Joao Pedro Stedile mumwe wevatungamiriri veBrazil's Landless Peasant's Movement, iyo Movimento Sem Terra kana MST. Vanyori Naomi Klein naJustin Podur vakamubvunzurudza parwendo rwekutaura muToronto.
Iwe unofunga kuti chii chichaitika kuMiami? Zvinoratidzika kuti FTAA chibvumirano chisina munhu anoda kunze kweUnited States, kunyanya mushure mezvakaitika muCancun.
IUS icharamba ichimanikidza hurumende kuti dzigamuchire chirevo cheFTAA. Hurongwa huchave hwekuyedza kubatanidza hurumende imwe neimwe, mativi maviri, uye nenzira iyoyo kugadzira mubatanidzwa mukuzvifarira. Yaita izvozvo, ichaedza kutaura kuti ruzhinji rwenyika ndedzeFTAA uye kuti inofanira kugamuchirwa muzita re 'democracy'.
Unogona here kupa pfungwa yezinga rekupokana neFTAA muBrazil?
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, pave neruzivo rushoma nezve chimiro cheFTAA. Asi nguva pfupi yadarika kwave nekuedza kwakabatana kudivi reUnited States uye nerekurudyi muBrazil. Mapepa maviri kunyanya, Veija, uye Estado do Sao Paolo, vaenda kubhengi nechimiro chavo chepro-FTAA.
Mushandirapamwe uyu wakabatsira chaizvo kuita zvematongerwo enyika uye kubata vanhu. Saka Minister of External Relations, Selso Amori, vakwanisa kutsanangura pachena zvido zvakasiyana kubasa uye kuti sei achipikisa FTAA. Hurumende yakamutsigira uye yakabuda pachena kuti chinzvimbo chake ndicho chinzvimbo chehurumende.
Saka hurumende yeBrazil inopesana neFTAA?
Mamiriro ehurumende ndeekuti - vanoda kuti FTAA ingokanganisa kutengeserana chete, uye zvinoenderana neUS kuvhura musika wayo kune zvigadzirwa zvekurima. Kune zvikamu zveBrazilian bourgeoisie vanoda musika weUS wakavhurika. Kubva pakuona kwekufamba kwevanhu, iyi 'FTAA-lite' musungo. Mukuchinjana nekukwanisa kuwedzera kutengesa kwezvigadzirwa zvakati wandei - shuga nemaorenji - mumusika weUS neimwe 10%, isu ticharasikirwa nekutonga pamusoro pesevhisi, mari, zvisikwa zvipenyu.
Ko mushandirapamwe uchipokana neFTAA wakabatsira kumutsiridza mafambiro evanhu here?
Mafambiro aya akaisa mushandirapamwe une simba uchipokana neFTAA. Pakave nemushandirapamwe wakanaka gore rapfuura, uchiguma mukupokana kwakanangana neFTAA uko vanhu vane mamirioni gumi vakavhota. Mushure mesarudzo, Lula achitanga kutonga, zvabva padanho repakati. Asi yakasimudza zvakare. Ini ndinotenda iyi danidziro yakakosha yemafambisirwo, yekubatsira kufambisa mafambiro kubva parochialism. Izvo zvakakosha nekuti zvinokurudzira gakava pamusoro pese social project yeneoliberalism. Basa redu nderokutsanangura kuti FTAA chimbo che neoliberalism, chinangwa chekuunza hupfumi hwedu zvachose pasi pekutonga kweNorth America.
Ungati kugamuchirwa kweFTAA nehurumende kunogona kukonzera mhirizhonga nemagariro evanhu? Inyaya yekugadzira-kana-kuputsa here maererano nehukama pakati pehurumende nemafambisirwo?
Zvakakomba zvikuru. Hurumende inoti inopesana neFTAA, uye iyi 'FTAA-lite'. Kana ikabvuma FTAA, ichakonzera matambudziko akawanda kuhurumende, zvichiratidza kubvuma kwakajeka kweneoliberalism.
Unofungei nezvesarudzo yaLula yekugamuchira zvipenyu zvakagadziridzwa genetically modified organisms (GMOs)? Kupikisa maGMO ndeimwe yembiru dzeMST, uye zvinoita sechisarudzo chisingadzokerike.
Sarudzo yehurumende yaive yekutambira soya yakagadziridzwa genetically modified soya, uye ichadzokororwa muna Zvita 2004. Hurumende yakaita danho iri pasi pekumanikidzwa kwagavhuna weRio Grande do Sul nebato rake reConservative Party, Partido de Movimento Democratico. yeBrazil (PMDB). PMDB yakapinda mumubatanidzwa wehurumende wesarudzo, uye imwe yemamiriro ezvinhu yaive yekugamuchira soya yakagadziridzwa. Kuti iwane mavhoti kune mamwe mapurojekiti ayo emutemo, hurumende yakazvipira.
Izvi hazvireve kuti tinobvumirana nesarudzo! Nharo yacho yainakidza nekuti kunyange Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weBrazil aisada kusaina. Hafu yemakurukota, ruzhinji rwePT, vaipokana, uye hurumende yakatambura zvikuru mukuona kweveruzhinji. Isu tiri kuzvitora kwete sefait accompli asi sekutanga kwekurwa kwenguva refu. Tiri kurwisana pane zvakawanda.
Kutanga, tiri kuedza kupidigura mutemo pachawo. Mutemo hausati wapasiswa muCongress. Nehurombo isu tinoshaya rutsigiro rwekongiresi kuti timise zvisinei nekuti Worker's Party (PT) yakakamurwa, nekuda kwekutsigira kwePMDB kwairi.
Chechipiri, hurumende yakavimbisa kudzora ese transgenics mu 'Mutemo weBiosecurity' uyo unouya pamberi peCongress. Isu tinotarisira kushandisa mutemo iwoyo kuisa mabhureki pakupararira kweGMOs, kurambidza kushandiswa kwavo kutsvagisa maapplication nezvimwe zvinangwa chaizvo.
Chechitatu, komisheni yehunyanzvi iri pasi peBazi rezvehutano yakatonga kuti glyphosate (mushonga wesora wakagadzirwa neMonsanto, kambani inotengesa transgenic glyphosate-resistant soy) haigone kupfapfaidzwa pamiti yesoya mushure mekunge yakura kusvika pahumwe hurefu, nekuti mushure meizvozvo. chiyero chekukura chepfu muglyphosate inonyudzwa musoya beans zvichiita kuti isakodzere kudyiwa. Iyi chete tekinoroji sarudzo inogona kubatsira kuita iyo transgenic soy mune zvehupfumi kusashanda. Rangarira kuti genetic modified kune iyi soy yaive yekuita kuti isagone kupfapfaidza glyphosate. Yeuka zvakare kuti pfungwa yose yekutengesa soya, yeMonsanto, ndeyokuti vanogonawo kutengesa glyphosate. Kana hurumende ikaita sarudzo iyi, inogona kuita kuti kushambadzira kwe transgenic soy kusabatsire kuMonsanto.
Chechina, tiri kutarisira kuti paitwe mitemo padanho rehurumende kurambidza maGMO. Takave nematunhu matatu anoita izvi: Santa Catarina, Parana, uye Piawi.
Pakupedzisira, kune hondo iri pamberi pevatengi. Sezvo pasina kubatana muhurumende, Gurukota rezvemamiriro ekunze rakakwanisa kuisa chinyorwa chinosungira makambani kuti ataure, kuti ataure kana zvigadzirwa zvine zvinopfuura 1% zvigadzirwa zve transgenic. Saka tinoenda kuzvitoro zvikuru tokumbira mazita. Sarudzo iyi inoratidza kuti veruzhinji vari kupokana nemaGMO, nokudaro kutengeswa kwezvigadzirwa izvi kuchaderera, izvo zvoita kuti makambani aya atambure nekuchinja maitiro. Greenpeace yakapinda muchirongwa ichi. Mabhizinesi maviri akatosaina kuti haazotengese transgenics: Carfour, cheni yegirosari, uye Nestle. Kumanikidza uye muenzaniso weEurope zvave zvichibatsira pano. Makambani haadi kurasikirwa nemisika nekushandisa transgenics.
Munguva ichangopfuura, pepanhau revhiki nevhiki rinonzi Brazil de Fato rakashuma nezvenhimbe huru yezvinobudisa nhau mukurwisana neMST iyo yaibudisa “zvinyorwa zvinoshatirwa, misoro mikuru, mapikicha anonyandura, uye nyaya dzinowedzeredzwa kuti dziparidze mamiriro ezvinhu ehondo mumaruwa.” Chii chakaitika kubvira, maererano nezvose zviri zviviri danidziro yenhau inopesana neMST uye “mamiriro ekunze ehondo mumaruwa”?
Sarudzo yeLula haina kushandura zvese, asi yakachinja kuenzana kwemauto nekuremekedza shanduko yezvekurima. Hurumende dzeBrazil dzakapfuura dzanga dzichipesana neMST. Vakatipa mhosva, vakatidzvanyirira, vakaita hukama neve latifundistas neWorld Bank. Asi hurumende yemubatanidzwa iri kutonga ikozvino inoda kuvandudzwa. Iyo inogona kunge isingade iyo agrarian shanduko yezviroto zvedu, nekuti izvo zvinoenderana neshanduko mune yese yehupfumi modhi, asi zvinotipa mukana wepamberi.
Mushandirapamwe wenhau wakaipisisa wakaitika muna Chikunguru. Takava nomusangano naLula, uye apo pepanhau rakasvika akapfeka ngowani yeMST. Vezvenhau vakatora ikoku sechiratidzo cheroorano, uye boka rinotonga rakatya chose chose. Vaitya kuti kuchinja kwezvekurima kwaizokurumidza, uye vakaita nenzira yokunyevera hurumende. Chirevo chavaitaura chaive chekuti: takakubvumidza kuti utore simba, zvino usaende kure nekupfuura miganhu yako. Vakapa chirevo ichi nenzira dzakasiyana siyana.
Chekutanga, vakashandisa midhiya yenhau uko ivo vane monopoly. Anenge 7 conglomerates anodzora terevhizheni, redhiyo, uye kudhinda midhiya muBrazil. Unopfuura mwedzi, vakava nenhimbe yakashata yokurwisana neMST nehurumende. Pfungwa iyi yaive yekuedza kutyisidzira hurumende uye kupa MST mhosva, kutiisa isu pakuzvidzivirira. Yakaipisisa yemushandirapamwe uyu yapera zvino, zvakanyanya nekuti vanhu vaive vave kufinhwa nekuverenga nezvazvo.
Kuita kwechipiri kwaive kubva kune latifundistas pachavo. Sekirasi, vakashandisa zvinobudisa nhau kutyisidzira hurumende uye kuedza kuidzivisa kufamba kuruboshwe. Zvakafanana nezvavari kuita izvozvi nemushandirapamwe wavo weFTAA. Sevaridzi veminda vakasiyana-siyana. Vakaita mubatanidzwa nemagavhuna anochengetedza. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kunyange zvazvo ruboshwe rwakakunda sarudzo dzehurumende, takarasikirwa mu25 kubva pa27 sarudzo dzehurumende, uye 2 nyika dzatakakunda dziri pakati pezviduku uye zvisinganyanyi kukosha mune zvematongerwo enyika. Saka makumi maviri neshanu pamatunhu makumi maviri nenomwe eBrazil ane hurumende dzemapapiro ekurudyi. Varidzi veminda vanewo vatongi muhomwe dzavo uye vari kushandisa hurongwa hwekutonga. Saka kubva Nyamavhuvhu, tine varwiri veMST gumi nevapfumbamwe vari mutirongo uye makumi maviri nevatanhatu vari muchitokisi vakamirira kutongwa kana kutongwa. Izvi zvese nekuda kwekuedza kwenzvimbo kwevatongi muhomwe dzevaridzi veminda, vanobata mutemo uye vanoisa MST setsotsi uye nhengo dzenzvimbo senhengo dzechikwata. Tinovaona sevasungwa vezvamatongerwe enyika, vakapfigirwa mutorongo pasina chinhu kunze kwokurwira nyika yavo. Kana kutora ivhu kuri tsotsi, chero munhu ari panzvimbo ipi zvayo imhosva.
Pakupedzisira, varidzi veminda vakashandisa mauto kutirwisa, akarongeka pamwero wenzvimbo, kazhinji munzvimbo dzemuganhu kana nzvimbo dzine nyonganyonga uye mhirizhonga. Havasi kudyidzana nemapurisa kana mauto uye apa varidzi vevhu vakakanganisa zvine hungwaru. Pavakagadzira mauto aya vakaedza kushandisa propaganda kutityisidzira, izvo zvaireva kuti vaiisa mauto avo pamberi pevanhu. Voruzhinji vakavaramba, uye kurambwa ikoko kwapachena kwakatibetsera kumanikidzira hurumende yomubatanidzwa kuvatonga. Mamwe mauto adzingwa nemapurisa.
Unofungei nezvebasa rakaitwa neBrazil pasi rose, kunyanya neG22 pamusangano weCancun weWTO?
Hutungamiri hweBrazil muG22 hwaive hwakakosha mukumisa WTO. Asi zvakakosha kuti usaone iyo G22 semhinduro. Paive nenyika makumi maviri nembiri muG22 uye zana nemakumi mana dzakasiiwa kunze. Chinhu chikuru ndechekuti WTO haina kodzero yekutaurirana chero cheizvi zvinhu: kwete rubatsiro, kwete masevhisi, kwete biodiversity, kwete mvura, kwete mari. Senyaya yehungwaru, takatsigira mafambiro eBrazil muG22.
Asi kunze, takanga tichishanda kuburikidza neVia Campesina, ine pfungwa yekutaura mafambiro evarimi kubva pasirese. Mafambiro evarimi ave kuita kunge ari munharaunda. Asi nekufambiswa kwemari kune dzimwe nyika, agro-industry yanga yapinda mumakambani 8-9 anodzora mbeu, zvekushandisa. Vakamanikidza macampesinos kuronga pane dzimwe nyika zvakare. Saka Via Campesina inoronga zviito zvevazhinji zvinopesana neWTO, World Bank, IMF, uye inoedza kukakavara nekugadzira imwe modhi. Isu tinoshanda nekubvumirana uye imwe yemitemo yedu yekubvumirana ndeyekuti chikafu hachisi chinhu chiri pamusika. Kutonga kwechikafu kunoreva kuti nyika yega yega ine kodzero yekugadzira chikafu chayo chevanhu vayo, kwete kugovera mari. Parubatsiro, tine chinzvimbo chakasiyana kubva kuG22. Hatisi kupokana nerubatsiro, nekuti nyika dzingashandisa rubatsiro kugadzira misika yemukati nekugadzirwa kwemuno kuchengetedza chikafu. Isu tinopokana nerubatsiro apo makambani epasi rose anoashandisa kukwikwidza mukana mukutengesa kunze, asi kwete zvakajairika.
Wataura kuti shanduko yezvekurima haichisiri ivhu chete, asi kuti mhando nyowani yekurima inodiwa. Ko MST yakachinja sei nzira dzayo dzekurwisa kuratidza izvi?
Kwemakore akawanda, mhando yebudiriro yeBrazil inogona kunzi 'dependent industrialization', iyo yakaunza nyika hupfumi hwakawanda uye yakagadzira maindasitiri asi haina chayakaitira vanhu. Muhurongwa hwakadai, kugovera patsva, kuwana campesino imwe nzvimbo kuti apinde mumusika, zvaizoita kuti abude muhurombo. Pasi peneoliberalism, kugoverazve hakuna kukwana. Campesino haigoni kungova nenyika. Campesino inoda zvinhu, misika, zvekushandisa, kuti ibudirire mune zveupfumi. Saka unoda dzidzo. MST inotarisa pakudzidza kuverenga nekuti zvisinei nekuti campesino ine ivhu rakadii, hapana mukana wekutora chikamu munzanga pasina kuverenga. Kugovewa patsva kweruzivo kwakakosha sekugovewa patsva kwevhu. Iwe unofanirwa kufunga nezve agro-technology yakakodzera. Campesino haigone kutevedzera tekinoroji yelatifundias hombe padiki, shandisa huwandu hukuru hwefetereza kana mishonga yezvipembenene. Iyo modhi yose inofanira kunge yakasiyana.
Pane kukakavara kwakawanda pamusoro pekuti kusvika papi kuruboshwe Lula anogona kuenda. Ungati izvi zvinoenderana nesimba remasangano evanhu here?
Hongu, uye Lula anozviziva. Iye haana kufanana naChavez, achikumbira ruzhinji kuti vamuunganidze. Ari pedyo, achaita fananidzo iyi kunhandare yenhabvu: Chero bedzi maBrazilians achigara munhandare uye asingabudi munhandare, hapana shanduko.
Izvi zvakakonzera kukakavara muBrazil kuruboshwe. Vamwe vanoti hurumende yakatosarudza kuita zvematongerwo enyika. Tinofanira kudzokera kumapato anopikisa, tobva mubato, totanga patsva. Asi ndinofunga kuti pane misungo miviri pano. Yekutanga ndeyekuongorora hurumende nelenzi yekufungidzira. Kutarisira kuti hurumende ichakuitira zvese, uye kana ikasadaro, nongedzera nemunwe uchiti: "Ndakuudza!" Chechipiri musungo ndeyesekete, pfungwa yekuti kana hurumende isingaiti chaizvo zvaunoda, iwe unofanirwa kupikisa zvese zvainoita.
Pane kudaro, tinoedza kunzwisisa kuoma kwekutambudzika. Hurumende inoratidza nzanga. Kana mafambiro achimanikidza, hurumende inoenda kuruboshwe. Pasina kumanikidzwa, hurumende haina chainomboita.
Paive nekusakendenga here mushure mekusarudzwa kwaLula, pfungwa yekuti zvino Brazil yakanga 'yaponeswa' uye vanhu vaigona kuzorora?
Ndinofunga izvo zvaivepo zvakanyanya pakati pevadepoliticized. Iyi ndiyo ngozi ne depoliticization. Kana munhu abviswa zvematongerwo enyika uye akarasikirwa nekutenda nehurumende, anoenda kurudyi. Asi pakati pevakarongwa, pakanga paine kusagutsikana uye pfungwa huru yekuoma kwandanga ndichitaura nezvayo.
[Mr. Zviito zvaStedile muToronto zvakarongwa neCentre for Research on Latin America paYork University (CERLAC), Transformative Learning Center yeOISE / U yeToronto, uye Sam Gindin Sachigaro weSocial Justice uye Democracy paRyerson University]
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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