Kuita kwehurumende yeChile kudzvinyirira nguva pfupi yadarika, kunyangwe zvipikirwa zvekugadzirisa zvichemo zvakakurumbira, kunoratidza kugona kuneta kwekutora zvido kubva pasi.
Mushure memakore makumi maviri ekusavapo kwekuunganidza kwakakurumbira, kubvira 2006 sangano revadzidzi riri kukura richidaidzira kupera kwekutengesa, kupatsanurana, uye kusaenzana muhurongwa hwedzidzo yakashandura zvematongerwo enyika ekuChile. Kufamba kwacho kwakagadziriswa nenguva dzehuwandu uye hwemhando yekukura. Muna 2011, yakatonga nesimba risati ramboitika uye yakatanga kukwezva rutsigiro kubva kuzvizvarwa zvitsva zvevashandi vevashandi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, yakagadziridza pamwe chete nevatsva vevashandi vekumukira uye yakawedzera zvido zvayo zve-anti-neoliberal.
Hurumende yepakati-kuruboshwe - inotungamirwa nemutungamiri weSocialist Michelle Bachelet — iyo yakadzokera pamasimba kutanga kwa2014 yakaratidzira padanho rekuvandudza iro raisanganisira shanduko inofambira mberi yezvikoro nemayunivhesiti emunyika. Asi vadzidzi vekuChile vanofunga kuti Bachelet's piecemeal education reform (yakapfuura muna Ndira) ishoma, inofambiswa nevakuru, uye yanonoka, uye nekudaro vatangazve imwe yemafambiro anotyisa eLatin America.
Bato revadzidzi, sezvarakaita kweanoda kusvika makore gumi, riri kuda zvechokwadi kuitwa nyika dzidzo, uye kudzoreredzwa kwekuwanda kwekudzidziswa kwemurairo, uko kwakawedzera kudzika kubva muna 1973-1990 hudzvanyiriri hwakasunungura zvine simba zvikoro.
Chile yakanyura mukuratidzira mumwedzi yapfuura. Pana May 28 vadzidzi vanopfuura 100,000 200,000 vakapinda mumigwagwa, uye mazuva maviri gare gare, vanopfuura XNUMX XNUMX vakaratidzira munyika yose. Vakafora nevadzidzisi, vemasangano akazvimirira ega, vezvemhoteredzo, veMapuche vanoramba nyika, uye vanorwira kodzero dzemagariro.
Musi waChikumi 17 vanopfuura 100,000 vadzidzisi vairova vakafora muSantiago. Vakabatanidzwa nezviuru zvevashandi vane kondirakiti kubva kuguta guru rakasarudzika nzira yekufambisa nevacheri vemigodhi vasina njodzi vanozotevera mushure memavhiki akatanga nhevedzano yemaroadblocks uye mabasa ekumanikidza kambani yenyika yezvicherwa kuti ivandudze zviyero zvakambotaurirana kune vanobhadhara makondirakiti.
Mapoka aya ari kubatana kuita danda revashandi rine mukana wekuviga hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji hweChile, iyo yakarasikirwa nesimba rehukuru hwayaive nayo kwemakumi maviri emakore zvichitevera shanduko ya1989-1990.
Simba uye simba rekusimuka kwechangobva kuitika mune zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshamisa - pakupera kwegore rapfuura kuratidzira kwaiita kunge kuri kupera. Kuurayiwa kwaBorbarán naGuzmán kwakaitika panguva yekusagadzikana uye pamwe nekumira mukusundidzirwa kwakakurumbira kwegutsaruzhinji nehupfumi. Chokwadi, Bachelet paakapasa yake yekutanga yekuvandudza chikoro muna Ndira, bato revadzidzi rakanga risina kugadzikana uye risina chokwadi nematanho aro anotevera. Zvisinei kukwira kusagutsikana kubva kumatunhu ese ane mukurumbira, zvaiita sekunge chirongwa cheBachelet chekuvandudza chakabatana nekuedza kwakapfava uye kwakadzimwa papopulism kunogona kudzikisira uye kuburitsa pachena mafambiro ari kukura uye anochinja.
Nerutsigiro rwuri pamutemo rweBato reCommunist, kusanganisira vatungamiri vakuru vekumukira kwevadzidzi muna 2011-2012, mutungamiri wenguva yechipiri akapasisawo batch yedzidzo nemutemo wemitero akashevedzwa sematanho ekurwisa-elite anoderedza kusaenzana. Bachelet akakurudzira pasuru yekuvandudza kwevashandi iyo, ichiri kudzika senge kudzoreredzwa kwekuparadzwa kwaPinochet kwekodzero dzevashandi vakaungana, inotowedzera simba revashandirwi.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, utongi hwacho hwakanyura mumakororo ehuwori izvo zvaita kuti zvisave nekodzero. Zvakadaro zvinyongori zvakabvisawo pfungwa kubva pakuchinja kwezvimiro kuenda kuzvinodiwa nehurumende yakachena nemasangano akasimba, zvichityisidzira kutsiva gakava renyika pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kweanopikisa neoliberal nenyaya yekutonga kwakasimba.
Zvese izvi zvakashanduka muna Chivabvu 14 apo vadzidzi vakaungana kuti vade dzidzo yeruzhinji uye yegutsaruzhinji, matanho akasimba anodzivirira kodzero dzevashandi, nekugadzwa kwemadziro emoto anopatsanura bhizinesi kubva kumapato epamusoro uye kugadzira mitemo. Varatidziri vakaratidzawo kutsamwa pachirongwa chaBachelet chekugadzirisa dzidziso kuburikidza neArne Duncan-maitiro ekumira uye kukwikwidza, bhonasi-induced professionalization zvirongwa.
Makumi ezviuru zvevadzidzisi uye varwi vezvinzvimbo-uye-mafaira kubva kumaindasitiri senge zviteshi nemigodhi yemhangura vakabatana nevadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari neveyunivhesiti kuti vaunganidze nyika, uye 150,000 vakafora muSantiago chete. Sezvo kufora kwakasvika kuguta rechiteshi chengarava reValparaiso, Exequiel naDiego vakabatwa mukupopotedzana nemurindi akaburutsa pfuti yake kuzviso zvavo.
Mhondi idzi hadziratidzi kuonekazve kwezvinhu zvefascist mune zvematongerwo enyika eChilean sezvakanyevera vamwe; hapana hwaro hunoshanda hwekuita kwevepakati-kati kupokana nekutangazve kwekuratidzira muChile.
Uye kuuraya uku hakuna zvakunoreva zvakanyanya sezvisingadzivisike magariro emagariro anokonzerwa nekusarudzika kwenyika. Mushure mezvose, mhando yemusika yakanyanyisa yakaunza, kunyangwe mushure mekunonoka kwenguva refu, kubatana kwakasimba uye hunhu hwevanhu pakati pevechidiki vanonzi vakazviparadzanisa nenyika.
Kuurayiwa kweExequiel naDiego kwakakosha kune chimwe chikonzero. Vanotsanangudza mitsetse yehondo nemauto anopikisa mukukakavadzana kwakamutsiridzwa uye kwakasimba pamusoro pehutongi hwejekerere.
Mukukonana uku vatungamiri veNeoliberal vanotungamirirwa neBachelet's akawedzera pakati-kuruboshwe coalition avo vane chinangwa chekuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu vakapokana nemapoka ese anoda kushandura zvakanyanya hutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi nekuvhiringidza pane kutora chikamu mumasangano epamusoro. Aka hakasi kekutanga mauto aya anorwisana atarisana pasi.
Musiyano uripo pakati pekusimudzirwa kwemazuva ano uye kuunganidzwa kwakapfuura mukati megore ra2006 na2011 ndewekuti mibatanidzwa yakavakirwa pachirongwa chakafanana chekupokana nehutungamiriri hwave kusimba munzira chaiyo. Kuvandudzwa kwechiuto uye chokwadi chevapanduki veChile chabvisa zvakanyanya chivimbo chevakuru chekuti mubatanidzwa waBachelet unogona kupa hutongi hutsva hwehupenyu.
Elite Simba Mushure mePinochet
INekushanduka kubva muhudzvanyiriri, hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji hweChile hwakabuda sehutongi hwejekerere hwedunhu, hwakagara hwakanangana nekupokana zvachose kwevasiri vepamusoro-soro pamwe nekutonga kwebipartisan oligarchic, uye kutsigirwa nekudzvinyirirwa kwenyika.
Apo mutsigiri mukuru Allende akasarudzwa kuva mutungamiri wenyika muna 1970, Chile yaive neimwe yezvidzidzo zvechiuto uye zvakabudirira mune zvematongerwo enyika pasi rose. Dare rekutonga rakapidigura hurumende yake rakabvisa zvikamu zvakakurumbira munyika munyama, hurongwa, uye maitiro.
Mushure mekuuraya, kunyangarika, kana kudzinga mauto ekirasi, hutongi hwemauto hwakarambidza masangano ese ezvematongerwo enyika aisimudzira zvido zvisiri zvevakuru uye akagadziridza indasitiri nemagariro, kupatsanura nekuparadzira vashandi vekuChile uye kugadzira kuparara kwevasiri vepamusoro.
Masangano ezvematongerwo enyika ekuChile akagadziridzwa zvakare kudzivirira vanhu vasiri vepamusoro-soro kubva mukupikisa zvido zvevakuru. Apo udzvinyiriri hwakabvuma kupa simba kukutonga kwavanhuwo zvavo, hwakaita kudaro munhaurirano dzakasimba. Mapato akasiiwa akabviswa, seMIR; kusarudzika seCP; kana kuvandudzwa, seSocialists.
MaSocialists, mushure memusika wehutungamiriri hwavo aggiornamento pasi pesimba revanotonga gutsaruzhinji mumaguta makuru eWestern Europe nekufunga matangi, vakabatana neChristian Democrats (bato rakabatsira mukudaidzira kuti Allende apidigurwe muna 1973) kuti akunde sarudzo nerutsigiro rwakakura kubva kuvanhuwo zvavo vaingoda kupera kwehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri.
Mubatanidzwa mutsva, the Concertación, vakabvuma kusiya mbiru dzehurumende yevaneoliberal dzakasimba kupfuura kudzoreredza rusununguko rwevanhu. Hurumende itsva yepakati-kuruboshwe yakadzora dziviriro dzakanyanya kuisirwa nemauto, senge maseneta akasarudzwa uye ehupenyu hwese, asi hapana chaakaita kushandura kodhi yevashandi yaPinochet, hurongwa hwechikoro, kana kudzikiswa, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu, modhi yekukura kunze kwenyika.
Concertación kuzvipira kumitemo yakakosha yeudzvanyiriri kwakasimbiswa nechirongwa chesarudzo chebinomial icho chakabatanidza kugovana masimba pakati pemibatanidzwa inokwikwidza. Nekubvisa vapikisi vebato rechitatu, zvakabatsira kuvharira kusiya basa kwakakurumbira uye kusimbisa hukama kune bhizinesi, sezvo vezvematongerwo enyika nemamaneja ehurumende vakaonekwa chete kune zvido zvevakuru vehupfumi.
Kuvimbiswa kwechinosvika hafu yezvigaro zveparamende kumubatanidzwa wega wega waikwikwidzana kwakasimudzira kutonga kwebato uye kwakaunza boka rine simba remabhuroka anotonga nyika nenzira dzaizoita kuti vezvematongerwo enyika vekuUS vatsvedzerere.
Chinhu chechitatu uye chinokatyamadza cheChile's post-authoritarian neoliberalism yanga iri kutyisidzira kunogara kuripo uye kushandiswa-kazhinji kushandiswa kwekudzvinyirira hurumende. Chiito chakaunganidzwa chakanzvenga musanganiswa wakakura wekusasimba kwakakurumbira uye mutemo weoligarchic wakaiswa pasi zvine hutsinye nekukatyamadzwa kwakabatanidzwa. carabinieri, mapurisa ehurumende ane mauto.
Nepo hutongi hwemauto hwakashandisa chisimba kudzima makumi emakore esangano revashandi, the Concertación ikozvino inosunungura Special Forces, imbwa, uye guanacos kuraira kuunganidza kutsva.
Kuvakazve Momentum
Tiye nyika yeChile, uye vezvematongerwo enyika zvakanyanya, vakashora kupondwa kwaExequiel naDiego, asi vakadzokorora kukonana sedambudziko rakatenderedza kodzero yekuratidzira, vachiregeredza zvichemo zvinosimudzira kuratidzira. Nhamba dzehurumende dzakakosha decontextualized the mobilizations, vachitora kukonana sechiratidzo che sui generis social animus.
Camila Vallejo, mutungamiriri wechidiki wechiKomonisiti wekuratidzira kwa2011 uyo zvino ari kutungamira komisheni yeDzidzo mudare repasi reParamende, akadana mhondi idzi “mhaka yeruvengo” kune vanorwira vechidiki, nepo gurukota rezvedzidzo panguva iyoyo Eyzaguirre akashora mupari wemhosva achiti “aifunga kuti zvombo zvinogona kukunda pfungwa. ”
Izvo zvinonyadzisa hazvina kurasika pakufamba uye kukura kwezvikwata zvevashandi vevapanduki. Kubva 1990, hurumende dze Concertación, mubatanidzwa mumwechete uyo Vallejo neCPCh zvino vari uye vane pasuru yekuvandudza dzidzo Eyzaguirre inopomerwa kuita kuti ibudirire, yakadzora zviratidzo zvese zvekupikisa.
Sezvineiwo, seGurukota reDziviriro pasi pemutungamiri wake weSocialist Ricardo Lagos, Bachelet akabatsira mukugadzira National Intelligence Agency (ANI) basa re "kugadzirisa ruzivo rune chekuita nezviitiko zvevanhu, mapoka nemasangano izvo nenzira ipi zvayo zvinokanganisa kana kukanganisa mamiriro ehurongwa hweveruzhinji uye kuchengetedzwa kwemukati meruzhinji."
Iyo ANI (seyakatangira murkier inongozivikanwa se la Oficina) inogara ichironga pamwe ne carabinero Mauto akakosha ekubvisa zviratidzo zvekupokana. Muna 2011, mumwe mudzidzi akapfurwa akafa carabinieri pakukwirira kwekuunganidzira kupikisa hurumende yepakati-yekurudyi yaSebastián Piñera, uye pamwe chete, vanopfuura gumi nevaviri vechidiki varatidziri vakapondwa kubva pakaitwazve demokrasi.
Kudzvinyirirwa kwechivanhu kwehurumende kwakaratidzwa zvizere munguva pfupi yapfuura apo mapurisa akauraya mushandi wemugodhi wemugodhi vachiratidzira nekuda kwekuchengetedzwa kwakawedzerwa mumatunhu ekuchamhembe-pakati penyika. Semumwe wevadiki veNM vebapiro rekuruboshwe vakatombobvuma, iyo carabinero Special Forces "ita zvinoenderana nemaprotocol akafanana akaiswa pasi pehudzvanyiriri hwemauto."
Cristian Cuevas, murongi wechiKomonisiti akatungamira vashandi vemhangura vasina kusimba mukuramwa mabasa kwakaitika muna 2007, vakapomera bazi rezvemukati menyika kuti rakatangazve kuita ".mano dura" vachipesana nevashandi.
Vadzidzi vanonzwisisa kuti kumanikidza kwenyika kunoitirwa kubvisa vapanduki kubva mumigwagwa ine vanhu, nzvimbo dzebasa, uye makampasi, uye zvinovanetsa zvinowedzera kupfuura kudzvinyirirwa kuri kuwedzera. Vasinganetseki, vakadaidzira kuti kukwidzwe nekukurumidza uye zvachose kusunda kupfuura chirongwa cheBachelet chakadzorwa zvakasimba che "reform" agenda.
Vakatsunga kuti vatangezve kushungurudza panguva yakasara ye2015, iyo yavakazivisa "Gore Redzidzo," vakapindura kurufu nekuvhara guta guru. Makumi ezviuru zvevadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari akavhiringidza kufambiswa kwemotokari masikati achigadzirira chiitiko nokuda kwokusangana kwemanheru kwevadzidzi vakura, vadzidzisi, uye vabereki.
Kuedza kubatana nemamwe matambudziko uye kubatanidza radical bloc yakatenderedza zvakakosha zviri kuberekawo michero. Musi waChikumi 16 Santiago University yakabata Musangano wenyika weMasangano Akaunganidzwa. 200 vamiriri vemibatanidzwa, vadzidzisi nevadzidzi, uye vanogara muzvitangwena vakazadza horo kuti vazivise kuvakwa kwekubatana kwakakurumbira kuburikidza nezviito zvakajairika kubva pasi.
Kukurudzirwa uye nekuona kukura kwekukunda dzidzo yeuneoliberal uye shanduko yevashandi, Confederation of University Students (CONFECH) yakazodaidzira kuti nyika imiswe zvachose.
Kutsemuka mu Concertación
Duriring temu yekutanga yaBachelet, iyo Concertación's kugona kudzivirira kuunganidzwa kwemukurumbira kwaitove kuratidza kutsemuka. Sezvineiwo vevakuru, vasina ruzivo uye vakazvimiririra vepakati uye vechikoro chesekondari sangano - rinonzi pinguïnos yunifomu yevadzidzi nhema nechena - iyo hafu-yakangoerekana yaputika muna 2006 kuratidzira kuderedzwa kweChile's splintered school system yakavharwa apo hutongi hwakabudirira kuitora kunyangwe kutora chikamu mumapoka anoshanda kana mesas de trabajo.
Apo vezvehupfumi vakatendeukira kusarudzo yepakati-yekurudyi yekugadzirisa zvinhu zvavo, sangano revadzidzi rakaputika zvakare muna 2011. Mutsivi waBachelet, Sebastián Piñera, akakundikana zvinosiririsa mukuedza kwake kubvisa vadzidzi kuburikidza nemauto "anobatanidzwa", uye haana kuwana mhinduro mafungu asingaperi ekufamba uye basa rechikoro nevadzidzi veyunivhesiti nesekondari zvino vazadzwa nehuwandu hwekusavimba nekirasi, mubatanidzwa wake wepakati-kurudyi wakaburitsa hudzvanyiriri, zvichikonzera mazana ekusungwa kwehusiku, kusati kwaonekwa kubva panguva yehudzvanyiriri.
Kana simba rakatadza kudzosa kufamba, vebhizinesi vepamusoro vaive vasina sarudzo kunze kwekudzorera Concertación kusimba. Kubhejera kwavo kusimudzira bapiro repro-Pinochetist renyika kuhutungamiriri kwakange kwadzosera kumashure, saka vakabva vagarazve kuChristian Democrats neSocialist vaive vabata zvinhu zvavo nemhirizhonga shoma.
Kuve nechokwadi chekudzokera kwavo kusimba, bhizinesi semi-yakavanzika yakawedzera mari yekuratidzira kwavo, uye nepo zvimwe zvikamu zvecapitalist zvichiramba zvichibheja kurudyi rwebato, vanorova zvinorema kubva kumasekete ese vakapomba vamiriri veNM uye Concertación vatengesi vane mari yakasimba. Kuiswa kwaBachelet yevanotsigira bhizinesi mamaneja mumapazi makuru akadai seEconomy, Mining, Labor, uye Interior pamwe nematambudziko ehuwori anhasi anobva mukushanduka uku.
Kuvhiringidza kukuru kwakamanikidza Concertación kuita mushandirapamwe papuratifomu yekuvandudza. Asi dunhu rayo rebhizinesi, munhevedzano yemadhiri ekumashure, akatwasanudza chinhu yechirongwa chayo chemutemo, ichikurudzira kurwisana kuri kuramba kuchiitika nekuwanda kwehunyanzvi hwakakurumbira.
Kuchinjanisa mibatanidzwa kwakaratidza kusashanda mukumisa kuratidzira. Pasina anovimbika anodyidzana naye kuti atsigire hurongwa hwekuvandudza hunoburitswa nenyowani nekuvandudzwa Nueva Mayoría, rusaruro rwayo rwekirasi rwaizowedzera zvisingadzivisiki kumukira kutsva.
Pinda muBato reCommunist. Bachelet nevapangamazano vake vaitenda kuti vaigona kudzosera kubatanidzwa kwemaitiro matsva eChile uye kudzoreredza "kubvuma" kumitemo yekutanga yehurumende nekusanganisira bato mumubatanidzwa wepakati-kuruboshwe.
MaKomonisiti aishorwa akanga apedza makore akawanda achikurudzira mubatanidzwa waizovimbisa kusakwikwidzwa Concertación kutonga mukutsinhana neshanduko dzepakati pemagariro, asi nguva dzose dzairambwa.
Asi zvinhu zvinoshanduka. Iyo CP inodzungaira yakananga pakati uye kuungana kwakapararira kwakakurudzira bhizinesi kuti ribvumire kutama senzira yekudzivirira. Mumwe wezvematongerwo enyika weChristian Democrat ane hukama hwepedyo nebhizinesi akapa mvumo yekubatanidzwa: "Ndinobvuma kuti, kana nezvegore rekutanga re Nueva Mayoría's hurumende . . . CP yaita nemazvo. Uye ndinoda kusimbisa kunyanya [mutungamiri webato uye] mumiriri Guillermo Teillier uye [National Labor Confederation] mutungamiri weCUT Bárbara Figueroa.
Kuzivikanwa kwake kwaive mhemberero iyo CP yakavimbisa kutonga ne "gumbo rimwe mukati la Moneda uye imwe iri mukati iye Alameda” zvakasvika pakufora wakavharirwa nevakakwirira.
Zvichiwedzera kutadza kweNM mune zvematongerwo enyika, hutongi hwaBachelet hwazara mukunyomba. Mwanakomana wake, wepakati Concertación anoshanda, akawana chikwereti chake kubva kumuridzi webhengi weChile ane simba zvakanyanya uye akaishandisa kufambisa chivakwa kune mamirioni mupurofiti, ukuwo denderedzwa remukati raBachelet rave kukumbira mari zvisiri pamutemo kubva kune vane simba munharaunda yebhizinesi kusanganisira mukuwasha waPinochet. , aimbova mukuru weChile's powerful peak business association uye ruzhinji rwevaridzi vemigodhi mikuru yenyika. Kurasika kusiri pamutemo kwemutemo kubva mukunyomba kunoratidzika kunge kusina magumo iko zvino kuri kuwedzera kuunganidza.
Kuvaka Kudzivisa
Tiye wekuChilean akasiya atarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakafanana nhasi - kuparara kwemaindasitiri, kupatsanurwa kwesangano rine mukurumbira, uye kugadziriswa kwakadzama kwezvinhu zvakakosha - izvo zvakanganisa mashandiro eboka revashandi kwemakumi maviri emakore apfuura. Saka hazvishamise kuti hunyanzvi hwakakurumbira hwakatanga kuoneka zvakare mudzidzo, nhandare umo zvivakwa zvezvikoro zvinosunga vadzidzi nevadzidzisi kuburikidza netiweki dzekubatana zvakaramba zviripo, kunyangwe zvikoro zvakapatsanurwa.
Zvimiro zvakabatanidzwa zvevadzidzi vesekondari neveyunivhesiti zvaivepo kuti zviitwezve kana vadzidzi vasangana pamwe chete maererano nezvakagovaniswa zvinodiwa. Kana zvipikirwa zvisina kuzadzikiswa zvemakwikwi eruzivo, hunyanzvi, uye zvitupa uye kukwira kwedenga mari yemumba yega vakabvisa zvikamu zvakafara zvevechidiki veboka rekushanda, vadzidzi vakashandisa zviwanikwa zvesangano izvi zvakasara kubatanidza.
Saizvozvo, kunyangwe mauto akaparadza mubatanidzwa wevadzidzisi wenyika, "sangano" renyanzvi kana koreji iyo yakatsiva iyo yakaramba ichibatanidza vadzidzisi vehurumende, pasinei nekusabatanidza avo vanoshanda pazvibvumirano zvisiri izvo uye kunze kwezvikoro zvemanisipala zvehurumende.
Iyo CP, yarasikirwa nesimba mune dzimwe nzvimbo, yakawana kuraira kwe colegio de profesores uye mibatanidzwa yekambasi, uye kusvika pakubatanidzwa kwayo zviri pamutemo, bato rakashanda kutsigira masangano aya, iro rakabva raita mumubatanidzwa waro ne Concertación.
Sezvo vadzidzi vakarwa nevadzidzisi vaibatana mukati mezvivakwa zvakachengetedzwa, vakabudirira kuwedzera zviwanikwa zvavo zvesangano zvisinei nekuedza kweCP nguva dzose pakudzora kwakatwasuka. Vadzidzisi, vachiwedzera kusava nechokwadi nezveutariri hweKomonisiti, vakasimbisazve magungano enzvimbo yebasa uye vakatotora kutonga kwevakakosha venzvimbo.
Hushingi hwevadzidzisi vatsva, hwakagadziridzwa panguva yekumukira kwevadzidzi muna 2006 na2011, hwakasimudzira maticha evadzidzisi akazvimirira. Vadzidzi, vakawedzerawo nhengo yeCONFECH muna 2012 kuti ibatanidze makoreji akazvimirira, ayo anonyoresa kusvika pazvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvevadzidzi vekusecondary.
Vashandi vari mune mamwe matunhu panguva iyi vaifanira kuvakazve masangano avo zvachose pamberi pekuparara kwemaindasitiri uye, iyo herculean kuronga kuedza kwaCristian Cuevas muindasitiri yemhangura zvisinei, kutsungirira. Concertación/Kudzora kweCommunist kwemibatanidzwa isina simba uye isingaite.
Vashandi vanobva muzvikamu zvehurongwa uhwu vakawedzera kubatana nevadzidzi mukuunganidza kwavo, uye vakaratidza hunyanzvi hwavo zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekuramwa mabasa kweindasitiri, izvo zvingadai zvisina kufungidzirwa makore gumi apfuura.
Vashandi vemhangura vakabuda kunze vakatungamira kuramwa mabasa kwemhangura muna 2007 apo vashandi vepachiteshi vakatanga rolling strikes inobata zviteshi zvezviteshi zveChile kwemakore mashoma apfuura - budiriro huru inofunga nezvemhangura yakacheneswa nemhangura inotora chikamu che55 muzana chemutengo wekutengesa kunze kwenyika kuChile.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mumachiteshi cheChile - nzvimbo yakakosha yehupfumi hwenyika - vashandi vezvikepe munguva pfupi yapfuura vakashandisa nzira yepasi-kumusoro yekugadzira simba remubatanidzwa uye vakabudirira kutora kudzora kwedzimwe horo huru dzekuhaya.
Kukunda Co-optation yechiKomonisiti
Tdzvinyiriro yake iri kuramba ichikura kubva mumafambisirwo emagariro evanhu ndiwo musimboti wechisarudzo chehurumende yeChile chekubatanidza Bato reCommunist mumatunhu anotonga sesimba rinodzikamisa. Basa reCommunist pro-regime rave richinyanya kujeka mukudzivirira kwebato chikoro cheBachelet uye shanduko yevashandi.
Bachelet payakaratidza shanduko shoma yekupedza purofiti, kubhadhara pamwe, uye kuongorora muzvikoro, ma radicals matsva - vamiriri nevamiriri-uye-mafaira zvakafanana - vakabva varamba chikumbiro ichi. Ivo vakapokana maburi ekupa mafemu ekutonga akazvimirira, anozivikanwa sevanochengeta kana retenedores, mikana yakawanda uye yakavanzika yakavanzwa yepurofiti.
Zvinotonyanya kukosha, nepo zvisingarambiki zvichipa mhuri dzevarombo mukana wemahara kuzvikoro zvakapihwa mari, shanduko yacho munzira dzakawanda yakadzamisa dzidziso yehurombo. Nekudzika hurongwa hwemavhocha uye kuwedzera makwikwi nevachengeti vekuchinja kweruzhinji, vapanduki vevadzidzi vakati zvainetesa dzidzo yeruzhinji.
Vadzidzisi vakarambawo shanduko iyi uye vakaratidza kusafara nekunyarara kwayo zvichemo zvenguva refu uye zvisina kutarisirwa, kana deuda histórica, zvichibva mukuderedza mibayiro nemibayiro kwoudzvanyiriri.
Yakashevedzwa nema radicals kubva pazasi, NM yakatsamira pamaKomonisiti kuti ivimbike. Sezvo zvaizoita gare gare zvine chekuita nehunyanzvi hwevadzidzisi vaBachelet uye zvirongwa zvevashandi, bato rakapa rutsigiro rwaro ipapo. Mutungamiri wesangano revadzidzisi uye mukuru weCommunist Jaime Gajardo akasvetuka pamberi pevadzidzisi vainge vagumbuka ndokurumbidza shanduko yechikoro.
Sezvo kupera kwa2014 kwakasvika uye Congress yakatora mutemo, vechidiki vechiKomonisiti, vaine zviwanikwa zvezvematongerwo enyika uye zvemasangano zvavanazvo sevadiki vemubatanidzwa uye vachitsvaga kushandisa mubatanidzwa uyo kwenguva pfupi wakabata masangano evapanduki e-CP akatenderedza. Mushandirapamwe waBachelet, wakaita danho rekutora mubatanidzwa wevadzidzi veNational University uyo unotungamira bato rinopesana nekuchinja.
ne officialista élan, bato panguva imwe cheteyo rakatumira mutevedzeri wayo mutsva wekongiresi. Vallejo paakasvetuka kubva kuhutungamiriri hwemubatanidzwa wevadzidzi veNational University kuenda kuCongress gore rapfuura, uye paakanga ari sachigaro wedare repasi redzidzo, chinzvimbo chake mune zvematongerwo enyika chekuvandudza chakachinja zvakanyanya.
Pamusoro weCommunist Youth akatungamira kuratidzira muna 2011, Vallejo akashora Concertación kupindirana mukuvharisa zvinodiwa nevadzidzi, ndokuzopika kuti haambofa akashandira Bachelet. Iye zvino ave nhengo yemubatanidzwa uri kutonga, bato rake rakazvipira kuti bhiri iri rikunde. Sahwira ane chirango, Vallejo akabatana naGurukota Eyzaguirre kuti vatange kushambadzira kuburikidza nechikumbiro chemukuru.
Kuzviwana pachezvayo pasi kubva 2012, bato iri raifanira kuungana kuti likunde chirongwa chakatsigirwa neCP. Vadzidzi vatsva vakadaidzira zvine mutsindo, vachiuya pamwe chete kuti vahwine vhoti yaZvita 2014 uye nekudzivirira zvine mutsindo zano rekuramba richiunganidza pamwe nekugara pedyo-pedyo uye zvakajeka mibatanidzwa inopokana neNM nevashandi vekumukira-ne-faira.
Zvichakadaro, vadzidzisi, vachityiswa nekuzvipira kwaGajardo kupa Bachelet kupfuudza zvichemo zvavo zvenhoroondo, vakaungana kuti vapikise manzwiro ake evazhinji-uye-faira kuti amise rubatsiro rwake rwepro-regime. Vachimisikidza zvimiro zvavo zvesangano, vagari veko vakabva vadaidzira gungano renyika, vachivhota kuramba shanduko yechikoro "nekuchengetedza kukosha kwedzidzo yemusika."
Rakurirwa nekuparadzira kushorwa kwevanhu, bato iri rakachinjira pakuzvidza chinzvimbo-ne-faira. Vachizvidza basa reNational Assembly, Gajardo akabvuma hurongwa hwenhaurirano nehurumende izvo zvakatadza kupindirana ne "short ajenda" yavakavhotera.
Vashatiriswa, vagari vomunharaunda munyika yose vakabatana a cascading stoppage, zvichiguma nemazana ematunhu ezvikoro akaoma mitezo panosvika Mbudzi 2014, izvo zvakaita kuti Gajardo naBachelet vazive. Kusarudzika kwehurumende kwakundikana, bato rakazodaidza vagadzirisi varo kuti vatore kumukira kuri kupararira.
Munyori Mukuru webato, Juan Andrés Lagos, akatumirwa negurukota rezvemukati menyika aine mirairo yakajeka misa kumukira nenguva yekuvhota kwaNdira 2015 kongiresi.
Parizvino, zvakadaro, bato rakanga ratadza kutonga chinzvimbo-ne-faira. Vatungamiriri vakapokana uye vagari venzvimbo vakasimudzira mushandirapamwe wavo wekasi yemusango. Bachelet paakasuma chirongwa chake chehunyanzvi hwevadzidzisi muna Kubvumbi, vadzidzisi havana kumirira kuti Gajardo aite. Vakabva vadaidzira kuramwa kwenyika nechinangwa chekumanikidza Bachelet kuti abvise mutemo.
Kutanga munaChikumi, chimwe nechimwe, zvikoro, zvizhinji zvacho zvaigarwa nevadzidzi, zvakavharwa. Kuramwa mabasa uku, kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi kwemwedzi unopfuura, kwaida kuti pave nehurongwa hutsva uye hwakasiyana hwe “hunyanzvi” hunodzoreredza kudzikisirwa kwenyika kwekudzidzisa uye kutsigira kusimudzirwa kwedzidziso kuburikidza nekukura kwekirasi madiki, nguva yekugadzirira yakawedzerwa, uye kuronga kwenzvimbo yebasa kwegutsaruzhinji.
Achikurudzirwa nekumukira kukuru, Gajardo akazengurira akazviwana ari pamusoro wemudzidzisi wechiuto. Zvakadaro, chaive chisiri chakavanzika kune chinzvimbo-uye-mafaira kuti chinangwa chake chikuru chaive chekumisa kuramwa. Munguva yose yakamira zviuru zvakaramba zvakarinda kunze Colegio's misangano yedare renyika yekuranga vakuru vavo. Zviratidzo zvenyevero pamusoro pokutengesa zvakajekesa kuti kumukira kwacho kwairwisana nehurumende dzose dziri mbiri uye vatungamiri vavo.
Kutadza kudzikamisa chinzvimbo-uye-faira, Gajardo nebato vakatendeukira kune yavo yekupedzisira zano. MaKomonisiti zvino akakurudzira nhaurirano yekudyidzana kununura Bachelet uye kuunza kukunda kwakanyanya kwezvematongerwo enyika. Kubva kuCongress, Vallejo akaunganidza capital yake yese yezvematongerwo enyika uye, achiratidza tsitsi, akadana vadzidzisi kuti vapinde mukomiti ine mapato matatu kuti vaenderere mberi nekukurukura nezvebhiri.
The College akakokwa kuti agadzirise zvine ushamwari mune zvakaratidzwa sechiratidzo chakajeka chekusununguka uye kupindura. Kutevera script, Gajardo akatsigira kudzoreredza uye kujoinha hurukuro.
Asi mukukunda kwakaipisisa, dare repamusoro revadzidzisi rakavhota zvakanyanya musi wa28 Chikumi kuti varambe vachirambwa nekuramwa mabasa uku. Kunyangwe Vallejo akashora vadzidzisi nekuda kwekusatenda kwavo, Eyzaguirre akapika kuti haaizopa mhosva ye "vadzidzisi vari kutyora kodzero yevana vedu yekudzidza," nyika yakatanga kumisa varamwa mabasa, uye kumira kwacho kwakadzikira sezvo Bachelet akasarudza kupedza chikoro mangwanani. , kupandukira kwacho kwakabudirira zvikuru.
Eyzaguirre akadzingwa, Nueva Mayoría akamanikidzwa kuenderera mberi nenhaurirano dzemapato matatu asiya kusatendeseka, uye Vallejo akabvuma, achiraira gurukota raiuya kuti. kupinda muhurukuro dzisina zvisungo. Zano rebato rekuita zviri pamutemo, kushora, kuchengetedza, uye kuchengetedzwa kwebato rakakundikana zvinoonekera.
Vamiriri veNM vemitemo, kusanganisira vese maCPers, vakazovhara zvigaro uye vakapfuura nemutemo we "carrera docente" kunyangwe komisheni yaVallejo yakamanikidzwa kuvhota pasi. Gare gare uye zvechokwadi kuumba, Gajardo akatsamwisa kupatsanurwa pasi pakati pe Colegio's National Assembly uye yakazopedza zviri pamutemo kuramwa mabasa.
Muchiitiko ichi, zvisinei, bato rakabatana rinopikisa rakagadzira simba remagariro nesangano rekukwikwidza zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nevakuru, kuunganidza vakazvimirira hwaro huri kukura hwevarwi, uye kupokana nezvinzvimbo zveutungamiri. Nezvikwanisiro izvi vadzidzisi vakasimba, avo parizvino vatora danho rekuunganidza vapanduki, varova zvinokanganisa hurongwa hwekuvandudza hunotsigirwa nevakuru.
Sosaiti Yevapanduki
TKubudirira kwevadzidzisi kunowedzera kupfuura kubvisa neo-Stalinist tripwires uye kukanganisa shanduko yevadzidzisi vaBachelet. Kuunganidza kwavo kunosimbisa kugona kwevapanduki venzvimbo-uye-mafaira kumisikidza nekusundidzira muhurongwa maererano nezvinotiza zvisungo zvehutongi. Mukukanganisa mubatanidzwa wemaKomonisiti, vadzidzisi vane hunyanzvi, sevadzidzi vanorwira kodzero dzevadzidzi, vari kukanganisa kugona kwehurumende.
Uye semubato revadzidzi, vadzidzisi vekupandukira vakagadzirira kutora hutungamiriri hwezvimiro zvavo zvepamutemo. Ichi chiitiko chinomiririra rudzi rwekupfuura kwebaton kubva kuvadzidzi kuenda kubasa.
Nekubatanidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwavo, vadzidzisi vane hunyanzvi, pamwe nevacheri vemigodhi nevashandi vepachiteshi chezvikepe, vachange vari pamberi pemafambiro matsva eChile, budiriro isingafungidzike makore gumi apfuura, uye padyo nekushandura zvakanyanya kurongeka kweChile.
Hutsva hutsva hwekuChile hwakakunda zvigadziko zvekupatsanurwa kwavo, uye vakagadzira zviwanikwa zvesangano kuti vashandure mari yavanogoneka kuita mutengo chaiwo wevakuru. Iye zvino vanofanirwa kukudziridza simba rezvematongerwo enyika rekumanikidza kuburikidza neshanduko yemasangano ekutonga kwehutongi hwehutongi.
Parizvino, zvibhakera zvakatevedzana kubva pasi zvakanetesa hutongi uye zvakahusundidzira munzvimbo yezvibvumirano. Asi kuti veruboshwe vape shanduko huru, vanozofanira kukunda masangano emasimba nenzira imwechete yavakauya nayo kudzora mafambiro evadzidzi nevashandi. Ipapo ndipo chete, semuenzaniso, chero maitiro emumiriri achashandura kuita hurongwa hutsva hwezvematongerwo enyika kwete kurongedzera hwazvino.
Sezvineiwo, zvidzidzo zvakatorwa kubva muhurongwa hwekuunganidza huri kuenderera mberi zvakasimbisa kukosha kwevapanduki vatsva venyika. Ingori nyaya yenguva kuti vapanduki vatsva vekuChile vagadzirise midziyo yezvematongerwo enyika inodiwa kuunza pasi-post-authoritarian neoliberalism uye kuvaka masangano matsva anorwisa-capitalist munharaunda nezvematongerwo enyika panzvimbo yawo.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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