Kwenguva pfupi, ipfupi makore gumi ega ega ikozvino, nyika dzakapfuma dzinowanzo gamuchira Africa - kondinendi yakazadzwa nehurombo, hondo nemamwe matambudziko - sechirongwa chemhuka. Africa sechinhu chefungidziro dzekuMadokero inzira yekare, uye haina kuganhurirwa kuindasitiri yevaraidzo – kunyangwe Hollywood yakamiririra chimiro chayo chakashata uye chakashata mumakumi emakore achangopfuura. Vabatwa nenjodzi yeIraq, Mutungamiriri weBritain, Tony Blair (uyo, kutaura chokwadi, haagone kupomerwa mhosva yekusaitira hanya Africa) akambundira kondinendi yekare nesimba idzva, muna 2005 achigadzira "Kufarira Kwedu Kwedu," gwaro rakakura, rine vavariro yakanaka rinotsanangura hurongwa hwakadzama hwekupedza urombo hwemuAfrica nematambudziko anoenderana nawo. Pasati papera makore maviri gare gare, gwaro racho harichakanganwiki.
Africa, zvisinei, haina kumbove, zvishoma neHollywood. Pakupera kwa2006, Africa yakave "yakangoerekana yapisa" kuindasitiri yevaraidzo, kushandisa mazwi asina maturo eNew York Times. Gore risati rapera, kondinendi yakakwanisa kukwezva kufarira kwenyeredzi dzine mazita makuru - uye nekudaro midhiya mikuru - kutanga naBono, kozoti Clay Aiken, Jessica Simpson, Angelina Jolie naBrad Pitt, George Clooney uye vamwe vashoma. Kunyange Madonna, asingawanzo kubatanidzwa nehunhu hwepamusoro, “akangoerekana akanda ziso rebhuruu rechando kuAfrica†(izvi zvinobva kuNew York Times), gore iroro nemukurumbira kutora mwana kubva kuMalawi. Ed Zwick naLeonardo di Caprio naJennifer Connelly vakatora pathology danho repamusoro (kana kudzika), vachibva chero kupi uye vachiita sekutora nyika yese, Sierra Leone. Yavo ‘Blood Diamond’, bhaisikopo rinoda kudzokorora zvinotyisa zvakaitika kuSierra Leone kunyanya muma1990, rakabuda Kisimusi isati yasvika. Vagadziri vefirimu iri, iro rinoita kuti izwi rokuti narcissism risakwana, vanoti chinangwa ndechekuponesa Sierra Leone (nenyika dzakafanana nayo) kubva muhuori hwevavhimi vedhaimondi nevanosiririsa vavadyidzani vavo vanomanikidza vana vechikwata muuto ravo uye kuita hutsinye husingataurwi. .
Pane imwe nguva, makore mashoma kumashure, apo mafirimu akaita se ‘Blood Diamond’ angadai akagamuchirwa zvakanyanya, zvisingaite nevanhu vane moyo murefu veSierra Leone. Hondo yakakonzerwa nedhaimondi munyika yakatanga muna 1991, asi haina kuzombotaurwa nezvayo mumapepanhau mazhinji epasi rose kusvika 1999, mushure mekunge varwi veRevolutionary United Front (RUF), boka rematsotsi, rakarwisa uye vakapotsa varwisa. Yakaparadza Freetown, guta guru renyika. Mushandirapamwe wavo wakasiyaniswa nekurwiswa kwemahara kwevanhuwo zvavo, kusanganisira kuchekwa kwevakadzi nevana. Uto guru reUN, rakasimba 17,500 2002, richitsigirwa nemamwe mauto eBritain, rakatumirwa ipapo, uye makore maviri gare gare rakabudirira mukutorera vazhinji vevarwi. Muna 70,000, nekubudirira kwesarudzo dzegutsaruzhinji munyika yose, hondo yakanzi yapera. Kufungidzira kwakawanda kunoisa nhamba yevakaurayiwa paXNUMX XNUMX; zvinodarika zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvezvivakwa zvenyika, zvakatonyanya kunetseka panguva iyo hondo yakatanga, zvakaparadzwa panguva yehondo.
Pava nemakore anoda kusvika mashanu hondo yapera, uye nyika iri kuronga kuita sarudzo dzechipiri dzegutsaruzhinji, muna Chikunguru. Hupfumi hweSierra Leone hwakanyoresa kuvandudzwa: kukura kwemakore maviri apfuura kwave pa7 muzana. Sierra Leone's yakakosha indasitiri yemadhaimani, ichiri kunetsa, yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya. Muna 2006, mushure mekushandiswa kwakasimba kwehurongwa hwehutongi hwepasi rose, Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), Sierra Leone yakatengesa zviri pamutemo kunze kwenyika madhaimondi anokosha miriyoni zana nemakumi mana, zvakaenzana negore rapfuura, uye zvakapetwa kaviri muna 140. Muna 2004, pakupera kwehondo, kutengesa kunze kwenyika kwakapfuura zvishoma madhora miriyoni imwe; Zviri pachena kuti madhaimondi mazhinji enyika akabva abiwa uye akapinzwa zvisiri pamutemo neRUF nevatsigiri vayo, kuburikidza neLiberia uye kupinda mumisika yepasi rose. Mukudzoka, RUF yakadururwa nezvombo, izvo vakauraya nekuremadza vakadzi nevana vasingagoni kudzivirira.
Kuti madhaimani, chiratidzo chepasi rose cherudo, anogona chaizvo kuve nechekuita neruvengo nekuparadza uye mhirizhonga inopenga inyaya inogombedzera zvikuru. Uye "Daimani reRopa", rinosanganisira Leonardo di Caprio semutengesi wedhaimondi anotyisa wekuSouth Africa uye mercenary pakatarisana nekusagadzikana kukuru uye mhirizhonga inopedza zvese, iri, chero chiyero, chinomanikidza kunakidzwa. Asi sezvo Zwick achiita zvichemo zvakakura zvemufirimu uyu – sekuedza ‘kugarisana nevamwe’, sechimwe chinhu chakadzama muuropi kupfuura zvinopihwa zveHollywood zverudo ruzere nemisodzi kana mhirizhonga yeruchiva - ‘ Ropa Diamond’ inofanirwa kuongororwa saizvozvo. Ndinonzwa kugutsikana ndichitaura izvi nekuti ‘Daimane reRopa’ rakatangirwa kana kuteverwa nedzimwe nhamburiko dzinoverengeka dzisingazivikanwe, dzimwe dzacho dzichipa zvakasiyana, sub-revisionist shanduro dzezvakaitika neSierra Leone munguva yehondo yayo. . Paive neIsmail Blagrove's ‘Mad Den Nor Glady’O,’ yakabudiswa nekambani yekuLondon, iyo inopokana nemazvo nyaya yakakurumbira yekuti hondo yaive yengoda; uye kwave nefirimu rakashata, rakapusa, ‘Empire in Africa,’ rakagadzirwa nemumwe murume wekuFrance anonzi Philippe Diaz, iro rinoratidza nhubu dzeRUF semagamba asinganzwisisike uye ane rudo akadziviswa nemhondi dzeUN nevakuru venzvimbo vane huori. (Diaz's key informant, uyo anoonekwa mufirimu iri rese semubvunzurudzo, ndiye akadhakwa uye akapusa RUF commando Mike Lamin, uyo izwi rekuti nhamo rinogona kunge rakagadzirwa.) Gore risati rapera, History Channel yakaburitsa "Ropa". Diamonds’, chinyorwa chakanakisa chinofanira kutariswa nemunhu wese anofarira nyaya iyi. Munguva pfupi iri kuuya icharatidzwa ‘Bling’, yakagadzirwa neNew York-yakavakirwa Chinyorwa 19 Mafirimu. ‘Bling’, wandakamboshanda naye zvishoma, anotaura nyaya yedhaimondi yeSierra Leone achishandisa vaimbi verap vekuAmerica, vachibatanidza mashandisiro akashata ezvigadzirwa zvemadhaimondi (‘bling’) uye kuparadzwa uye kutya kwakakonzerwa nemadhaimani. Africa. Kambani yekuCanada, Kensington Studio, ichange ichiratidzawo ‘Diamond Road;’ sezvo ini ndichiziva vagadziri vacho uye ndakateedza zvavari kuita, ndinogona kuti ‘Diamond Road’ ingangove yakasimudzwa. uye zvakakwana kuti yapfuura mafirimu.
"Daimondi reRopa" (rakacherechedza kuti rakasiyana) rinogara rakatenderedza ‘pink’ dhaimondi rakawanikwa rikavanzwa musango naSolomon Vandy (Dijon Hounsou) vachichera pasi peRUF's grim. watch. Vandy akanga achangobva kunyoreswa nechisimba muuto reRUF revacheri vemigodhi mushure mekubatwa kwake mukurwisa zvine hutsinye pamusha wake izvo zvakasiya vazhinji vafa uye mhuri yake (kusanganisira mwanakomana wake waaida zvikuru) akatorwa ndokutorwa. Danny Archer (Di Caprio) anodzidza nezvedhaimani iri ari muchitokisi chakazara vanhu (mushure mekubatwa nemauto ehurumende yeSierra Leone paanenge achiedza kupinza madhaimondi nepaganda rembudzi) anoratidzawo Vandy nemukuru wechipanduki akamuona akavanzwa. dhaimani (ivo vari vaviri vakanga vachangobva kubatwa nemauto ehurumende.) Archer anoshandira zvido zvikuru (De Beers, giant diamond conglomerate, inonongedzerwa pairi asi haimbodudzwi nezita), asi kufarira kwake ndiiye pachake. Kunyengerera uye kudeurwa kweropa kunotevera kupenga uye kudeurwa kweropa (chimwe chezvakanakira bhaisikopo kuratidza kwayo kwechokwadi kwekurwiswa neRUF fighters). Archer naVandy vanobvumirana kuita rwendo pamwe chete kunzvimbo yakasimwa mari yevapanduki uko dhaimani rakavanzwa; zvinoshamisa kuti vari kubudirira (kunyangwe boka remauto emuSouth Africa, akabhadharwa nehurumende, ari kuedza kuvauraya kuti vatore dhaimondi ravo). Asi Archer akuvara zvakaipisisa; haana kukwanisa kuita rwendo naVandy nemwanakomana wake (uyo akanga awanikwa atova murwi weRUF). Izvi zvisati zvaitika, Archer akange anyorera mutori wenhau akanaka wekuMadokero waakasangana naye mubhawa (inotaridzika chaizvo sePaddy's Bar ine mukurumbira muFreetown), Mandy (Jennifer Connelly). Mandy anga agara munyika, asi haatombofariri vanhu venyika, zvematongerwo enyika kana nhoroondo. Anonyanya kufarira nyaya yedhaimondi chete, achitenda kuti achapedza hondo nekungoratidza kunyika dzekuMadokero – vanonyanya kutenga madhaimondi - kuti madhaimondi avanokoshesa sechiratidzo cherudo aitokonzera rufu nekuparadzwa. muAfrica. Kana vanhu vokuMadokero vakangoziva izvi, vaizorega kutenga zvinhu zvemadhaimondi (zvinokosheswa mari inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe emadhora pagore), uye vapanduki vakaita seRUF inopa mari mauto avo nemari inobva kumadhaimani vaizoshaya mari uye kuparara. Zviri pachena kuti haasi kubatwa nenharo: kunyangwe achitarisa zvakanyanya chikamu chebenzi rine nyeredzi, kupusa hakusi kwake; ndicho chikanganiso chemufirimu.
Iye zvino hapana mubvunzo zvachose kuti madhaimani akabatsira mari, uye saka akafuridzira uye akareba, hondo muSierra Leone (sezvavakaita izvozvo muAngola). Ichi chiitiko chenguva pfupi yapfuura chinosiririsa cheSierra Leone chakadzidzwa zvakanyanya, zvichitevera "Mwoyo weNyaya: Sierra Leone, Diamonds uye Human Security", yakanyorwa pamwe (naIan Smillie naRalph Hazleton) nemunyori 2000. Ongororo iyi yakafumura kusadzorwa kwekutengeswa kwemadhaimani pasi rose panguva iyoyo, zvichiratidza kuburitswa kwemadhaimondi eSierra Leone neRUF kuburikidza neLiberia (pasi paCharles Taylor, zvino ave tsotsi rehondo), iyo yakabva yatengesa matombo anokosha kunze kwenyika. zvayo. Sekuita kwechidzidzo ichi (pamwe chete neshumo yeUN iyo yakakonzera) yakaratidza, maitiro aMandy, pamusoro payo, ane musoro zvachose: nyika yekunze inogona kusakwanisa kuita chero chinhu pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika akaora eSierra Leone. izvo zvakabatsira kuburitsa humbowo hwakanyanya mufirimu, asi inogona kuita chimwe chinhu pamusoro pemadhaimani - uye pakupedzisira izvi (pamwe nezviuru zvemauto eUN) zvingave zvakakosha. Dambudziko nderekuti nyaya yedhaimani inobvumirwa kumhanya zvachose, ichiita kuti anenge munhu wese ari mufirimu aite seakapusa. Imwe harahwa yapona pakurwisa kwechimurenga, inonzwikwa ichiti “Madhaimondi chete. Ndinovimba kuti havazowanawo oiri pano!†Pamusoroi, asi izvi zvinotaridzika sokunge munhu apererwa nezano reNGO yemushandirapamwe: hazvitarisirwe zvachose uye zvinoshatirisa mumamiriro ezvinhu.
Kupokana kuri pachena kufirimu iri, rakataurwa naDe Beers (izvo zvinoshamisa – zvichipa nhoroondo yayo isina kunaka - ikozvino inoita kunge iri kutaura zvinhu zvese zvakanaka) uye hurumende yeSierra Leone, ihondo yeSierra Leone. yakapera kare-kare, uye kuigadzira patsva iko zvino uye kupomera madhaimondi pazviri zvese sekunge zvichiri kuenderera mberi zvinorasisa uye kusaremekedza nyika ine moyo murefu apo ichiedza kugadzira mufananidzo mutsva wekugadzikana kukwezva vekunze vanoisa mari nevashanyi. Uku kupikisa kwakakosha zvikuru, kunyangwe hazvo kuzvida kwaDe Beers kwakakurumidza kujekeswa - pamwe nekuisa parutivi mamirioni emadhora kurwisa kushambadza kwakashata pamusoro pemadhaimondi kwaaifunga kuti firimu richaunzwa. Chirambidzo chisina kujeka ndechekuti kunyangwe hondo dzakanyanya munzvimbo dzakaita seSierra Leone neAngola, "madhaimondi eropa" akangoita chidimbu chemabhiriyoni emadhora emadhaimondi aitengeswa pasi rose, uye kuisa tara. Bhizimisi remadhaimondi rakasvibiswa neropa rinogona kukanganisa upfumi hwenyika, hwakaita seBotswana, iyo inovimba zvachose nekutengeswa kwemangoda asi ine mangoda pasina kupokana. Kupikisa uku kwakarambwa nevakawanda pazvakatanga kutaurwa pakakwirira pedanidziro yeNGO pamusoro pe “madhaimondi eropa”, kuma1990 nekutanga kwema2000. Ndinofunga kuti chokwadi inzvimbo iri pamutemo. Zviri nyore kuita nharo, uri kure, kuti hupfumi hwakanaka hweBotswana nemazana ezviuru zvemabasa kune imwe nzvimbo hazvigoni kutsiva hupenyu hwakarasika muSierra Leone kana Angola. Asi chinzvimbo ichi chine glib, uye hachiite zvishoma kugadzirisa nyaya. Kuedza kuita izvi iKimberly Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), iyo yakatangwa nehurumende yeSouth Africa, mamwe masangano akazvimirira pamwe neDe Beers, iyo yakanangana nekuona kuti mangoda chete anotengeswa nehurumende dziri pamutemo ndiwo apinda munyika dzepasi rose. Chibvumirano ichi chakasainwa muna 2002, uye chakagamuchirwa neUN Security Council. Hazvina kunaka zvachose – madhaimondi anoramba achitorwa zvisiri pamutemo, sezvinotarisirwa nemunhu wese, uye aramba achifamba kubva kunzvimbo dzine mhirizhonga munzvimbo dzakaita seIvory Coast - asi kana zvibvumirano zvakadaro zvichienda, KPCS inoshanda zvine musoro, uye ipapo. iri kuenderera mberi nekuedza kuvandudza mabasa ayo ekuongorora.
"Blood Diamond" inobvuma zvese kuti hondo muSierra Leone yapera uye kuti KPCS iripo, asi chete pakupera kwefirimu - mushure memhirizhonga yemanic, kuparadzwa, kuzvipira kwehuipi pamusoro pehuipi. zvekutengeswa kwemadhaimani – uye mukunyora izvo vataridzi vakawanda vangangove vasingagare vachiverenga.
Kusatenda kwakadaro kunofanira kuregerera kubira kubva kune muongorori. Firimu iri rinotaura nezveSierra Leone asi zviri pachena kuti harina kuiswa munyika yekuWest Africa. Kana munhu anga asingazive kuti nechekare, mbizi nenzou (hapana imwe yadzo inogona kuwanikwa muSierra Leone yanhasi) inofanira kunge iri yekupa; sezvazvinofanira kunge zvakashata, zvisinganzwisisike Mende (Vandy is Mende) inotaurwa mufirimu yose. Kutaura zvazviri nzvimbo inokuudza kuti iyi iMozambique, kuChamhembe kweAfrica – pedyo zvakakwana neSierra Leone munguva pfupi yapfuura asi kure chaizvo nenzvimbo. Chiitiko chidiki chinonyengerera icho Mandy naVandy naArcher, vakapukunyuka kurwiswa kwakawanda nevapanduki, vanopinda mune sezviri pachena akarangwa uye akatsunga Kamajors (iyo pro-hurumende mauto) inofamba zvakanaka kusvika iwe warangarira, dai iwe watoziva, kuti Kamajors vaisazoita. vakabvumira mukadzi kuti aite zvekutamba navo, sezvinoita Mandy (semazuva ese). (Zvinopesana netsika yavo yekubata mukadzi pavanenge vachiita chiito – izvo zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei chiitiko chekubatwa chibharo chakanga chisipo zvachose pakati pevaKamajor, sezvakaona vatsinhiri vakasiyana-siyana.) Handiziviwo kuti sei ari Archer, mutorwa. , uyo anotungamirira Vandy (uyo, semugari wenzvimbo, anofanirwa kutarisirwa kuziva nzira yake pamusoro pezvizhinji zviri nani) kuburikidza negwenzi kuenda kuKono, kunze kwekuti kutungamirira, basa remacho raifanira kuchengetwa chete Di Caprio.
Izvi zvitarisiko zvidiki zvichida; asi huchenjeri hwepamusoro, seizvo ‘Daimane reRopa’ rinomiririra, rinogara richikoka kuongororwa kusingafadzi. Iyo firimu's denouement inotora hunhu hwayo kune imwe nhanho ye (celluloid) clumsiness uye fungidziro. Sezvo Archer achimomotera mukurwadziwa akuvara zvakaipisisa, anopa ‘pink’ diamond kuna Vandy, anoronga chikopokopo kuti atakure Vandy nemwanakomana wake, uye anofonera shamwari yake Mandy (uyo akanga aenda kuLondon) kuti aronge rwendo rwendege. kuenda kuEurope kuVandy (pamwe nekutengesa kwedhaimondi). Di Caprio's yemwoyo wose, ane shungu, asina udyire "Titanic" nguva inomutswa: kumonyoroka kunoshamisa kweakasimba mercenary uye mupambi. Mandy anowana nyaya yake izere Vandy paanosvika muLondon uye anosangana nevamiriri veiyo huru yemadhaimani cartel (Mandy anoonekwa achidhinda mifananidzo) pamusoro pehuipi hwekutengeswa kwemadhaimani…Firimu rinopera.
Ndinofanira kubvuma, sezvandambotaura, kuti uyu mutambo une simba. Kuita, kunyanya Di Caprio's, kwakanaka zvinoshamisa. Sevaraidzo inovimbika yenyaya inosiririsa yeSierra Leone, iyi imwe nyaya zvachose'
Lansana Gberie ndiye munyori we A Dirty War in West Africa: The RUF and the Destruction Sierra Leone (Indiana University Press, 2006).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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