Pakusimbisa kushanya kwake kuLa Paz, Lula akati gasi reBolivia richagadzirisa matambudziko esimba renyika yake neArgentina neChile. Pakatanga kutengeswa kwegasi kuBolivia muna Chikunguru 1999, aimbove Mutungamiriri weBrazil, Henrique Cardoso, mushure mekusangana naHugo Banzer (aimbova Mutungamiriri weBolivia) muQuemado Palace, akashanyira nzvimbo yeSan Alberto mega-gas sechitsidzo chekutonga kweBrazil pamusoro. matura edu. Muenzi waEvo anosimbisazve kutonga ikoko.
Mumiriri weBolivia muUS, Gustavo Guzman, anosimbisa zvakataurwa naLula, "Evo (Morales) ndicho chinhu chinoshamisa kwazvo chakaitika muSouth America. Hapana anoratidza zviri nani kupfuura iye chiso cheBolivia." Mauricio Medinacelli, Mutungamiri weHydrocarbons muhurumende yeNeo-liberal yaRodriguez Veltze mu2005, anoti kushaya simba kwaEvo hukama hwake naHugo Chavez uye simba rake ndiLula. Aya maidi nemafungiro akapfupikiswa naHector Aguilar Camin wekuMexico, "Politics inokunda hondo. Economy inokunda hondo."
Evo mumakore maviri ari muhurumende akakunda hondo dzakawanda asi achaita kuti Bolivia ikundwe muhondo yehupfumi. Nyika imwe neimwe inenge isingasaruri, inoedza kudzoreredza upfumi hwayo mukusimudzira kurima kana kuti maindasitiri, izvo zvinoreva basa rine chiremera, utano nedzidzo, panzvimbo pokushaikwa kwemabasa, kuparwa kwemhosva nepfambi. Ngatitarisei mimwe mienzaniso.
Braskem, kambani huru yekuBrazil yepetrochemical ichaisa US$150m muchirimwa kugadzira polyethylene kubva mu ethanol inobva mushuga yenzimbe.
Enap, kambani yekuChile yepeturu yakazivisa kuti ichaisa US$70m kuti itangezve kugadzirwa kwemafuta asina kuchena uye gasi kutanga kwegore rinouya mumunda wayo weCuenca Austral kumaodzanyemba kweArgentina.
AES, iyo US energy kambani yakatengesa 10.18% yeChilean subsidiary AES Gener neUS$310m. Iyo kambani yakadonhedza kubata kwayo kusvika ku80.1%.
Kambani yenyika yeChile Codelco, kambani hombe yemhangura pasi rose, yakacheka kugadzirwa mumwedzi mipfumbamwe yekutanga yegore kusvika matani 1.14m, 0.9% pasi pegore rapfuura. Iyo kambani yakaita US $ 6.74bn purofiti isati yasvika mutero wenguva iyoyo.
Venezuela ichaisa US$2.6bn pamwe chete neIran, Syria neMalaysia kuvaka nzvimbo inochenesa oiri inokwanisa kugadzira 140,000 madhiramu muSyria. Venezuela ichagamuchira 33% yemari inogadzirwa neprojekiti.
Kambani yesimbi yekuChile CAP ichaisa US$3.5bn mumakore masere anotevera kupeta kaviri kugadzirwa kwesimbi kusvika pamatani 8m pagore mukati memakore mana uye nekatatu kugadzirwa kwesimbi kusvika kumatani gumi nemashanu panosvika 3.
PetroChina yakakwanisa kuita US$8.92bn pakupinda kwayo musika wemasheya, hombe yakamboitika munhoroondo yeChina. Kambani yemafuta ehurumende ichashandisa chikamu chemari kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwemafuta asina kuchena uye ethylene pamwe nekunatsa kwayo.
Bolivia isina simba inokweretesa mari kumabhanga ane simba
Bolivia yakashandisa 60% yemari yayo, yakasvika US$3.18bn muna Zvita 2006, muzvikwereti kumabhanga ekunze nevekunze kwenyika. Zvimwe chetezvo zvinoenderera mberi nemari kubva kumari yepenjeni, inotungamirirwa nemabhanga eSpain neSwitzerland, kusvika kuUS $ 2.25bn nezuva rimwe chete. Kubatsirwa nezvikwereti zvedu pa3% pagore iTransredes (Enron-Royal Dutch Shell), Santander Bank (yeSpain, Repsol's financier) neLloyds-TSB International Bank (yeEngland, yakabatana neBritish Petroleum). Nepo Bolivia pachayo inowana zvikwereti kubva kuAndean Development Corporation pa8% pagore.
Mari yenyika inouya zvakanyanya kubva kuHydrocarbons Law 3058 yaMay 30th 2005, kwete kubva kuNationalization Decree yaMay 1st 2006, iyo yakabviswa. Mari iyi inobvawo mukukwira kwemitengo pamusika wepasi rose wemafuta, gasi nezvicherwa. Izvo zvasara zvinoiswa pamberi pezvirongwa zvehutano.
Chirevo cheNationalization chakawedzera mutero wemakambani ne32% mukati memwedzi mitanhatu, nguva iyo maodhisheni akaitwa kuminda yemafuta. Kana mhedzisiro yacho isina kuverengerwa, iyo 6%, yaishandiswa kubhadhara mari yechikoro "Juancito Pinto", yakaguma kuvapo. Asi hurumende inoramba ichibhadhara mari iyi nezviwanikwa kubva kuYPFB shoma (trans. Bolivia's state oil company) iyo yakapawo US$32m kune BONOSOL inotambira mari shoma. Mari iyoyo ichapeta kaviri pakubhadhara kweiyo Digified Income grant kune vanopfuura-19.2s pane kune vanopfuura-60s sekunge neBONOSOL.
Economic surplus haina kushandura YPFB kuita bhizinesi remazuva ano, sePetrobras, semuenzaniso. Izvi zvinoitadzisa kunyoresa kukosha kwegasi nemafuta ayo anochengeterwa mumastock exchange kwaanogona kuunza mari yekushandisa. Boka reBrazilian State rakaita purofiti yeUS$500m muBolivia pakati pa1999 na2006. Mumakore aro ekutanga 4 rakadzora mari yaro yose yeUS$284m uye rakakwanisa kuita chitsotsi, kubira uye kunzvenga mutero.
Yakatengeswa zvakare neUS$400m mafinefineri maviri akatengwa kubva kuYPFB neUS$104m. Zvingave zviri nani kutenga chete 51% yemasheya kubva 49.9% yezvimwe zvese zvaifanira kunge zvakapfuura kuYFPB mahara, zvichipihwa hutsotsi hwekambani yeBrazil. Zvisati zvaitika, Petrobras yaifanirwa kuvaka 49 thermoelectric simba zvidyarwa vachishandisa Bolivian gasi - 25 muBrazil uye 24 muBolivia. Hapana kana imwe chete yakavakwa paivhu reBolivia kutevedzera kuzvipira ikoko.
Solid welfare, kusavapo kwemaindasitiri
Hapana mitemo iripo yekuvaka zvicherwa zvekunyungudutsa zvicherwa kana kuchenesa mafuta (izvo zvingatisunungura kubva kune dzimwe nyika dhiziri kuitira kuti tikwanise kuitengesa nemitengo inotsigirwa) zvirimwa zvinopatsanura gasi remvura, zvidyarwa zvefetereza kana mapaipi egasi emumba kuti ape hupenyu kunyika yedu isina rubatsiro. . Uyewo purofiti yacho haisi kushandiswa kushandura YPFB kuita ruzhinji rwevagovani vemakambani "ane mari" - Transredes (Enron-Royal Dutch Shell), Chaco (British Petroleum) naAndina (Repsol) - izvo zvingaite kuti ive kambani ine hupfumi hwakakosha. ramangwana.
MAS mukupikisa yakazununguka kunge pendulum. Yakatsigira Carlos Mesa muna Mbudzi 2003 kuti ivandudze kutengesa gasi kuArgentina nemutengo wekubatana weUS$0.98 pamiriyoni yeBTU. MAS yakabvumirana naMesa mibvunzo mureferendamu yemahydrocarbons yaChikunguru 18th 2004, zvisinei nekuziva kuti referendamu yaitsigirwa nemari neUSAID neFrench multinational Total.
Takatarisana nehutsotsi hwePacific Liquid Natural Gasi purojekiti chinzvimbo cheMAS chakavhiringika. Yakaramba yakanyarara nezve "hedging" kondirakiti yakabvumiranwa naAndina (Repsol) nePetrobras iyo makambani ese ari maviri akatengesa gasi neUS $ 1.00. kunze kweChibvumirano Chekugovera Gasi panguva iyoyo pakati peBolivia neBrazil. Minister of Defense Walter San Miguel aimbova mumiriri wePetrobras panguva ye "capitalization" yeYPFB. Anoenderera mberi nekutumira mauto kuHaiti neCongo nechikomborero cheUnited States. Mutungamiriri wenyika, Juan Ramon Quintana, haasati atsanangura hukama hwake neakawanda-mamiriyoni George Soros.
Evo anofunga kuti rubatsiro rwemagariro evanhu ruchavimbisa kusarudzwa kwake zvakare. Haaregi pane izvo zvakanyanya separatists, kana ivo vachidzora gasi uye migodhi yakawandisa, ichapa kaviri mari yakavimbiswa nehurumende. Vatungamiriri vakazvikudza uye vanopatsanura havana chavanogona vakatarisana nezvinodiwa nemakambani emafuta, eUnited States neEuropean Union. Evo anofanira kubvunza Lula "Nekodzero yei yauri kurasa gasi redu rekuchengetedza kuti ribatsire vemarudzi akawanda vanogara muArgentina kana Chile?"
Chibvumirano cheUS-Brazil chebio-fuels chawedzera kuzvikudza kwePetrobras kuBolivia. Sekudivi rake chipangamazano chemutungamiri wenyika, VaMarco Aurelio Garcia, vakazivisa mari nePetrobras yeUS$750m chete mumakore mashoma anotevera, mari shoma ichaita kuti Bolivia irambe ichiita semupemhi.
Bolivia inovhara musana waLula
Munguva yepakati, Brazil inofunga nezveramangwana rayo resimba nerunyararo. Kune chibvumirano neBush pane bio-mafuta anogona kuwedzerwa kuwanikwa kweTupi undersea mega mafuta munda. Brazil yakamutsiridza chirongwa chayo chekutanga chechitatu chenyukireya reactor (Angra 3). Ichasimudzira mamwe masimba emagetsi uye kuvaka madhamu maviri emagetsi emvura paRio Madera, kumutengo wezvakatipoteredza weBolivia.
Iyo inter-oceanic corridors ichavhura mikana mikuru kumakambani emigwagwa mikuru yeBrazil. Mumwe wavo, kambani yeQueiroz Galvao, mushure mekukandwa kunze zvinonyadzisa, adzoka nedanho rekukunda. Zvinotaridza sekunge zvimwe chete zvichaitika naEike Batista wekambani yeEBX iyo yakatanga kuvaka chirimwa chekunyungudutsa vachishandisa kabhoni yemuriwo isati yabva kuBolivia nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemvumo yezvakatipoteredza.
Kune chikamu chayo, nekuda kweiyo mikoto yepakati pegungwa, Chile inotarisira kutevedzera zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvayakasaina mumakondinendi matatu. Munguva pfupi, Brazil inotsamira pagasi reBolivia, pamusoro pezvose nekuda kwekusanaya kwemvura kwakakanganisa madhamu ayo emagetsi. Zvichakadaro Bolivia inoita zvehutano uye inokweretesa mari yayo nemubereko usingaite. Zvose izvi zvinotsanangura kurumbidza kwaLula kuna Evo uye mufaro weMedinacelli mumamiriro ezvinhu umo kukundwa kwereferendamu kwaChavez muVenezuela kwakasiya YPFB kunyange isina kuzvidzivirira paPetrobras.
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