Demographers yenyika vakawedzera fungidziro dzavo dzechiverengero chavagari vapasi chenyika mukati mezana ramakore rinouya. Iye zvino tave munzira yekurova 10 bhiriyoni vanhu ne2100. Nhasi, vanhu vanogadzira chikafu chakakwana kudyisa munhu wose asi, nokuda kwenzira yatinoigovera nayo, kuchine a mabhiriyoni nenzara. Mumwe haafaniri kuva a achipupa furo Malthusian kutyira kuti tose tichadya sei mangwana. Mafungiro azvino anoisa ruzhinji rwevanhu pasi rose muAsia, huwandu hwepamusoro hwekushandisa muEurope neNorth America, uye huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuwedzera kwehuwandu muAfrica - uko huwandu hwevanhu hunogona. Katatu pamusoro pemakore makumi matatu anotevera.
Kune, zvisinei, zvirongwa zviri kuitika zvekudyisa nyika. Imwe yenyika dzaenda nenyanzvi munyaya dzebudiriro pasi rose iMalawi. Yakavharwa uye idiki pane Pennsylvania, Malawi inogara iri pakati penzvimbo dzevarombo pasirese. Zvichangoburwa mifananidzo vane chikamu che90 muzana chevanhu vayo vane mamiriyoni gumi neshanu vanogara pamari yakaenzana neUS$15 pazuva. Pakupera kwezana remakore, chiverengero chavagari vapasi chinotarisirwa kuva vanoda kusvika mamiriyoni 2. Nhasi, vanenge 132 muzana vevaMalawi vanogara pasi peurombo hwenyika, uye chimwe chezvikonzero zvourombo hwakapararira ndechokuti vanopfuura 40 muzana yevaMalawi vanogara kumaruwa. Ikoko, vanovimba nekurima - uye anenge murimi wese anorima chibage [chibage].
"Chimanga ndi moyoโ โ โchibage ndihwo hupenyuโ, chirevo chemuno chinodaro โ asi kurima chibage kunobhadhara zvishoma zvekuti vanhu vashoma vanokwanisa kudya zvimwe zvinhu.
Kana ukasvika kuMalawi muna Kurume, mwaka wemvura uchangopfuura, kurima chikafu kunoita semutambo webenzi. Zvakaoma kuwana chigamba chevhu dzvuku risiri mhirizhonga refu yegirinhi. Uri padivi pemugwagwa unoona chibage chave kuda kuibva, nesadza nebhinzi zvakarimwa mujinga memadzinde makobvu. Kunyangwe minda yefodya iri kuita zvakanaka gore rino. Asi mune ruzha musango iri. Minda yekuMalawi inhandare yehondo umo zviratidzo zvitatu zvakasiyana zveramangwana rekurima kwepasi rose zvakatarisana.
Zviratidzo zvitatu
Pfungwa yekutanga uye inoremekedzwa zvikuru yebudiriro yeMalawi inoona varimi ava sevapukunyuki vemararamiro akaparara vanoda kubatsirwa mukurarama uku. Nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeOxford, Paul Collier ndiye mwana weposta weiyi "yemazuva ano" maonero, ayo aakapa muhushasha hwaNovember 2008. Foreign Affairs chinyorwa kwaakabata "romatics" avo vaishuvira zvekurima zvekurima. Achiona zvese zviri zviviri kuti mihoro mumaguta yakakwira kupfuura kumaruwa, uye kuti nyika yese yakakura yakabudirira inokwanisa kuzvidyisa pasina varimi varimi, Collier akapokana hunhu hwekurima kukuru. Vakurudzirawo European Union kuti itsigire mbesa dzakagadziridzwa zvirimwa uye kuti United States iuraye rubatsiro rwepamba rwebiofuel. Aive chikamu chetatu chekurudyi: rubatsiro rwebiofuel hahuna musoro, kwete nekuti vanokwidza mitengo yezvikafu, vachikwevera zviyo kubva mundiro dzevarombo kupinda mumatangi egasi evapfumi - nekuwana kushoma kwezvakatipoteredza, zvakanyanya.
Kuzvidza kwaCollier kune varimi kunoratidzika, zvisinei, kutsamira pane chimwe chinhu kunze kwechokwadi. Kunyange zvazvo bhizimusi rekurima repasi rose rakaunza purofiti yakakura kubva kuEast India Company, harina kuunza hupfumi kuvarimi nevashandi vepamapurazi, vanova vanhu vanotambura zvakanyanya munharaunda. Chokwadi, kurima kukuru kunowana mucherechedzo waro - kunowanzoshanda zvine mubairo neminda mikuru uye mashandiro ayo varimi vadiki vanongove chipingamupinyi.
Zvinoitika kuti kana iwe uchida kuita kuti varombo vepasi vararame zviri nani, zvine hungwaru kuisa mari mumapurazi avo nenzvimbo dzebasa pane kuvatumira kunorongedza kumaguta. In its 2008 World Development Report, World Bank yakawana kuti, zvechokwadi, kudyara muvarimi yakanga iri pakati penzira dzakanakisisa uye dzinoshanda dzokubvisa vanhu muurombo nenzara. Kwakanga kusinganzwisisike kubvuma, sezvo World Bank yakanga yagara ichiridza hwamanda yaCollier yekusimudzira kurima. Masangano evarimi kubva kuMalawi kuenda kuIndia kuenda kuBrazil anga achinongedza kuti kuwana ivhu, mvura, tekinoroji inoenderera, dzidzo, misika, mari yehurumende mukugadzirisa, uye - pamusoro pezvose, kuwana nzvimbo yekutamba pamisika yemumba neyekunze - kwaizovabatsira. . Asi zvakatora makumi matatu emakore ehuroyi mutemo kuti budiriro ione izvi, uye havasati vasvika.
Nekuda kwenhaka yayo yehukoloni, Malawi yakange yave nenguva ichitevera huchenjeri hweupfumi hwamazuva ose: kutengesa kunze zvinhu izvo nyika ine mukana wekuenzanisa (kuMalawi, fodya) uye kushandisa mari kutenga zvinhu pamisika yepasirese iyo yakanga isina. an advantage. Asi kana mitengo yefodya yadzikira, sezvayave kuita mazuva ano, mari yekunze inenge iri shoma yekupinda nayo mumisika yepasi rose. Uye sezvo yakavharirwa nyika, Malawi yakatarisanawo nemitengo yezviyo yakakwirira kudarika nyika dzakavakidzana nayo ina โ Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Zambia neTanzania โ nekuda kwekuti inodhura kutakura kupinda munyika iyi. Maererano ne imwe fungidziro, mari shoma yekutenga tani yechibage chekudya kubva kunze i$400, maringe nemadhora mazana maviri etani yekuchitenga kunze kwenyika ichitengesera, uye madhora makumi mashanu chete kuti chiwane chibage munyika muchishandisa fetereza. Kunyanya panguva iyo mitengo yechikafu nefetereza inofungidzirwa kuti ichakwira, Malawi ine hungwaru kufunga kuti inotapukirwa sei nemisikanzwa yemisika yepasirese yainoda kuva.
Izvi zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei, mukupera kwema1990, angangoita makore gumi isati yava fashoni, Malawi yakaramba kuraira kwevanopa mari yepasi rose uye yakafunga kushandisa bhajeti rayo rekurima pafetereza, yekutanga uye pamwe inonyanya kukosha mukugadzira ivhu kuti rikure zvirimwa zvinobudirira. Hurumende yakapa varimi โstarter packโ ine bhinzi inokwana, mbeu yakavandudzwa nefetereza inokwana chikamu chimwe chete muzvishanu paeka. Vepasi rose havana kufara. Mumwe mukuru weUSAID akashora chirongwa ichi achiti chiri kuendesa varimi โkunzvimbo ine uromboโ umo varimi vanenge vakaoma musoro kurima chibage chinovakwanira kuti vararame, asi zvisingakwani kuti vapfume. Kunyange hazvo chirongwa ichi chakabudirira zvishoma, chakatanga apo Mutungamiriri weMalawi Bingu wa Mutharika vakawedzera chirongwa ichi mumwaka wekurima wa2005-2006, zvichipeta nekana huwandu hwefetereza yaivepo. Kunyangwe achitungamirwa nezvipikirwa zvezvematongerwo enyika, nguva yake yepasi rose yaive yakakwana - aive achitanga chirongwa chaive nenguva yasvika. Uye ichi ndicho chikonzero izvo zvinoitika muminda yeMalawi nhasi zvakakosha zvakanyanya kupfuura miganhu yayo.
Nhoroondo yezvekurima mutemo
Kuti tinzwisise kuti sei, tinoda nhoroondo inokurumidza yezvekurima mutemo munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Nyika zhinji dzichiri kusimukira dzaive, kunyanya Hondo Yenyika II isati yasvika, nzvimbo dzaida kupambwa nevadzori vadzo. Mushure mekuwana kuzvitonga, kumaruwa ndiko kwaiwanzoita kuti hurumende iwane mari yakawanda, asi pakange paine vimbiso yekuti zvinhu zvichagadzikana, paine hurongwa hwehurumende hwekutenga zvirimwa nemitengo yainovimbisa. Pasi rose - kunyanya muAsia - nguva yapashure pehondo yakaona hurumende dzichimanikidzwa kudyisa vanhu vane runyararo avo vairamba vachifunga kana mugove wavo waisazovandudzwa kuburikidza nesocialism uye shanduko yevaridzi vevhu. Kuitira kurwisa Hondo Yemashoko kune dzimwe nyika, hurumende yeUS pamwe nenheyo dzakakosha dzakaisa mari yakawanda muhunyanzvi hwekurima hwakadai sembeu nefotereza. Tekinoroji idzi dzakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza ivhu mumaoko evaridzi vayo, chikafu chakawanda uye macommunist kure. Muna 1968, William Gaud, maneja weUSAID, dubbed iyo "Green Revolution", nokuti yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira tsvuku.
Nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakanyanya zvezvematongerwo enyika, Green Revolution yakaitwa pasina shungu uye kubudirira muAfrica kupfuura muAsia. Iyo International Fertilizer Development Center akacherechedza muna 2006 kuti kudya kwevhu kunokosha mabhiriyoni mana emadhora kwakanga kuchicherwa kubva muivhu remuAfrica nevarimi avo, vachinetsekana kuwana chouviri, vakanga vasiri kuzadza nitrogen, potasium nefosphorous muvhu pasi petsoka dzavo.
Chirevo chekudzikira kwemhando yevhu chaive, zvisinei, kwete mukugadzirisa zvinokonzeresa kuvhunduka kwevarimi kwezvakatipoteredza - kuregeredza kwakarongeka kubva kuma1980s uko World Bank pachayo yakabvuma. kuongororwa kwemukati - asi kugadzirisa ivhu nehunyanzvi. Saka muna 2006, Rockefeller Foundation (ivo vatsigiri veGreen Revolution muAsia) vakabatana neGates Foundation kuti vatange. Mubatanidzwa weGreen Revolution muAfrica, kana AGRA. Iri ndiro rechipiri rakashinga gwara rebudiriro rinotarisira kupa Africa chikafu.
Ivhu tekinoroji mhinduro?
AGRA inoti yakadzidza zvidzidzo zvenhoroondo, ichiramba maonero aCollier uye kutarisa mitemo โyakasiyana neGreen Revolution muLatin America, iyo yainyanya kubatsira varimi vakuru nekuti vaikwanisa kudiridza nekudaro vaigona kushandisa zvakavandudzwa. mhando โฆ [dzi] dzakagadzirirwa kukunda matambudziko ari kusangana nevarimi vadikiโ.
Saka yakashanda kuMalawi here? Zvinoenderana nechinangwa. Kana chinangwa chaive chekuwedzera kubuda, hongu. Kunyangwe economist uye Earth Institute Director Jeffrey Sachs nguva pfupi yadarika vakawedzeredza data ne kuratidza kugadzirwa uku kwakawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri nekuda kwerubatsiro rwefetereza (yakangowedzera ne 300,000โ400,000 matani kana kusvika gumi nemashanu muzana, zvimwe zvasara zvichikonzerwa nekudzoka kwemvura), huwandu hwechibage muMalawi hwakwira pasina mubvunzo.
Sezvo vanhu vane mamiriyoni makumi mashanu vasina kuchengeteka kwezvokudya muUnited States vachinyatsoziva, kunyange zvakadaro, kuva nezvokudya zvakakwana munyika hazvireve kuti vanhu vose vanowana kudya, uye Malawi ichine zvinopfuura chikamu chayo chakanaka chegirazi- vana vane maziso uye vasina uremu. Vana vane nzara isingaperi vane hurefu hwakaderera kuzera ravo uye huwandu hwevana vasina chikafu nenzira iyi - "vakaoma" ndiro izwi muhuwandu - rakaramba rakasindimara richikwira kubva pakatanga rubatsiro.
Kuyera kuwedzera kwegoho rechibage kubva mufotereza nemidziyo yekutanga hazvireve kuti nzanga ine chikafu uye inobudirira mune zvekurima. Rachel Bezner Kerr, purofesa we geography paYunivhesiti yeWestern Ontario anoshandawo kuMalawi semurongi weprojekiti we. Ivhu, Chikafu uye Hutano Hwenharaunda Project, hazvishamisi. "Chero nyanzvi yezvokudya inogona kuseka pfungwa yokuti kuwedzera kwegoho kunokonzera kuwedzera kwekudya," anodaro.
Bezner Kerr akandiudza kuti kuva nezvirimwa zvakawanda muminda uye goho guru kunogona chaizvoizvo kuva chinhu chakaipa, kubvisa โvakadzi pamusha uye kure nebasa romumba. Kunyanya kana vari kuita zvekuchengeta vana vachiri vadiki, izvi zvinogona kukonzeresa kushaya kudya kunovaka muviri. โ Zvinoitika mumhuri zvakakosha mukududzira kuwedzera kwegoho kuita chikafu chiri nani.
Women
Chokwadi, murume kana mukadzi ane basa kana tasvika pakudya nekurima. Zvikamu makumi matanhatu kubva muzana zvevanhu vanoshaya chikafu pasi rose vanhukadzi kana vasikana. Zvakadaro UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation munguva pfupi yapfuura Ratidza kuti nekuwedzera kuwana zviwanikwa zvakafanana nevarume, vakadzi vanokwanisa kusimudzira goho repapurazi ravo nezvikamu zvinosvika makumi matatu kubva muzana, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwezvikamu zvina kubva muzana muhuwandu hwekurima munyika dzichiri kusimukira. MuMalawi, chikamu che30 muzana chevakadzi vanoshanda nguva shoma, uye vakadzi vanobhadharwa nezvikamu makumi matatu kubva muzana zvishoma pane varume nokuda kwemabasa akafanana. Vanhukadzi vari kuremerwawo nemabasa ekuchengeta, kunyanya munyika yasakadzwa neHIV/AIDS. Kunyange kana varidzi veminda uye vachiwana zviwanikwa zvakafanana nevarume, vakadzi vanozviwana vavhiringika pakati pezvinodiwa zvekuchengeta vana nevakuru, kubika, kutakura mvura, kutsvaga huni, kudyara, kusakura nekukohwa.
Shanduko yemagariro
Matambudziko aya anogadziriswa zvirinani kuburikidza neshanduko yemagariro - inotsigirwa nezvirongwa zvakaita se Ivhu, Chikafu uye Hutano Hwenharaunda Project - kupfuura chemistry. Asi idzi ndidzo chaizvo mhando dzezvirongwa zviri kutsvikinyidzana nerubatsiro rwefetereza. Chirongwa chefetereza chave mwana ane godo, achisveta zviwanikwa kubva kune zvimwe zvirongwa. Mukana mutengo we fetereza yevarimi imari ingadai yakashandiswa pane zvimwe zvinhu โ chinonetsa zvikuru apo mitengo yefetereza yepasi rose yava kukwira. Tsvagiridzo yakaitwa neWorld Bank mu Latin America uye South South East Asia Vati zvine hungwaru kuti hurumende ibatsire veruzhinji setsvakiridzo dzezvekurima nekuwedzera mabasa nemadiridziro, pane kungoendesa mari kune zvekushandisa sefotereza.
Zvekare, izvi zvine basa kunze kwemiganhu yeMalawi, kunyanya kuchamhembe kweSahara muAfrica. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu pasi rose kwakarongwa kukonzerwa ne โnyika dzine mbereko zhinjiโ - zhinji dzacho dziri muAfrica. Mutori wenhau weUN anokosha pakodzero yeChikafu, Olivier de Schutter, nguva pfupi yadarika akataura kuti nyika inogona kudyiswa zviri nani kwete nekupomba ivhu nekemikari, asi nekushandisa nzira dze โagroecologicalโ dzekuvaka kubereka kwevhu, uye kushandisa mutemo kuwana kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye magariro. Mune a ongorora 286 yezvirongwa zvekurima zvinogara zviripo munyika makumi mashanu nenomwe dzichiri kusimukira dzinofukidza 57 miriyoni maeka, boka rinotungamirwa neBritish nyanzvi yezvemamiriro ekunze, Jules Pretty, rakawana kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwezvikamu makumi manomwe nepfumbamwe kubva muzana - zvakare, yakakwirira kwazvo kupfuura rubatsiro rwefetereza muMalawi, uye nehupamhi hwakakura hwezvakatipoteredza. uye mabhenefiti emagariro pane kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwechikafu.
Zvirongwa izvi zvinobudirira, muchidimbu, nekuti havaone nzara semhedzisiro yekudzvinyirirwa kwevarimi kana kushomeka kwevhu, asi semhedzisiro yezvakaoma zvakatipoteredza, zvemagariro uye zvematongerwo enyika. Iwe haungodi vemakemikari kuti vapedze nzara - unoda nyanzvi dzemagariro evanhu, ivhu biologist, agronomists, ethnographer uye kunyange economist. Kubhadharira hunyanzvi hwavo mukana wekushandisa madhora akakosha pafertiliza inotengwa kunze kwenyika. Ehe, agroecology iparadigm yakasiyana zvachose pane iyo tekinoroji inodonhedzwa mumarabhoritari ekunze ichiperekedzwa nepepa remirayiridzo. Zvirongwa izvi zvinoda basa rakawanda rekudzidzisa, uye kudyara kwakawanda muzvinhu zveveruzhinji, kupfuura hurumende yeMalawi nevapi vanoita sevanoda kupa.
Agroecology chiono chechitatu chebudiriro chinorwira remangwana. MuMalawi, inoshanda. Nekurima cowpes nenzungu nechibage โ kuwedzera mbesa dzembesa โ chirongwa cheBezner Kerr chakunda goho rechirongwa chefetereza nezvikamu gumi kubva muzana uye chakawedzera kudya kunovaka muviri zvakare. Asi kunyangwe agroecology ine painogumira. Zvikamu gumi nezvishanu kubva muzana zvevaMalawi vanoramba vari varombo zvakanyanya, vachirarama zvishoma kupfuura dhora pazuva uye vasingakwanisi kutenga zvakakwana kuti vadye. Vanowanzova vanhu vasina minda, kana kuti vane ivhu rakanaka uye vanofanira kutengesa basa ravo panguva yokukohwa, panguva chaiyo yavanonyanyoda. Vanoramba vasina kubatwa nechishamiso chekuMalawi.
Varimi vakadzingwa
Ramangwana haritaridziki riine vimbiso kune agroecology. Ichityira kuti chirongwa chayo chekupa fetiraiza mari yakamira sei, hurumende yeMalawi yave kuda kutanga chirongwa cheGreen Belt, chichadiridzwa zviuru zvemaeka kuitira kuti vekunze vatange kurima nzimbe nezvimwe zvirimwa kunze kwenyika. Mari yekunze yakaunzwa nechirongwa ichi, inotarisirwa kuti ichabvisa mari yekushandisa fetereza. Mhedzisiro iyi ichabatsira kudzikamisa account yazvino yenyika, asi semhedzisiro, zviuru zvevarimi vadiki zvakarongerwa kutamiswa kuti vabvise minda inokwezva rudzi rwekurima kwakakura uko Collier angatendera.
Kunyanya kana tichitarisa huwandu hutsva hwehuwandu hwezana ramakore re21, zvinoita sehupenzi kuomerera kumutemo wezvekurima wezana ramakore rechi20. Rangarira kuti kupindira kwezvekurima muMalawi kwakashandura kusimudzirwa kwevakadzi. Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen akataura zvine mukurumbira kuti kune mashoma marongero akaiswa nani kuvandudza hupenyu hwemunhu, hwemhuri uye hwenharaunda (uye. kuderera kwembereko) pane dzidzo - kunyanya dzidzo yevakadzi nevasikana. Zviporofita zvakaunzwa kwatiri nedemographers zvinosiyana zvakanyanya - shandura fungidziro, uye unopedzisira wava nenyika yepakati pe8 bhiriyoni uye 15 bhiriyoni. Hazvina mhosva kuti ramangwana rakamira sei, zvakadaro, zviri pachena kuti nyika iyo munhu wese anowana kudya inoenderana nekugoneswa kwevakadzi - uye pane kubata chokwadi ichocho sechinhu chisina basa pakudyisa nyika, agroecology inoisa pakati chaipo.
Yakawanda yemutemo wezvekurima wekare wakagadzirwa zvingave zvehupfumi kubhomba misha kuitira kuti ivaponese, kana kutonga nekukurumidza tekinoroji kuitira kumisikidza zvematongerwo enyika. Collier anoda kubvisa varimi. Mafashoni matsva anoda kuvachengeta, asi achengetedze akadzika mabvi mumakemikari. Asi kana tichida kudyisa vane nzara, muMalawi kana kumwewo, tinofanira kuziva kuti ruzhinji rwevanenzara vanhukadzi, uye kuti tinoda mari yakawanda yeruzhinji, kwete yakavanzika, kune avo vasingakwanisi kuraira zviwanikwa zvekumaruwa. Nokuti pakurima zvokudya, vachengeti veminda ibenzi.
Raj Patel munyori anohwina mubairo, muratidziri uye mudzidzi. Ane madhigirii kubva kuYunivhesiti yeOxford, London School of Economics neCornell University, akamboshandira World Bank neWTO, uye akaratidzira kupokana nazvo pasi rose. Parizvino inyanzvi yekushanya kuUC Berkeley's Center for African Studies, Honorary Research Fellow pa Chikoro cheDevelopment Studies paUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal uye mumwewo pa The Institute for Food and Development Policy, inozivikanwawo seChikafu Chekutanga. Iye zvino ari IATP Chikafu uye Nharaunda Shamwari. Akapupura nezve zvakakonzera dambudziko rekudya pasi rose kuUS House Financial Services Committee uye ari chipangamazano kune United Nations Special Reporteur paKodzero yeChikafu.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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