[Yakashandurwa naMiguel Alvarado]
Panguva chaiyo iyo diatribe yepasirese pamusoro pechikafu uye zvirimwa zvakagadziridzwa (GM) iri kupisa mutoni uye hupamhi, makambani anoagadzira ari kuita showcase ye batch nyowani ye transgenics.
Izvi zvirimwa zvitsva zveGM, zvinozivikanwa sebiopharmaceuticals, kana biopharms kwenguva pfupi, zvinogadzira makemikari emuindasitiri nemishonga mukati mematishu avo. Zvirimwa, zvinosanganisira soya, mupunga, chibage nefodya, zvinoshandurwa genetically kuti zvibudise zvinhu zvakaita sekukura kwehomoni, curdling agents (coagulants), majekiseni evanhu pamwe nemhuka dzepapurazi, masoja ekudzivirira chirwere evanhu, ma enzymes emuindasitiri, nzira dzekudzivirira kubata pamuviri uye kunyange kudzivirira kubata pamuviri.
Masayendisiti nemakambani zvakafanana vanombundira biopharmaceuticals neglee. โFungidzira uchikwanisa kukohwa globulin yakakwana (komboni inorwa
arthritis) nokuda kwenyika yose mumaeka makumi mashanu?โ, anonyora kudaro Dr. William O. Robertson weSeattle Post-Intelligencer. โFungidzira uchikwanisa kuwana puroteni ine utano hunoshandiswa nevanhu kudzivirira hosha yemajoini kana kenza yemazamu uye kukwanisa kuibudisa yakawanda mumupunga nefodya.โ
ProdiGene, mutungamiri mumunda, anoverenga kuti panozopera makore gumi aya, 10% yechibage chinogadzirwa muUS ichava biopharmaceutical. Huwandu hwemishonga yebiopharmaceutical nemakemikari hunogona kusvika pamadhora mazana maviri emadhora, sekureva kwesaenzi weDow AgroSciences Guy Cardinau.
Yambiro Mafoni
Asi mamwe masayendisiti nenyanzvi dzezvakatipoteredza vanonetsekana nazvo. Zvichagoneka here kuve nekuparadzanisa zvirimwa zvakadaro, michero nembeu, kuitira kudzivirira biological Chernobyl?
Pane here vimbiso yekuti zvigadzirwa izvi hazvizopere netsaona kuchitoro? Tingaita sei kuti mukume wadzo usaise fetereza mumimwe minda uye kuberekana kusadzora?
โKukanganisa kamwe chete kubva kukambani yebiotechnology uye tichava nemishonga yemumwe munhu yekudya kwemangwanani muzviyo zvedu,โ anonyevera kudaro Larry Bohlen, mutauriri weFriends of the Earth, sangano repasi rose rinoona nezvezvipenyu.
โChii chichaitika kana mukume wechirimwa chine imwe mhando yemushonga ukaisa muchero uri pedyo unodyiwa?โ inodaro Erosion, Technology and Concentration Action Group (ETC) mumushumo wakabudiswa muna 2000.
Mushumo wacho unoenderera mberi uchibvunza kuti: โMajemusi evhu nezvipembenene zvinobatsira pakurima zvichakanganiswa sei nezvirimwa zvakagadzirirwa kugadzira makemikoro emuindasitiri nemishonga? Chii chichaitika kana mhuka dzikadya zvirimwa zvebiopharmaceutical? Ko mapuroteni ebiopharmaceutical achashandurwa here mumatanho akasiyana ekukura, kukohwa nekuchengetedza? Vachakonzera allergic reactions here?
Maererano nenyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu Brian Tokar, purofesa weInstitute for Social Ecology, zvinetso zvakakomba zvikuru zvine chokuita nokuberekesa mukume nemigumisiro isingazivikanwe kuzvipembenene, utachiona hwevhu nezvimwe zvipenyu zvemo.
Kamwe Kakaipa muNebraska
Pave nekukanganisa nezvirimwa izvi kare. MunaNovember 2002, pamubatanidzwa wezvekurima muAurora, Nebraska, 500,000 mabhuru esoya akasvibiswa nechibage chebiopharmaceutical. Mumwe wenhengo dzecoop akakohwa batch yechibage cheProdiGene gore rapfuura ndokubva atanga kudyara mbesa yesoya kuti idyiwe nevanhu mumunda mumwe chete.
Panguva yekuongorora nguva dzose, vakuru vehurumende kubva kuDhipatimendi rekurima vakawana mashanga echibage eProdiGene achikura pakati pemiti yesoya. Panguva yavakaita kuwanikwa, soya kubva kumunda iwoyo yakanga yatochengetwa yakasanganiswa nesoya yedzimwe nhengo dzecoop. Sezvineiwo, zviremera zvakakwanisa kupatsanura zviyo zvakasvibiswa nguva pfupi isati yasvika mumikoto yemasupamaketi.
Kambani yakarohwa nefaindi yeUS$500,000 70 nekuda kwekuregeredza; zvakadaro, uye kunyangwe paine njodzi yakaipisisa kudaro, hurumende ichiri kubvumira mubatanidzwa kuenderera mberi netsvakurudzo yebiopharmaceutical pamwe nekuchengetedza chokwadi chaicho chechikwata chinosvibisa muNebraska chakavanzika chebhizimisi . Mark Ritchie, purezidhendi weInstitute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, anotsanangura chiitiko ichi seโThree Mile Islandโ yebiotechnology, vachireva nezvenjodzi yakakonzerwa nechinhu chenyukireya mumaXNUMXโs.
Mushure mekunyomba kweProdiGene, makambani maviri emaindasitiri akange atsigira tsvakiridzo yetransgenic kusvika parizvino akatanga kufunga zvakare zvinzvimbo zvavo. Grocery Manufacturers Association, boka rinomiririra makambani anogovera masupamaketi, rakaratidza kushushikana pamusoro pemukana wekuti biopharmaceuticals inogona kupedzisira yasvibisa chikafu; Kushushikana kwakadaro kwakagovaniswawo neNational Food Processors Association. Mutungamiriri wenyika, John Cady, akakumbira mitemo yakasimba uye inosungirwa kuchengetedza zvigadzirwa zvechikafu kubva pakusvibiswa nemabiopharms.
Vamwe vanhu havagoverane kunetseka kwakadaro. Bato reBiotechnology Industry Organisation, boka rinomiririra makambani ebiotech, uye American Farm Bureau Federation, sangano rakazvipira kuBig Farming, parizvino vari kutsvaga rutsigiro muWashington kuti vawane rutsigiro kubva kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa kuitira kudzikisira mutemo webiopharmaceutical.
Biological kusvibiswa
Zvigadzirwa zveTransgenic zvisingakodzeri kudyiwa nevanhu zvakatosvibisa cheni yechikafu. Pakupera kwegore 2000, mapoka ezvekukurudzira kwezvakatipoteredza nevatengi muUnited States akawana kuti mazana ezvigadzirwa zveAmerica muzvitoro zvikuru zvakange zvakasvibiswa neStarlink, chibage chakasimudzirwa cheGM chakanzi hachina kukodzera kudyiwa nevanhu neChikafu uye. Drug Administration (FDA).
Kunyangwe iyo Starlink strain yairimwa mu 0.04% chete yenzvimbo yekugadzira chibage yeUS, uye yaingoitirwa kudyiwa mhuka dzepapurazi, yakaguma yasvibisa 430 miriyoni mabushels uye nanhasi inoramba ichiratidzira nguva dzose muUS kunze kwenyika.
โKuwanikwa kweStarlink muJapan neSouth Korea, vaviri vevatengi vechibage vakanyanya kukosha vekuUS, kunoratidza kuti chinogona kuwanikwa chero kupi,โ anodaro Meena Raman, anobva kuMalaysia, murongi muAsia weFriends of the Earth Transgenics Program. 'Kusvikira US neAventis (kambani yebiotechnology yakagadzira Starlink) inodzora kusvibiswa, hapana dzimwe nyika dzinofanira kubvumidza chibage kunze kwenyika'.
Imwe nyaya yakaoma zvikuru yekusvibiswa kwemajini iri kuitika muMexico, uko kuvapo kwechibage cheGM kwakanyorwa kubvira 2001. Inoramba ichiratidzira munharaunda dzevarimi vekumaruwa, vose varimi uye vomunharaunda, vakadyarwa nevarimi vaduku vasingazivi. transgenic kutyisidzira; uye iri kuwedzera nokukurumidza, mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana emusango uye akavhenganiswa, pasinei nekurambidza kwehurumende yeMexico pazvirimwa zvekunze, kubvira muna 1998. , zvichiita kuti mhedzisiro yenguva refu pane zvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu husina chokwadi.
MuMexico, vanhu vari kushushikana nemukana wekuti chibage chebiopharmaceutical chinogona kuunzwa munyika. Silvia Ribeiro, wesangano reETC, anoratidza kugumbuka kukuru pamusoro pekambani yekuCalifornia Epicyte, iyo yakataura nemazvo kuti yakagadzira chibage chinouraya urume kuti chishandiswe senzira yekudzivirira kubata pamuviri.
Ribeiro akati muLa Jornada: โKugona kwechibage chinouraya urume sechombo chebhayorosi kunotyisa, sezvo chichisangana nyore nemamwe marudzi, chinokwanisa kusaonekwa uye chinogona kugara pakati petsika dzechivanhu nedzekurima. Isu takaona kudzokororwa kwekurwisa mbereko kunoitwa nharaunda dzechivanhu.
Iyi nzira zvirokwazvo yakaoma zvikuru kuronda.โ
Tinofukidza nyika
Ko biopharms inorimwa kupi? Munyika yose. Pane iyo molecularfarming.com peji rewebhu, vanoisa mari vanokumbira kubatana kwevarimi vanoda kukwereta ivhu ravo kuti vaedze biopharmaceutical chero kupi zvako pasi rose. Vanyorerana zvibvumirano muBrazil, Ireland, Australia, Greece, Zimbabwe, Panama nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda.
Mumiriri Beth Burrows akatanga ashora zvichemo pawebhusaiti yeMolecular Farming. Burrows ndiye mutungamiri weEdmods Institute, isingabatsiri yakazvipira kune bioethics uye biosecurity nyaya.
Mutori wenhau akahwina mubairo Devinder Sharma, nyanzvi munyaya dzekurima nekudya kunovaka muviri anogara kuIndia, anotaura nezve dandemutande remolecularfarming.com.
peji: 'Ichi chikamu chechirongwa chepasi rose chekuendesa maindasitiri ane tsvina kuNyika Yetatu'.
โKwakatanga kuuya kutengeswa kunze kwenyika marara ane muchetura neakaitwa mumaindasitiri kunyika dzichiri kusimukira muAfrica neSoutheast Asia. Iye zvino kunouya biopharms. MuUS mune dambudziko rakakura maererano nezvirimwa izvi. Chii
vachaita? Transfer dirty technology.โ
Usanetseka, fara
Zvisinei neizvi zvese, vamiriri vebiopharming vanotivimbisa kuti vakachengeteka. Chiremba Allan S. Felsot, nyanzvi yezvechepfu yemhoteredzo paWashington State University anorangarira kushandiswa kwemiti kugadzira mishonga namamwe makemikari โkwete kunyange pfungwa itsva, kana tikarangarira kuti takashandisa miti yemishonga kwemazana emakore.โ
Felsot anosimbirira kuti hapana chakajairika pakubereka mapuroteni emunhu mumatishu emiti ye transgenic. 'Mapuroteni (ari mubvunzo) akafanana anowanikwa mumiviri yedu. Mazhinji acho anoshandiswa semushonga kuburikidza nekuvirisa masero. Ivo vakanyatsotsanangurwa uye vanga vari pasi pekutsvagisa kwakanyanya uye miedzo yekiriniki pavanhu.'
Chiremba Robertson anowedzera kuti: โMikana inovhiringidza pfungwa, mikana haibviri kubata mukuzara kwayo uye njodzi dzinoratidzika kuva duku kana dzichienzaniswa nenjodzi dzatakasangana nadzo mukurapa mumakore ose.โ
Chii chiri mberi?
โChii chichafanira kuitika Dhipatimendi Rezvekurima risati rakoshesa chokwadi chekuti mamirioni avanhu akapotsa apedza kushandisa mishonga yekuedza nemakemikari?โ anobvunza kudaro Brandon Keim, weCouncil for Responsible Genetics achitaura nezvenyaya yeProdiGene. โRufu rushoma runofadza? Zvichida kuwedzera kwezvirwere zvinopedza simba izvo zvichazoonekwa chete makumi emakore gare gare, kana kwatova kunonoka?โ
Biopharmaceuticals iri munhanho yekuyedza uye makambani anoagadzira anomirira neshungu nguva iyo hurumende yemubatanidzwa ichazovabvumira.
kupinda mumusika.
References
Philip Cohen, โMishonga inogona kupinda mucheni yezvokudya.โ New Scientist, July 6, 2002 (http://www.organicconsumers.org/gefood/pharmaceuticals0702.cfm).
Council for Responsible Genetics. Official Statement pamusoro peBiopharmaceutical Crops (http://www.gene-watch.org/programs/biosafety/biopharming-statement.html).
Environment News Service. Chakavanzika U.S. Biopharms
Kukura Kwekuedza Zvinodhaka
(ens-news.com/ens/jul2002/2002-07-16-05.asp).
Genetically Engineered Food Alert
(http://www.gefoodalert.org).
Genetically Engineered Food Alert. New Alarming Report
paNjodzi dzeBiopharming
(http://www.OrganicConsumers.org/gefood/Biopharming0702.cfm).
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27, 2002
(http://www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=14647).
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(http://www.mindfully.org/GE/GE4/Biotech-Three-Mile-Island30dec02.htm).
Prodigene (http://www.prodigene.com).
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(http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2002/ene02/020126/039a1soc.php?origen=opinion.html).
Silvia Ribeiro, 'Granjas secretas y drogas
transgรฉnicasโ, La Jornada. Nyamavhuvhu 11, 2002
(http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2002/ago02/020811/016a1pol.php?origen=opinion.html).
Carmelo Ruiz Marrero, Experimentos Genรฉticos en Puerto
Rico
(http://www.biodiversidadla.org/article/view/217).
Brian Tokar, Riesgos biolรยณgicos: ยฟLa prรยณxima
generaciรยณn? Cultivos de plantas manipuladas
genรฉticamente para fabricar proteรnas industriales y
mishonga
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(http://www.organicconsumers.org/patent/futurestuff052002.cfm).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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