Kunobva: Systemic Disorder
Mufananidzo neCROCOTHERY/Shutterstock
Panogona kunge pasina kupokana kukuru pakati pevatsigiri veKuruboshwe pane chimiro cheChina nehupfumi hwayo. Ndiyo socialist here? Capitalist? State capitalist? A hybrid? Kuti gakava rakawanda rakatenderedza nyaya iyi humbowo hwayo hwekuti mubvunzo hauna mhinduro yechokwadi, pamwe hausati.
Chingabvumiranwa ndechekuti China yakawana makumi emakore ekukura kwehupfumi kunoshamisa. Asi chimiro chekukura uku, uye hwaro hwayakasikirwa, zvakare dziri pasi pekukakavadzana kwakanyanya, nharo dzinobva pakuti mupikisi anoronga sei hupfumi hweChinese. Imwe gakava rekuwedzera nderekuti kukura kweChina kunodzokororwa here kana kuti chigadzirwa chemamwe mamiriro asingagone kudzokororwa kumwe kunhu. Uye chinofanira kuva pamberi pegakava ripi neripi nderokuti vanhu vanoshanda muChina, mumaguta nomumaruwa, vanoita sei pasi pegadziriro inodzorwa zvakasimba inovimbisa kuunza “nzanga yakabudirira zvine mwero.”
Kugadzirira kuongorora China kubva pamaonero ekupedzisira ibhuku idzva, Iyo Communist Mugwagwa weCapitalism: Kusagadzikana uye Kugadzikana Kwakasundidzira China's (R) shanduko kubva 1949.. Sezvaungafungidzira kubva kune iyo pungent zita, Communist Road, rakanyorwa nemurwiri Ralf Ruckus, haringotsoropodzi bato reChinese Communist Party, asi rinobuda pachena pachirevo chekuti China yave nzanga yemacapitalist. Zvisinei nekuwedzera kubatanidzwa kweChina muhurongwa hwecapitalist yepasi rose, kusimbiswa kuri kuwedzera kwakaiswa pamisika uye kuwedzera kusaenzana, pfungwa yekuti China yatamira kune capitalism ine gakava guru kuvanhu vazhinji vari Kuruboshwe.
VaRuckus vanotanga gakava ravo nekupa zano rekuti imwe nzira yakakwenenzverwa yenhoroondo yeChina kubva pakumukira kwa1949 inobata zvirinani matanho ebudiriro yeChina. Anopa mazano mana akasiyana anowanzo kuburitswa kuyedza kutsanangura mamiriro ehupfumi hweChina. Mafungiro mana aya ndeecapitalist kubva 1949 kusvika zvino; socialist kubva 1949 kusvika zvino; socialist uyezve capitalist; uye nzira yechina-nhanho yekushandukira kune socialism, socialism, shanduko kune capitalism uye capitalism. Pane pfungwa yechishanu isina kutaurwa naVaRuckus - yekuti China haigadzirwe se capitalist kana socialist, maonero akaburitswa neMarxist economist Samir Amin. Dr. Amin, mune yavo Iko Implosion yeContemporary Capitalism, yakataura kuti kubvunza kana China iri socialist kana capitalist "inoratidzwa zvakaipa" nekuti "yakanyanyowanda uye haina njere." Dr. Amin vakanyora kuti kunyangwe "chirongwa cheChinese chisiri capitalist hazvireve kuti ndeyesocialist, chete kuti inoita kuti zvikwanise kufambira mberi munzira refu yekuenda kuSocialism" asi akawedzera kuti China inogona zvakare "kuguma nekudzoka, yakachena. uye zviri nyore, kune capitalism. "
Saka pane zvinopfuura imwe nuanced maonero. Yekupedzisira paina yaVaRuckus yakapa mazano (nzira yezvinhanho zvina) uye maitiro akasanganiswa aDr. Amin anoonekwa seanonyanya kushanda pakati pedzidziso shanu mukuedza kwedu kunzwisisa mafambiro ebudiriro yeChina. Ndiyo nzira yechina-nhanho inopa musana we Communist Road. Kunyangwe isu tichibvumirana kana kuti kwete kuti China yave capitalist (pamamiriro ayo pachayo) kana kuti yave kuenda kune capitalism, kuti China iri munjodzi yenguva refu, kana yekusingaperi, kutendeukira kune yakazara-on capitalism haifanire kuve tsime renharo huru. Kupunzika kweSoviet Union nemasatelliti ayo eCentral European, uye kudzokera kwavo kune capitalism pamashoko asina kunaka, kunopa humbowo, kunyangwe kune avo vanotenda kuti China inoramba iri nyika yesocialist, kuti capitalism inogona kuve ramangwana rayo. Uye hazvifanirwe kutarisirwa kuti kudzamisa kupinda muhurongwa hwecapitalist yenyika hakuunze njodzi dzayo.
Kusangana kwevanhu muzvikamu zvina
Pakutanga, mumapeji ekutanga, Mr. Ruckus vanotaura kuti "chinonyanya kukoshesa kutarisana kwevanhu uye kuputika uye kuenderera mberi kwavakaita muPRC kubva 1949," uye haazungunuke kubva pane iyo pfungwa mukukurukura nguva dzake ina (shanduko. kuSocialism, socialism, shanduko kune capitalism uye capitalism) yekutonga kweChinese Communist Party (CCP). Nyaya iri kuuya yekusagadzikana kwemumaguta nekumaruwa inotangwa kare apo munyori anonyora kuti, “[T] iye chaizvoizvo socialism yakavakirwa [munguva mbiri dzokutanga] yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru nedzose dziri mbiri dzakapfuura uye dzinotevera gadziriro dzezvemari, dzezvematongerwe enyika, uye dzenzanga. Kupfuurirazve, socialism yakanga iripo chaizvoizvo yakanga yakasiana zvikuru nesocialism yaishuviwa navakuru vakuru, vanhuwo zvavo, uye vakadzi* vakanga vabatanidzwa mukuronga kwechimurenga kubvira kuma1920.” [peji 7]
Vachienderera mberi vachiburitsa tsananguro yavo mumapeji ekutanga, VaRuckus vanopokana kuti “hunhu hwese hwehurongwa hwemacapitalist kubva pakati kusvika pakupera kwema1990 zvichienda mberi, nekuti simba guru rekusimudzira hupfumi hwaive kuunganidzwa kwemari uye chizvarwa. yepurofiti, uye nekuti hutungamiriri hweCCP nezvimwe zvikamu zve 'vakuru' vakaumba boka rekutonga remacapitalist rakagadziridzwa rakatora chikamu chikuru cheupfumi hwakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwevashandi nevarombo." Shanduko idzi dzakabudirira nekuti "dzaigona kuvakira pahwaro hwesocialism hwakagadzirwa uye, chechipiri, nekuti kunonzi kudyidzana kwepasi rose, nemasumbu matsva ekugadzira maindasitiri nemaketani ekupa ... zvakapa mukana wenhoroondo wekukwezva mari yekunze uye yekuvandudza hupfumi hwePRC iyo CCP. hurumende inoshandiswa." [peji 9]
Kutaurwa kwemakadhi eCCP se "boka rinotonga," uye boka rinotonga recapitalist risiri shoma, rinosungirwa kutanga gakava rakakura. Iyo ingangove inyaya yedivi rehunyanzvi isu tinogona kunzvenga apa. Nyaya hombe kumuverengi we Communist Road ndeyekuti munyori anoita nyaya yake yese zvinobudirira here. Zvitsauko zvina zvakakosha zvebhuku zvinofukidza nguva ina dzakatsanangurwa, kutanga neshanduko kuenda kuSocialism. Mumakore aya ekutanga mushure mehondo yechimurenga ya1949, kuvandudzika kukuru kwakaitika mumagariro evanhu, kusanganisira makore ekurarama, kufa kwevana, hutano, kuenzana kwemari uye kugona kuverenga.
Pakutanga, CCP yakatevera muenzaniso weSoviet Union nekuunganidza uye kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri neyakafanana kune "ane mvumo capitalist vanonoka kuuya" vachishandisa Taylorist uye Fordist nzira dzekugadzira; chimiro che tekinoroji uye sangano rebasa rakaonekwa serakarerekera. Sezvakaita neSoviet Union ye1920s uye 1930s, guta guru uye simba revashandi rekusimudzira maindasitiri zvaingobva kubva mukati memukati. Mumaruwa, hupfumi hwevarimi hwakasiiwa huchingosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1950, nekuvandudzwa kwevhu kwaibatsira varombo nevari pakati. Paive nemabhenefiti evakadzi, zvakare - mutemo wewanano wa1950 wakavapa kodzero dzakaenzana nevarume, kunyangwe kuenzana kwakazara hakuna kuuya sezvo vashandi vechikadzi vaiwanzodzikisirwa basa "rakapfava" nemubhadharo wakaderera uye mashoma ebasa.
Nekutanga kwekuita nyika pakati pemakore ekuma1950, kuvhurwa kwenguva pfupi kwezvematongerwo enyika, "Mazana Maruva Campaign," yakawedzera nzvimbo dzekutsoropodza, asi hwindo rakazovharika apo kushoropodzwa kwakadzama kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa neCCP. Zvakangodaro, bato iri rakachengeta masosi akakosha erutsigiro payakatanga iyo Great Leap Forward, mubatanidzwa uye dhiraivha yemaindasitiri. Iyo Leap yakakundikana, zvichikonzera kushomeka kwechikafu zvakanyanya sekuderera kwehukuru hwevashandi vekumaruwa sezvo maindasitiri emudhorobha akawedzera kuwedzera, kusatungamira zvakanaka, kushata kwemamiriro ekunze uye mishumo yenhema yakamhan'arwa nevakuru venzvimbo vakasanganiswa kugadzira njodzi. Mamiriyoni aizofa.
Kunetsana kuri kuitika muChinese Communist Party
Communist Road anoisa mhosva paMao Zedong. Asi zvichida mamiriro ezvinhu akanga asina kunyatsojeka. Minqi Li, somuenzaniso, mubhuku rake Kusimuka kweChina uye Kuparara kweCapitalist World Economy, rinotaura zvakajeka kuti “vaiva Deng Xiaoping naLiu Shaoqi ndivo vaiva nebasa reGreat Leap Forward,” uye anonokora mashoko Liu achirumbidza vakuru vakuru vakashuma kuti goho regoho risingagoneki, rakawedzera zvikuru se“vakakunda sainzi.” Panguva imwecheteyo, Mao akayambira nezve "mhepo yekuwedzeredza" asi vatungamiriri vebato, vachitevera kutungamira kwaDeng naLiu, avo vaitungamira propaganda yebato, vakaramba vachikurudzira kuti pfungwa "dzisunungurwe." (Sezvimwewo, tsvakiridzo yaDr. Li yakawana kuti nhamba yepamusoro-soro yehuwandu hwevakafa panguva yeGreat Leap Forward yaive yakaderera pane yakajairika kufa mukati ma1930s; ne1970s, nhamba yerufu yaive ingangoita chikamu chimwe muzvina chayaive mairi. kuma1930.)
Dr. Li anopedzisa kuongorora kwake kweGreat Leap Forward nokutaura kuti "boka rehurumende rakaropafadzwa" rakanga ratora kutonga kwebato; iye zvino harisisiri bato rakazvipira kuzvinangwa zvechimurenga uye rinoda kuzvipira asi panzvimbo pezvo “riyo raibatanidza vashandi vakawanda vaiitira hanya zvikurukuru simba romunhu oga nokupfumisa.”
Izvozvo hazvina kusiyana nemhedziso yose yaVaRuckus, kunyange zvazvo achitaura kuti Mao "akabatwa nemhosva" yeGreat Leap Forward uye "vatungamiri vepragmatic" saDeng naLiu "vakatanga shanduko dzaifanira kutarisana nekuparara kweGLF. .” [peji 56] Munguva inotevera yemhirizhonga, Cultural Revolution yepakati pema1960, inopindirana nemaonero ebhuku, yakaongororwa kubva mumaonero evashandi nevarombo naVaRuckus. Akaparadzana nekunetsana mukati mehutungamiri hwebato, anonyora kuti Cultural Revolution yaive nhevedzano yekubuda kwemamiriro ekushanda ari nani uye mabasa echigarire sechikamu chekurwira "red bourgeoisie" (izwi rinoshandiswa nevamwe vatori veCultural Revolution) uye CCP yaive "yaibiridzira vashandi."
Kusagadzikana kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi muma1970, vashandi vachida mihoro yakaenzana nemabhonasi, kutaura mukuita sarudzo nemamiriro ebasa, uye neropafadzo shoma kune makadhi ebato; zviitiko zvakawanikwa munguva yeCultural Revolution zvakashandiswa nevarongi vepasi. Iyi yakanga iriwo nguva apo kudyara mari mudzidzo nehutano hwakabhadhara - kuverenga nekunyora, kurarama hupenyu uye kufa kwevana zvose zvakaramba zvichivandudzika. Kusagadzikana kwakasangana nemusanganiswa wemhinduro, kusanganisira kudzvinyirirwa, kutenderwa, kubatanidzwa pamwe nekugadzirisa.
China, sezvazvinogona kuonekwa mumashure, yakanga iri pamucheto wekuchinja kukuru sezvo Mao uye vazhinji vechizvarwa chekuchinja vakanga vava kusvika pakufa kwavo. Zvakasiyana nazvo, China yakanga yavhura hukama neUnited States mukuyedza kurerutsira kusarudzika kwayo uye kuwana ruzivo rwehunyanzvi; kupatsanurwa neSoviet Union kwakabatsirawo mukukura uku. Bato reDeng raizokunda kurwira masimba zvichitevera kufa kwaMao, vobva vashandisa masangano egutsaruzhinji kukunda vanopikisa bato ravo vasati vadzvinyirira masangano, VaRuckus vanonyora. Iyo commune system yakabviswa, mapurazi akarendwa, zvivakwa zvakabatanidzwa zvakanyangarika uye hurumende dzenzvimbo dzakatanga kuvimba nemitero, muripo uye zvakavharirwa. Mihoro yakawedzerwa, asi "ndiro yesimbi yemupunga" yemabhenefiti yakarwiswa uye yakabatana neakadzingwa Mao-aligned Gang of Four. Kodzero yekuramwa mabasa yakabviswa, vashandi vakawanda vakave mihoro yenguva pfupi uye mitemo inorambidza kutama yakarerutsirwa kukurudzira kubuda munzvimbo itsva dzehupfumi umo mari yekunze yaigona kutanga.
Pano, VaRuckus vari pahwaro hwakasimba mukuratidza nguva kubva pakati pa 1970 kusvika pakati pema 1990 sechinjo kuenda ku capitalism. Anonyora kuti tariro yekuti shanduko yeDeng yaizotungamira mukuvandudzika yakaodzwa mwoyo. Kuchinja hukama hwevashandi uye kushomeka kwekuchengetedzwa kwebasa kwakakonzera kusagadzikana kwevashandi kuenderera mberi uye kuunganidza vadzidzi. Rufu rwemushanduri webato ane mukurumbira, Hu Yaobang, rwakakonzera kuratidzira kwakawanda uye kugara kweTiananmen Square muna 1989, chero chiyero chakakosha shanduko.
Tiananmen Square senzvimbo yekuchinja munhoroondo yeChinese
Pano, zvichida kupfuura pane imwe nguva ipi zvayo, ndipo papi Communist Road inofanira kuita nyaya yacho. Basa reTiananmen Square "rakapera mukukundikana," VaRuckus vanonyora, nokuti "vatungamiri veCCP vakanga vakatsunga kuramba vakabatirira pamasimba" uye nekuda kwekusava nesimba kwesangano, "pamusoro pazvose, kupatsanurwa pakati pevadzidzi nevashandi. Vatungamiriri vevadzidzi vakanga vasingadi kubatanidza boka revashandi.” Izvi zvaive, muchidimbu, nekuda kwekutya kuti "kubatanidzwa kweboka revashandi kungangotungamira kumhinduro yakashata kubva kuvatungamiriri veCCP." [peji 109]
Mumwe wevatungamiriri veTiananmen, Wang Chaohua, akanyora nhevedzano yezvinyorwa pachiitiko ichi mushure mekunge atiza China, akati chikanganiso chakakosha ndechekusagadzira hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika uye nekudaro "vakatadza kupa zano rezvematongerwo enyika rinogona kunge rakaratidza chiyero. yekubatana kwakakurumbira - uye nokudaro akarasikirwa nemukana wekushandura kuratidzira kuve sangano rinovaka rezvematongerwo enyika, "mumashoko aJX Zhang, akaongorora mu. Ongororo Yatsva Yokudzoka Dr. Wang's Chinese-mutauro muunganidzwa weTiananmen essays. Dr. Wang anochema chema “kushayikwa kwokuzvimirira kwezvematongerwe enyika pakati pevashandi vokuChina” avo “sezvazvo zvavo vakanga vachiri kubatanidza zvido zvavo pamwe chete neizvo zvebato rinotonga, iro raiti 'ndiro boka revashandi.' ”
Vashandi vekuratidzira vakapinda muchikamu zvakadaro vaizotakura chikamu chinorema chekupwanya kwakatevera kurwiswa kwemauto kwakamisa basa. Zvinogoneka kuti zviuru zvakaurayiwa mukupwanya kwemauto kwekutora uye chokwadi chekuti zvimwe zviuru zvakasungwa. Chii chaizotevera?
“Panguva ino,” Mr. Ruckus vanonyora kudaro, “PRC yaingova nhano yokupedzisira kubva pakuchinja kwayo kubva pasocialism kuenda ku capitalism. Iyi nhanho ingadai isina kuitika dai isiri shanduko yepasi rose yeCold War kunetsana pakati pe capitalist West neSocialist East uye kutaura kwedambudziko rehupfumi, kutamiswa kwekudyara, uye kusimukira kwemaindasitiri kwakashandura nzvimbo yekugadzira yepasi rose kuenda kuEast Asia pamusoro peiyo nyika. kosi yema1980 nema1990.” [peji 110]
Saizvozvo, Naomi Klein, mu Iyo Shock Dzidziso: Kusimuka kweNjodzi Capitalism, vakapokana kuti kuratidzira kweTiananmen Square pakwanga kuchiri kuitika, hurumende yeChina "yaimanikidza kumisa mihoro nemitengo uye kuwedzera kusvika kwemusika." Akatotaura kuti Milton Friedman, mwari ane mukurumbira wakashata weChicago School economics, akakokwa kuChina muna 1980 uye zvakare muna 1988 kuzopa zano! Ms. Klein vanotora mumwe mutungamiri weTiananmen, Wang Hui, uyo akati kusagutsikana kwakakurumbira pamusoro pekuchinja kwehupfumi kwaDeng uko kwaisanganisira mihoro yakaderera, kukwira kwemitengo uye "dambudziko rekudzingwa uye kushaikwa kwemabasa ... Kupera kwechisimba kwebasa racho, maererano naPurofesa Wang, “kwakabatsira kuongorora kusagadzikana kwevanhu kwakakonzerwa neizvi, uye gadziriro itsva yemitengo yakazovapo.”
Ndeapi mhedzisiro kana iyo inotungamirwa naDeng CCP yakakwanisa kutangazve kugadzirisa kwayo? Mr. Ruckus havazeze kubva kukhathalogi yekuchinja kwakashata: Kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzakakosha dzehupfumi kutora mari yekunze yakananga (FDI), vimbiso dzekuchengetedza basa dzakatsiviwa nezvibvumirano, zvisungo zverubatsiro zvakaraswa, kushambadzira, makambani ehurumende anoshandurwa kuita. makambani ehurumende anotarisirwa kuwedzera purofiti, 50 miriyoni akamiswa mabasa uye kuwandisa kwemabasa. “Kuwedzera kusachengeteka kwemabasa, kushayikwa kwemabasa, mibayiro mishoma, kurasikirwa nedziviriro yerubatsiro, uye dzvinyiriro yebasa yakakwira zvakakonzera kusagutsikana,” akanyora kudaro. “[Vashandi vemakambani ehurumende] vakatanga kuronga mafungu ekuratidzira vachipokana nekugadziriswazve kwebazi rehurumende izvo zvaizogara kusvika kuma2000. Uyezve, kushata kwemamiriro ekurarama mumaruwa kwakakonzera kusagadzikana kwevarimi pakati nepakati nekupera kwema1990. Matanho maviri aya ehondo akaratidzira kutanga kwenguva yecapitalist muPRC,” iyo munyori anotangira pakati pemakore ekuma1990. [peji 114]
“Kuyambuka rwizi nokunzwa matombo”
Shanduko iyi haifanire kuonekwa seisingadzivisiki kana kuti mhedzisiro yehurongwa hwevamwe vatungamiri vebato, sekutaura Communist Road. “Shanduko iyi haina kukonzerwa nehurongwa hwakadzama kana purani asi dzakatevedzana - kazhinji dzekuyedza - matanho ekuvandudza anotorwa kuvandudza hupfumi hwenyika, kuchengetedza hurongwa hwesocialist, uye kudzikamisa hutongi hweCCP. Iyi ndiyo chirevo chemutsara wekuti 'kuyambuka rwizi nekunzwa matombo' uyo anonzi Deng Xiaoping akashandisa kutsanangura manzwisisiro aakaita nzira yekuvandudza. [peji 115]
Kugadziridzwa kwemakambani ehurumende kwaizoramba kuchikura sezvo makore ekuma 1990 akanga ava kupera uye China yakabatana neWorld Trade Organisation muna 2001. Chimwe chiitiko chakakosha munzira yeChina kuenda ku capitalism VaRuckus vangadai vakaongorora zvakanyanya idzidziso yaJiang Zemin yevatatu vanomiririra. .” Kungotaura kwechinguvana kune panguva iyoyo-Mutungamiri Jiang kubvumira macapitalist akazvimirira kuve nhengo dzebato muna 2001 anoratidza budiriro iyi. Asi chiitiko ichi chakapfuura kungowedzera kutorwa kwebato. Iyo "Vatatu Vanomiririra" chirevo mutsara wepamutemo wakaziviswa muna 2001 bato rinofanira kumiririra mauto epamberi ekugadzira, tsika dzepamusoro uye huwandu hwakakura hwevanhu. Yakashambadzirwa neMutungamiri Jiang, chiziviso chekuti zvido zvemakirasi akasiyana hazvisi kupesana uye kuti bato rinogona kumiririra makirasi ese panguva imwe chete. Munhu anogona zvechokwadi kududzira chirongwa chakadaro kana achida, asi dzidziso yakadaro haina chinhu chakafanana neMarxism.
Humwe humbowo hungadai hwakataurwa nebhuku iri asi hwusina kushushikana kuri kuwedzera kwebato pakushandiswa kwemisika. Hutungamiri hweBato reCommunist hwakachinja basa remusika kubva pa "hwaro" kuenda ku "chisarudzo" muna 2013 pamusangano wakakosha weCentral Committee, uye kuenderera mberi nekosi iyi kwakaiswa nebato pamusangano webato waGumiguru 2017 uyo zvakare. akasimbisa "basa rekupedzisira" yemusika. Communist Road rinotarisa pamagariro evanhu nezviitiko zvepasi, uye rinopedza nguva shoma pane zviri kuitika mubato, uye kunyange zvazvo kusataura nezvezviziviso zvebato izvi zvichida kunopindirana nevavariro yebhuku, kutaura kwakawanda kwemakakava ebato kungadai kwakapfumisa chinyorwa uye kupa humwe tsigiro yepakati paro. thesis.
Bhuku racho rinonyora kuenderera mberi kusagadzikana mukati memakore ekuma2000; Kuramwa mabasa kwakawanda panguva iyi kwaive zviito zvemusango sezvo zviito zvakarongeka zvairambidzwa. Kubva Xi Jinping akava munyori mukuru webato uye mutungamiri wenyika muna 2012, bato rakawedzera kudzora uye kuwedzera kuongorora, uye kunyangwe mhirizhonga uye zviito zvemusango zvisina kupera, kune rutsigiro rwehurumende kubva pakati peboka, iro rakaona mabhenefiti kubva mukuvandudzwa. uye mihoro yakawedzerwa.
Conceptualizing socialism kupfuura tsananguro nhete
Mukuyedza kuburitsa kuomarara kwekuti hupfumi hweChinese hunganyatso fungwa sei, mubvunzo wekutanga unofanirwa kubvunzwa ndewekuti: Chii chinonzi socialism? Ko socialism chete kusavapo kwe capitalism here? Kana kuti chimwezve chinhu here? Tsanangudzo inogara ichiburitswa nevesocialists (uye kwete ivo chete) ndeyekuti nyika muridzi wenzira dzekugadzira inoumba socialism, inonzwisiswa senhanho yekuchinja kuenda kucommunism, kushandisa magadzirirwo ekare aKarl Marx. Iyi ndiyo yaive nheyo iyo Soviet Union, kubva kuma1930s zvichienda mberi, yaigona kuzvizivisa pachayo nzanga yesocialist, ichivandudza kuti kuzvitaura senyika. "Socialist yakabudirira" mumakore Brezhnev sechimwe danho rekusimudzira.
Asi ndizvo chete zviripo here? Ndinogona kukakavara kuti kubviswa kweboka rebourgeois social class sevaridzi venzira dzekugadzira uye kuchinjwa kwehukama hwemagariro evanhu pamwe chete kana hurumende huridzi ndiyo pre-condition of socialism, kwete izvo chaizvoizvo. Uye hazvifanirwe kureva muridzi wehurumende wemabhizinesi ese, kunyangwe zvisingafungidzike kuti socialism ivepo isingaise mumabhangi ehurumende uye mashoma, maindasitiri makuru makuru. Kana socialism ichireva hutongi hwejekerere hwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi munharaunda umo munhu wese ane izwi muzvisarudzo zvinobata ivo, nharaunda dzavo uye/kana mabhizinesi mavanoshanda; mihoro nemimwe muripo inoratidza mipiro kubasa rakaitwa; uye hapana nzvimbo dzesimba dzakavakwa pakuunganidzwa kwemari, saka hapana China kana imwe nyika chero ipi zvayo inogona kuverengerwa sekuwana socialism.
Muzvinyorwa zvake pamusoro peSoviet Union, wezvenhau weMarxist Isaac Deutscher akatanga shoko rokuti “post-capitalist” yeSoviet Union uye masatellite ayo eCentral European. Izvi zvinopa izwi risina kwarakarerekera rinobvuma kuti hukama hwehupfumi hwecapitalist hwakanga hwabviswa pasina kutaura kuti shanduko kuenda kune imwe nyika yepamusoro yakanga yapera. Iyo yagara ichiratidzika kwandiri senzira inobatsira zvikuru yekufunga nezvehupfumi hweSoviet. Zvamazvirokwazvo yanga isiri capitalist, kana United States nemamwe masimba ekuMadokero capitalist angadai asina kushandisa nguva yakawanda kudaro, simba nemari mukuedza kukunda Soviet bloc nesimba rakadaro.
Zvine musoro kudhirowa kumwe kufambirana nemafungiro aDr. Amin eChina seasiri capitalist kana socialist. Akataura nezvemamiriro evhu ekumaruwa eChina, izvo zvisiri zvinhu zvinotengeswa nevarimi, “sezvinotidzivirira zvachose kuti tisati China yemazuva ano (kunyangwe nhasi) se'macapitalist,' nekuti nzira yecapitalist yakavakirwa pa. kusandurwa kwenyika kuita chinhu chekutengesa. " Vamwe vatauri vanonongedzera kunyaya yekuti mabhanga nemari zvinoramba zviri mumaoko ehurumende kusimbisa nharo dzavo dzekuti China haisi capitalist. Dr. Amin mukuongorora kwavo vakacherekedza kuti mari yepasi rose haigoni kupamba zviwanikwa zveChina uye kubatanidzwa kweChina mugadziriro yepasi rose “kwakarerekera uye kunodzorwa.” Ivhu, zvisinei, rinowanzotorwa neguta kana dzimwe hurumende dzenzvimbo uye kutengeswa kune zvekutengesa; imwe fungidziro yakaitwa muna 2017 ndeyekuti Varimi vane mamiriyoni mana vakanga vachirasikirwa neminda gore negore. Uyezve, kuti China ndeimwe yenyika mbiri dzakakura zvakakwana kupinda muhurongwa hwecapitalist pasi rose maererano nezvayo (India ichiva imwe yacho kunyangwe isiri iyo Hindu fundamentalist neoliberal BJP kana iyo inogara yakananga-inofamba Congress inosarudza kuita kudaro) hazvireve kuti capitalist. hukama haupo kubva kubasa.
Enzaniso neSoviet Union haina kukwana, zvakapihwa kuti Soviet Union yakachengeta post-capitalist, kana chero ipi zvayo, asiri-capitalist, chimiro chehurumende kuburikidza nemakore ekutanga aMikhail Gorbachev, asingatange kuunza zvinhu zvecapitalist. kusvikira nhevedzano yekuvandudzwa yakapinda mudare reparamende muna 1990.
Pakuenzanisa, zvino, kunyange zvazvo Dr. Amin vakapa dudziro yakadzidza uye yakakomba (uye ndiani akanga akajeka pamusoro pengozi yekudzoka ku capitalism kunyange achitenda kuti kuvhurwa kwemisika kwairuramiswa), kuumbwa kwaVaRuckus kwezvikamu zvina kunotipa kunzwisisa kwakanakisisa. yehupfumi hweChinese uye kwairi, zvirinani ikozvino, iri kuenda. Imwe pfungwa yatisina kutaura nezvayo ndeyekuti China yave kuenda kucapitalism, asi sechipo chechinguvana kusimudzira nekukurumidza, uye rimwe zuva ichabvuta hupfumi hwakazvimirira uye ive simba resocialist rakasimba zvakakwana kudzivirira masimba emacapitalist. . Tichifunga kusajeka kweCCP, hapana mumwe wedu ari kunze kwebato ari munzvimbo ipi neipi yekuziva nechiremera zvinangwa zvehutungamiri hwayo zvenguva refu.
Chatingaite kuongorora zviito nemashoko ehutungamiriri hweCCP, uhwo hwakaita kufambira mberi kunononoka kuenda ku capitalism. Mutungamiri Xi vachangobva kutanga kutora matanho ekutonga mune mamwe maCapitalist eChina uye vakataura kakawanda nezveMarxism, asi kana aya ari mafambiro ekutanga ekudzoreredzwa kwemitemo kana kungotaura kwekutonga kwebato hazvizivikanwe kwenguva yakati. Uye kunyangwe dai chaive chokwadi kuti mafambiro akananga kucapitalism anoitirwa kuti aite zvechimbichimbi, achiramba akabatikana zvakanyanya mumisika uye hurongwa hwecapitalist nyika hune simba rayo, kukukurwa kusiri nyore kutarisa. Kune zvishuwo zvemaindasitiri nemapato zvinofarira nzira iyo China yanga iri kubva kuma1990s, uye izvo zvishuwo zvinomiririra rimwe simba remagariro rinoramba kuumbwa kwemaitiro kune socialism.
Nzira isina kujeka uye inopokana
Mukupfupisa kwayo, Communist Road inobvuma kuti kubata pamuviri kwenhanho ina “kune ganhuriro dzayo.” Hapana miganhu yakajeka pakati pematanho kana kuti hakuna nhoroondo yakatwasuka. "Kuchinja kwenguva refu kubva pasocialism kuenda ku capitalism kunyanya kwaisangova zvishoma nezvishoma uye kunopindirana chete asiwo kwakajeka uye kwaipokana," VaRuckus vanonyora kudaro. "[M] chero ipi zvayo yezvikamu zviduku [mukati mezvikamu] zvakapindirana, sezvo kusagadzikana kubva pasi kwaiwanzoita uye kusinganzwisisiki uye kwakatora makore kukura nekukura, nepo zvigadziro zvekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa kubva kumusoro zvakadzikama uye zvekugara kwenguva refu." [peji 166]
Mutsara kuramba pfungwa yekuti "vanonzi vatengesi vemigwagwa muhutungamiri hweCCP" vakaita chirongwa chikuru. "Hapana humbowo hwehurongwa hwakadai, uye kupa mhosva shanduko kuvatungamiriri vakatsauka veCCP inofuratira maumbirwo emumba nepasirese. … [Ini] zvakakonzerwa nechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chakatorwa nehurumende yeCCP muma1950 nema1960 uye nemagariro, zvematongerwo enyika, uye masimba ehupfumi akaita kuti shanduko yekuenda kucapitalist mumakumi emakore akatevera igoneke uye ingangoitika (kunyangwe zvisingadzivisiki) .” [peji 173]
Iri bhuku rinopedzisa ne "zvidzidzo zvekuruboshwe" izvo zvinopa "zvinhu zveruboshwe-rebapiro zano." Zviviri zvinodikanwa, munyori anonyora, kuongororwa kwemaitiro ekudzoreredzwa kwekirasi kubva pamaonero evaporofiti nevamwe vanhu vakadzvinyirirwa, uye mafomu ekuronga anoputsa kupatsanurana pakati pevamiriri, vatsigiri uye vakangwara. Hurukuro yakazaruka yekusimba nekusasimba kwemafambiro, kuramba uye kuronga, uye kwehurumende dzesocialist, zvakakosha pamwe nekuti mafambiro anofanirwa kunge ari mumaoko eavo vari kunetseka uye vanofanirwa kuzvimiririra. Chekupedzisira, mafambiro anofanira kuronga pasi rose; kurwisana kwevanhu munyika yose kwemakore achangopfuura kwakaitika panguva imwe chete asi "yakakamurwa pamwe chete nemiganhu yeNorth-South uye nemisika yenyika, rusarura, rusarura, uye hurumende dzekutama. Aya mapoka anogona kukundwa, uye nderimwe remabasa ekuruboshwe-kuronga kupa zviwanikwa uye kugadzira mabhiriji anobatanidza matambudziko. "
Tinofanira kuvakira ongororo pachokwadi chenyama, kwete pane zvatinoshuvira kana zviroto kana pazita resangano rinotungamirira nyika. Hapana bhuku rimwechete rinogona kuva izwi rekupedzisira, uye mamwe emhedziso ye Communist Road vane chokwadi chekukwevera kumwe kusawirirana kwakasimba. Pasinei nokuti umire papi pamibvunzo yepakati iri kukurukurwa, Ralf Ruckus akapa nharo yakasimba, inotsigirwa nehumbowo hwakakwana, nokuda kwechirevo chokuti China yave capitalist, pamwe chete nenhoroondo inobatsira, inokurumidza kubva pasi peChina kubvira 1949. mipiro inogamuchirwa.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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