Kupinda kwacho kwakatora nguva refu kuchiuya, asi zvakazosvika. Mibatanidzwa mizhinji yevashandi vehurumende ichapwanywa mumutongo uri kuuya weDare Repamusorosoro we "Janus vs. AFSCME." Vatungamiriri vazhinji vevashandi vanotya muchivande: muchina uri kufamba uye mibatanidzwa isina kugadzirira inopwanywa mumagiya.
Nokubvuma kusarudza Janus, vatongi vakazviisa pakati pematare akawanda aitsvaka kuchinja zvikuru ukama hwebasa muUnited States. Nemutongo mukuru wega wega dare raisimbisa kodzero itsva dzepamutemo dzemibatanidzwa kana kuti raibvisa. Mumakore achangopfuura dare rakadya kumucheto kwesimba remubatanidzwa, asi naJanus dare rinochengetedza rinotarisa kubaya pamwoyo.
Janus kurwiswa kwenheyo yekupedzisira yesimba remubatanidzwa: 34 muzana yevashandi vehurumende vanoshandira nzvimbo dzebasa dzakabatana (zvichisiyana ne6 muzana chete yevashandi vebazi rakazvimirira). Kwete kubva apo shasha yekambani Ronald Reagan akaita America "huru zvakare" masangano akatarisana nekurwiswa kwakadaro; uye vazhinji havana kugadzirira zvinorwadza.
Mimwe mibatanidzwa ine kutya-kwakavakirwa kuita kuna Janus, kusarudza kutiza pane kurwa; vanotenda kuti kuvapo munyika yepashure paJanus hazvigoneke kwavari, sezvo kutaurirana kana kumanikidza zvibvumirano zvemubatanidzwa kuchasangana nezvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvinoita sezvisingakundiki. Vachibva pazvibvumirano zvemubatanidzwa, vanotsvaga shanduko mu "21st century mubatanidzwa," iwo mameseji anotaridzika kunge boka revanotambira uye kushoma semubatanidzwa.
Avo vanotenga mune iyi mhedziso isina tariro vanotungamira mibatanidzwa yavo mushaya dzevashandirwi, nepo vanopona vachamanikidzwa kutevedzera nzira dzeavo vakabudirira mu "kodzero yekushanda" nyika nekurwira uye kudzivirira zvibvumirano zvakasimba.
Nhoroondo yesangano revashandi iri kurongeka sesimba rakazvimiririra kutyisidzira kwekunze, uko kungoerekana kwachinja kwemutemo kunopesana nemubatanidzwa kwakatadza kukanganisa mubatanidzwa. Munyori wenhoroondo James Patterson akanyora nezvemhedzisiro yekuchinja kwemitemo yevashandi pamibatanidzwa mubhuku rake rinonzi โGrand Expectationsโ, uye akagumisa kuti โapo mibatanidzwa yakanga yakasimba vaiwanzokwanisa kuita zvakanakaโ vachipesana nemutemo unorwisa mubatanidzwa.
Saka chii chinoita kuti mubatanidzwa uve nesimba?
Nhoroondo Pfupi yeMubatanidzwa Wemasimba
Apo capitalism yeUS yaive muhucheche hwayo mushure mehondo yevagari vemo, vapfumi vakashandisa hudzvanyiriri nekutyisa kupwanya kukwirira kwevaranda vachangosunungurwa uye mibatanidzwa yevashandi ichangobva kurongwa. Nepo KKK yaityisa nharaunda dzevatema, kuponda mushure mekupondwa kwakaitwa vashandi vaironga masangano. Dzimwe nguva chaive chimwe chete: KKK yakanangana nevashandi vatema vakaedza kuumba mubatanidzwa, sezvo vachena vanonyanya kuvenga chero sangano rinopa simba vanhu vemavara.
Hurumende nevarindi vakashandisa chisimba noudzvinyiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika kutozosvikira kuma1930, apo masaivha okuramwa mabasa akangoerekana azunungusa capitalism yeU.S. Yakanyatsopatsanurwa pamusoro pekuita nekumukira kwevashandi kwakatanga, panguva, uye mushure meHondo Yenyika II, chikamu chekugadzwa, chinotungamirwa neFDR, chakatsvaga runyararo nesangano revashandi rainzi New Deal, iro raisanganisira National Labor. Relations Act ye1935 iyo yakaziva uye yakawedzera simba remubatanidzwa (ukuwo ichiendesa simba remauto mune seti yematanho yave kunzi "nzira yekunyunyuta").
Pakarepo Hondo Yenyika II pakatanga kuramwa mabasa kukuru munhoroondo yeUS, uko mamirioni evashandi akaramwa mabasa achipihwa mihoro, mamiriro ebasa, kuzivikanwa kwemubatanidzwa uye mabasa akazara.
Simba rakashata raishandiswa nemubatanidzwa rakamutsa kukurumidza kumashure: apo kurohwa kwakadzikira muna 1947 Congress yakapfuudza chiitiko cheTaft-Hartley: kurwisa-revolution kwakatevera kumukira kwevashandi. Taft-Hartley akagadziridza Mutemo weLabour Relations Act kunetesa mibatanidzwa, kuita kuti nzira dzekuronga dzinoshanda dzive zvisiri pamutemo uku vachigadzira pfungwa ye "kodzero yekushanda," iyo yakatanga kubuda kubva murusaruraganda, rusaruraganda kumaodzanyemba kunetesa mibatanidzwa uye kuderedza simba maAfrica America.
Zvikurukuru, mitemo yeโkodzero yekushandaโ yaigonesa vashandi kuti vasiye mupiro kumutengo wekuchengetedza mubatanidzwa kana wavhoterwa nevashandi, asi zvisinei vashandi vose vaizonakidzwa nezvikomborero zvemubatanidzwa. Hurumende dzenyika dziri kumaodzanyemba dzakatora mitemo yekodzero yekushanda, iyo yakabva yapararira munyika yose, uko zvino nyika makumi maviri nesere dzakatora shanduro dzakasiyana dzeiyi pfungwa yakakosha iyo yakatsigirwa neDare Repamusorosoro, rava kuda kuwedzerwa naJanus.
Nzvimbo Yebasa Yakagadzikana
Mushure mekunge Taft-Hartley yapasa nekusimbiswa neDare Repamusorosoro, vatungamiriri vevashandi vazhinji vakawira mumutsara, vachigutsikana zvakakwana nenhengo yavo iri kukura uye simba repabasa. Mutemo wakaedza kusimbisa kuenzana kwesimba pakati pemubatanidzwa nemushandirwi mu "kondirakiti yemagariro" yemakumi emakore, yakagadziridzwazve nekugadzirwa kwaPresident Johnson kweMedicare uye nekuwedzera uye nekuwedzera kwemitemo mitsva yekodzero dzevanhu.
Runyararo rutsva rwemagariro evanhu rwakanga rwakadzika musimba rakabatanidzwa revashandi uye kodzero dzevanhu kufamba kwaipindirana nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, sekutsanangurwa kwaManning Marable's "Race, Reform, and Rebellion." Mibatanidzwa mizhinji yakaunganidzira rally ine mukurumbira yeMLK muWashington, DC yaida "mabasa nerusununguko," ukuwo Jimmy Hoffa's Teamsters akadyara mari yakawanda kumaodzanyemba achironga kodzero dzevanhu sekufora kwaSelma.
Nesimba revashandi resocial rakanyorwa mudziviriro nyowani dzemutemo, masangano akazvifunga akachengeteka uye akatarisisa mukati mekutonga hutongi hwesangano. (Zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti mibatanidzwa yemazuva ano yaizodyara mari mubato reBlack Lives Matter kusvika pamwero wevakatangira vakaisa mari mukodzero dzevanhu.)
Asi kuchengetedzeka kwemubatanidzwa uku kuri kutyorwa naJanus, nekuti kana tasvika panyaya yekudyidzana kwevashandi mutemo unogara uchingochinja zvichienderana nekusachinja-chinja kwesimba pakati pevashandirwi nevashandi. Uku kushanduka-shanduka kuri kuramba kuchiyerwa neDare Repamusorosoro rinogara richichinjika, iro rinogadzirisa mutemo mukupindura kuti ndiani anokunda munzvimbo yebasa uye munharaunda yakakura.
Mumwe muenzaniso wakaitika pakati pema1970, apo Dare Repamusorosoro rakadavidza kumhirizhonga yehurumende yaikura, yaitungamirirwa nevadzidzisi nevamwe vairamwa mari kuti vawane mihoro yakakwirira uye kuti vaziviswe mubatanidzwa. Masangano aya aida kuti kodzero dzakafanana dzipihwe masangano akazvimirira oga, uye pakupedzisira akarerekera Dare Repamusorosoro kuchido charo nemutongo weDare "Abood vs. Detroit."
Mukubvuma zvaidiwa nemubatanidzwa wacho, Dare Repamusorosoro rakabvuma muchisarudzo charo kuti โrugare rwenzangaโ rwainyanya kufungwa nezvarwo. Ndiko kukunda kwemubatanidzwa kwe "Abood vs. Detroit" iyo yakatarisana nekupidigura kana "Janus vs. AFSCME" inosarudzwa pamusoro pebasa (sarudzo inotarisirwa imwe nguva muchirimo). Nhanho huru yekumberi munhoroondo yesangano revashandi naAbood richange rabviswa naJanus.
Shifting Equilibrium
Kana mitemo yebasa pakati pevashandi nemari ichinge yanyorwa, zvinonetsa kusimuka, sezvo zvishuwo zvine simba zvine chimiro chazvo chepamutemo chakasimba mukupikisa shanduko kuburikidza nematare, magweta, vanobatana, michina yekuronga zvematongerwo enyika, "bhutsu pasi" pamwe nemafungiro akakurumbira.
Asi nekufamba kwemakore vapfumi vakava vakapfuma mune zvenyeredzi, uye nekudaro vasingadi kubvuma chimiro chaitendera mibatanidzwa yakasimba iyo yaityisidzira purofiti yemakambani. Kugadzwa kwacho kwakafunga kuputsa chimiro chaivepo nemurwi wekirasi yavo Ronald Reagan.
Reagan akasimbisazve simba remakambani nekupwanya simba remubatanidzwa. Reagan akashandisa mauto kuparadza mubatanidzwa wevanotyaira ndege (PATCO). Nekushandisa simba rehurumende kuuraya mubatanidzwa une simba, Reagan akaita mubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika, uyo wakadonha pakarepo kumakambani akateedzera zano, akavimbisa kuti mutemo wevashandi wehurumende waizofuratirwa kana makambani akafunga kutyora mitemo yebasa achityora mirawo.
Kurwiswa kwemibatanidzwa kwaive kutanga kwemakumi emakore-refu kugumbura boka revashandi rinoramba riripo nanhasi, uye rakawedzera naTrump: dzidzo yeruzhinji, hutano, dzimba, hutano uye mamwe masevhisi akaderedzwa kuitira kudzikisa mitero kune vapfumi. uku uchichengetedza inogara ichikura, isingakoshi zvachose mega-mauto. Mibairo yakaderera yakaburitswa nesangano revashandi yaibvumira purofiti yepamusoro, zvichiita kuti mari yakawanda ipinde mumuchina wezvematongerwo enyika kuti idzokorore uye kubatanidza kutenderera.
The New Equilibrium
Reaganism yakabudirira kupwanya vazhinji vebato rakazvimirira remubatanidzwa, zvekuti zvikamu zvitanhatu kubva muzana zvevashandi vakazvimirira vari mumibatanidzwa nhasi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuenzana kwesimba mune zvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika kwave kurudyi, zvichibvumira vapfumi ruoko rwakasununguka kuti vagadzirise mabhindauko emakambani kubva kuhurumende kuenda kune imwe nyika, zvichisundira musika wevashandi mberi uchifarira vashandirwi.
MaDemocrats nemaRepublicans vakagadziridza kune simba idzva rekuchinja nekuenderera mberi kurudyi, kusvika padanho rekuti marongero ehupfumi hwaObama anochengetedza zvakanyanya kupfuura aRichard Nixon, uye zvisinga zivikanwe kubva kune aReagan. Kusaenzana munharaunda kwakagonesa vapfumi vepamusoro kuti vawedzere simba rezvematongerwo enyika nekuwedzera mari yesimba rezvematongerwo enyika revashandi: maDemocrats akawedzera kufuratira mibatanidzwa achirairwa nemabhirioni eWall Street avo vakatora sevanonyanya kupa mari. MaDemocrats.
Iko kuenzana kutsva kuchiri kugadziriswa sezvo makambani anoshandisa simba rawo riri kukura kugadzirisa hukama hwevashandi. Vane simba asi kwete masimba ese, uye hubris yavo inogona kuvakunda. Simba rekambani richiri kusangana nekupokana kwakakura muchikamu chekupedzisira chakarongeka chemasimba emubatanidzwa, iyo veruzhinji, iyo yakapona pakarwiswa nguva yeReagan uye munzvimbo dzakawanda yakaramba ichikura.
Masangano evadzidzisi akawedzera uye vashandi veguta, dunhu, nevehurumende vakaronga kuva masangano munyika yose, kubva kuvatyairi vemabhazi, vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu, kugadzirisa migwagwa, kutonga kwemvura nemarara nemapaki eruzhinji. Nhasi 34 muzana yevashandi vehurumende vakarongwa kuita mibatanidzwa, nhamba yakakwira zvisingaite yesangano rinotungamirwa nemabhirioni ari kutsvaga kuwana purofiti kubva mukubiridzira zviwanikwa zveveruzhinji.
Nekubatana kwemubatanidzwa kunouya simba rezvematongerwo enyika. Iyo neoliberal purojekiti - chaizvo marongero anopa simba rakawanda uye purofiti kumakambani - yakaramba ichishongedzwa nemasangano ehurumende muhurumende nenyika. Apo makambani aida kubvisa mari yeguta nehurumende, masangano akarwisana. Makambani anotsvaka kuderedza mabasa evanhu; masangano anorwira kuti aawedzere. Makambani anorwira mitero yemakambani yakaderera uye masangano anorwira kuti awedzere.
Mibatanidzwa yakarasikirwa nehondo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakawanda kupfuura dzavakakunda, asi dzakakunda zvakakwana kutsamwisa bapiro rekurudyi kusvika pakuita radicalism: kuvenga mibatanidzwa ndiyo "nzvimbo yekubatana" kune vari kure-kurudyi. Kurwira kwakasimudzira kodzero zvakare kwakasundira vashandi kuruboshwe: masangano evadzidzisi vakapindura kurwiswa kwebapiro rekurudyi padzidzo yeruzhinji nekutora mamwe maitiro echiuto, vachitevedzera Chicago Teaches Union (CTU), yanga iri muhondo yehupenyu kana rufu. nameya weDemocratic weChicago, aimbova Chief Obama Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel. Kurongeka kweCTU kune zvidzidzo zvakakosha zvekufamba kwaJanus kwevashandi, zvimwe zvinogona kuwanikwa mu "Maitiro EKusvetuka Kutanga Mubatanidzwa Wako."
Hapana Mapfupi ekupona Janus
Kurumidza gimmicks uye fancy social media haichengetedze mibatanidzwa kubva kuna Janus. Kana zvasvika kune chaiyo yemubatanidzwa simba nyanzvi yevashandi Jane McAlevey anodiwa kuverenga, kunyanya bhuku rake richangoburwa, "Hapana Mapfupi: kuronga simba muzera rakashongedzwa." McAlevey ane chokwadi chekuti kuderera kwesangano revashandi kunokonzerwa, muchikamu chikuru, kuregeredza "kuronga kwakadzama" tichifarira "kuunganidza kwakadzika" kwemakampani ehukama neveruzhinji.
Masangano akatarisana nekuita zvibvumirano nevashandirwi pane kurwisana nevashandirwi nenyaya dzepabasa, uye nokudaro zvibvumirano zvakatonyanya kuipa sezvo kurongeka kwakaramba kuchiipa: pachinzvimbo chekurambira mihoro mikuru masangano akaita zvibvumirano zvebvumirano. Nemhaka yokuti vatungamiriri vomubatanidzwa vakaramba kurwa, mitezo yakadavira kuti mubatanidzwa wavo wakanga usina simba, zvichisimbisa chinetso chacho. Simba remubatanidzwa haribvi kubva kune vanotaurisa zvakanaka vanotaurirana kana vatsigiri asi kubva kumubatanidzwa wekuita kwenhengo, wakamisikidzwa pamusoro penyaya dzavanoda nazvo. Mibatanidzwa yakasimba ichapona kuna Janus uye vasina simba vachafumurwa, vachimanikidzwa kuchinja nekukasira kana kumanikidzwa kupinda mudura renhoroondo.
Iyo chete nzira yekumberi yebato revashandi iri kutevera kutungamira kwemasangano emauto seChicago Teachers kana National Nurses United. Mafancy dzimwe nzira dzisingakonzeri zvibvumirano zviri nani dzinofanirwa kufuratirwa. Kuti masangano evashandi atarise remangwana anofanira kutanga adzika midzi munguva yakapfuura, nekunangisazve kudzidzisa, kupa simba, nekubatanidza nhengo dzawo. Hunhengo hwekuita hunhuhwirira seropa kumashark anotenderedza mibatanidzwa yakadeurwa neropa naJanus.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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