma yeruzhinji kana yemunhu." Saka iwe unofunga kuti boka rako rinogona kuwedzera kutyorwa kweNuremberg Principles kune yako runyorwa rwemhosva dzakaparwa muCongo?
SM: Nheyo idzodzo dzawakataura dzakatyorwa kakawanda nemauto eRwanda neUganda muCongo. Chimwe chezviitiko zvakaipisisa chinouya mupfungwa ndechemazuva matanhatu ehondo muKisangani umo mauto eUganda neRwanda akarwirana kuti awane pfuma yezvicherwa muvhu reCongo. Vakaparadza guta rose rakanga rakazara nevanhuwo zvavo.
Tinogona kuwedzera idzo parondedzero yemhosva dzakaparwa panguva yekurwisana uku, asi panguva ino, tinoda kuisa pfungwa dzevanhu pamufananidzo mukuru nekuvakumbira kuti vabvume kuuraya rudzi. Icho, zvisinei, chimwe chinhu icho UN neโnharaunda yepasi roseโ havangaite kunze kwekunge uye kusvikira yazadzisa zvido zvavo.
Mapoka mazhinji emuCongo anotarisa mukukurudzira UN nemamwe masangano ezvematongerwo enyika kuti abvume zviri kuitika kuCongo uye kuita chimwe chinhu nezvazvo. Isu hatina chinopokana nazvo, asi isu tinotenda kuti zvakaenzana kana zvisinganyanyi kukosha kuwana rutsigiro rwevanhu veCongo ivo pachavo. Kana nyika yangomira uye ichijekesa kupasi rose kuti haizogadzirisi chero chinhu chisiri chekururamisira, zvinova zvakaoma kune chero munhu anoda kubata nesu mune ramangwana kuti aenderere mberi nekushungurudza kwavo nechisimba. Kana tangobvuma zvatakasangana nazvo, zvinova zvakaoma kuti vamwe vazvirase, uye ndizvo zvatiri kushandira kuti zviitike. Kuzvisarudzira.
AG: Hongu, regai ndibvunze mibvunzo mishomanana yokupedzisira pamusoro pekutora kweRwanda muCongo. Mubhuku rake idzva "Kagame's Killing Fields," David Himbara anonyora kuti, "Pakazosvika 1997, Kagame akange ave kutonga muDRC [Democratic Republic of the Congo], nyika yakakura nekamakumi mapfumbamwe kupfuura Rwanda." Ungarondedzera iri sebasa rinoramba riripo here?
SM: Kufurira kwaKagame muDRC hakusi kwakavanzika kune chero munhu. Anogona kuzviramba, asi kusimuka kwakangoerekana kwaita Rwandophone Congolese mumabasa akakosha muhurumende yeCongo uye mauto eCongo haisi tsaona. Mapoka evapanduki emuRwanda akaita seM23, iyo yaizivikanwa nekuita hutsinye muCongo, inoramba ichidzoka nekudzoka pakati pemuganhu weCongo/Rwanda. Vanongo "nyangarika" kudzokera muRwanda painovabatsira.
AG: Unofunga kuti basa iri ririkuenderera mberi rinogona kuchengetedzwa pasina rubatsiro rwemauto anotyisa kupfuura Rwanda?
SM: Aiwa. Zvingava zvisina musoro kufunga kuti munyika yanhasi, Rwanda inogona kutora nyika yakakura seCongo iri yoga nemauto. Kunyangwe Mapurovhinzi eKivu chete aratidza kuve dambudziko rakakura. Avo vanoshuvira kubvongodza Congo nekupatsanura zvicherwa zveKivu Provinces vakundikana kunyangwe makore mazhinji vachiedza.
Rwanda yabudirira kusvika kwayakaita nekuti yakatsigirwa nemasimba makuru ayo makambani anobatsirwa kubva mukubiwa kwezvicherwa zvisiri pamutemo. Ndiwo masimba mamwe chetewo akatengesa zvombo kumauto ari kumativi ese emuganhu weCongo/Rwanda kwemakore makumi maviri apfuura. Vanoramba vachikuchidzira kusawirirana uku, uko kwakaratidza kuva bhizinesi rine mari yakawanda munzira dzakawanda kupfuura imwe.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta