Panyaya yekupararira kwenzvimbo nekusvika kwehuwandu hwevanhu, India ine bato rimwe chete renyika, reIndian National Congress, uye rimwe bato renyika, iro Bharatiya Janata Party - quasi nekuti pakati pezvigaro zana nemakumi mashanu kana kupfuura zveparamende kumabvazuva kweIndia. uye Maodzanyemba Nyika haina pedyo nekusava nesangano kana zvematongerwo enyika. Zvisingarevi kuti haisiriyo ine ruzha mukuparadzira chirevo chayo chekutanga che "Indianness" pamagariro echiHindu, chizvarwa chinobatwa zvakanyanya icho chinoumba "nyika". Inogona kunge iri padyo nehupfumi hwenyika dzekuMadokero, uye kure kure neruzhinji rwemamiriyoni evarombo eIndia, asi zvinhu zvakadaro zvinokanganisa fungidziro yaro inopokana yekuve maIndia akawanda kupfuura mamwe ese.
Chokwadi chekutaura, huMadokero hwayo hunotambanuka kupfuura kuswedera kwayo kudada kune zvinhu zveAmerica; dzidziso yezvematongerwo enyika yesangano rayo revarairidzi, iyo Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) seyakanyorwa zvinonzwika nemukuru wayo wekare, Golwalkar, inowana muyero wakanaka kubva kuEuropean Fascism uye "kudada kwerudzi" kwaHiter (mutsara waGowalker) waifanira kugamuchira rumbidzo kubva kwaari. . (Ona yake Isu, Nyika Yedu Inotsanangurwa, uye Boka Remifungo) Zvinofanira kunge zviri zvinokatyamadza kuti uko mupi wezano aipayona weHindu Right, Moonje, akafuridzirwa naMussolini waakaenda kunyanya kunosangana naye, Sonia Gandhi akaberekerwa muItaly anotiyeuchidza nezvepfungwa yeItaly yeMazzini neGaribaldi. . Uye, zvakadaro, hapana zuva rinopfuura apo vanozvidaidza kuti "madzinza" eRudyi rweHindu vasingamudaidza kuti mutorwa wekuItaly. Idi nderokuti kana Rudyi rweHindu rwave rwuri kudivi rechiFascist repfungwa dzepasirese, Congress neSonia zvinoramba zvakadzika midzi zvakanyanya mundangariro yenhoroondo yeSocialism yenyika. Kuve kupatsanurwa uko kuzasi kunoratidza kukwikwidza nyika dzeCongress uye Bharatiya Janata Party.
Kana Congress ikadzokera kumashure muna 1885, iyo RSS inocherekedza kuzvarwa kwayo chaizvo panguva iyo Euoropean Fascism yakakwira, iyo, 1924-25.
Pamakore makumi matanhatu nemanomwe kana kupfuura kubva pakusununguka kweIndia kubva pahutongi hwevakoloni, Indian National Congress yanga iri muhurumende muDelhi kweanenge makore makumi mashanu nemana kana kupfuura - rekodhi inokatyamadza, iyo, kana uchifunga nezvayo, inogona kunge isingashuwirwe sekunge. Fluke, zvisinei makirasi matsva eIndia e "aspirational" ane zvido zvenhoroondo zvisingatarisirwi kana ndangariro dzinogona kuisa chiitiko ichi kusvika mukunyengedza kwenguva refu uye kunobudirira kwehoi polloi kuburikidza nehunyanzvi uye kuyambuka kaviri. Dai vaizotendwa, sarudzo dzese dzemuIndia kubva kune yekutanga muna 1952 dzakabirwa neCongress! Chokwadi chakareruka chingave chekuti Indian National Congress sechikuva chakafara uye chevazhinji chinowanzopokana pfungwa dzepfungwa - chokwadi mubatanidzwa webato rimwe - wakaramba uri mukutonga kwenhoroondo nekubatirira kumusanganiswa wezvematongerwo enyika, wehupfumi netsika usina kumbobvira wasiyaniswa. chero kufarira kweIndia, kunyangwe musanganiswa wakadaro ungangove wakasiya zvese zvinofarirwa nekutendeuka.
Ikozvino maIndia ezvematongerwo enyika, sei-nguva, anotsanangura putsch nyowani uye yakabatana yekubvisa chigaro ichi chekare cheCongressite pluralism, mutsika uye muhupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Pane imwe nhanho, marongero anoenderana nemusika akatevedzwa neHurumende yeManmohan Singh mumakore gumi apfuura akaunza kukura kunoshamisa muGross Domestic Product kunyangwe zvakaisa huwandu hwakawanda hwehupfumi hutsva mumawoko emakambani ega; uye, pane imwe nguva, yakapawo kuwanda kwezvisungo zvemagariro zvinopa simba ruzhinji rwevarombo nerunyoro rwekodzero dzinotevedzwa zviri pamutemo โ kuruzivo, kushanda, kudzidzo, kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu-nezvimwe zvipikirwa mumanifesto itsva yeCongress yekuuya. Sarudzo Dzese dzekodzero yekuchengetwa kwehutano pachena uye pekugara kune vasina dzimba, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu.
Uye kune rub runotsanangura kurwiswa kwehutsinye kwakatangwa nekutanga kweCongress's goho - makirasi achangobva kupfuma, akaridzwa neIndia itsva uye isina-yakavharirwa Rightwing midhiya chiteshi, zvakaenzana zvigadzirwa zveneo- rusununguko rwemakore gumi eManmohan Singh - paCongress pachayo. Yakaparadzirwa sehondo yekurwisa "huwori" yeCongress, iyo putsch iri pazasi inoverengerwa kuita tsvina pamatanho emitemo inoraira rubatsiro rwekugadzirisa mararamiro eruzhinji rwevaIndia avo vachiri kunze kwekusvika uye kunetseka kwehupfumi hwekutsinhana. Nezvimwe zvikamu makumi manomwe neshanu kubva muzana zveGDP yeIndia ikozvino mumaoko ega, hushamwari hweDarwinism hwemakirasi achangopihwa hahuna basa kuhurumende yakaitira zvavanokwanisa asi isingade kuramba ichidaro nekuzvipira kune imwe chete kune zvakavanzika. kukwidziridzwa kwehupfumi kune Ayn Randish kuderedzwa kweavo "vari pachena vane mhosva yenhamo yavo", kunyangwe ivo vachiseka hurumende-yakatapwa mamiriro ezvakaipa zvavo.
Saka hutsva hutsva hutsva hutsvakwa kuti hutsanangurwe sehunobatanidza zvakakodzera uye zvisinganyadziswi zvido zveavo chete vakagadzirira kusvika kune matenga eimperiya, usatombo funga kuti mamwe makumi manomwe kubva muzana kana zvakadaro maIndia anopihwawo kodzero dzakakwana dzekuva vagari vemo. Bumbiro remitemo rinopa masimba kune vashoma vanopamba. Chokwadi, pakati pedzimba dzepamusoro-soro dzemaIndia unogona kunzwa zvichitaurwa pasina kunyara kana kunyara kuti maIndia akabudirira ane chikwereti chekubudirira kwavo ne "kukodzera" kwavo uye vanoverengera mamirioni kuti urombo hwavo kune avo. karma. Cultural theory hand-in-glove with class interests, kana pakambove neimwe. Nekudaro, mazana emazana emari anonyorerwa kumakambani anoruramiswa sezvinokodzera zveavo vanonetsa kuisa India pakati pemasimba makuru, uye nekudaro vanoshevedzwa se "kurudziro", nepo zvimedu zvemari zvakakandwa kune vanoshanda uye vakadzinga mamirioni. , avo vanobudisa pfuma yakawanda, vanonzi rubatsiro runopambadza runovimbiswa kunyudza nyika uye, ungazvitenda here, kuti imhosvawo mutsika.
Zvinoshamisa sei zvino kuti putsch yazvino inokumbira mutungamiri mukuru uye akasimba anogona kubva zvino kusununguka kubva mukukanganisa tsika dzesocialist theory, kusunga nyika muhumwe humwechete hwetsika, kuramba kutambura nekupokana kana chokwadi chinopesana, chengetedza hurumende kure. kubva mukugadzira mari kwemakambani asi kuraira kuhurumende-midziyo kuti ivepo kudzima nehutsinye husina maturo zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekuramba, kungave padanho repfungwa kana mumugwagwa.
Mutungamiriri mumwechete, tsika imwe, pfungwa imwe, zvese zvinotsigirwa nekutungamira masangano edzidzo uye tekinoroji uye zvivakwa kune chimwe chinhu chisingapokane - kuvhurika kusingadzoreki mukuwedzera purofiti uye kuvharika kusingapikiswe mukupokana, kupokana, democracy. Uye isu hatizive here kuti mutungamiri mumwe chete aripo anozadzisa zvese zvinodikanwa zvemubatanidzwa mutsva.
Kungodyidzana uko Capitalism iri kure kwazvo yagara ichitsvaga kubva payakavamba, kunyangwe yakagara ichitsvaga kukwira zvido zvayo pakudaidzira kusinganzwisisike kwedemocracy pasi rese. Chimwe chikonzero nei iye mukwikwidzi wedemocracy yepasirese, America, achiramba achifara zvakanyanya neChina kana Saudi Arabia, kunyangwe ichitsvaga kusimudzira demokrasi munzvimbo dzakakura dzepasi kuti iise yayo nyowani uye nyowani Narendra Modi -satraps. Tarisa uone kuti musika wemasheya weIndia wanga uchikwira sei mudenga sezvo mukana wekukwira kwaModi kuenda kuhutungamiriri hweIndia uchiparidzwa nematanho enhau nevanovhota, uye kuti rudo rweAmerica rwekodzero dzevanhu rwunotanga sei kudonha pamwe nekugadzirira kuburitsa vhiza. kodzero kune angangove mubatsiri wayo ane mhinduro dzinotanga kuiswa parutivi maererano nezvido zvamwari wavose โ Capital.
Uye zvakadaro, kusiyana kwevanhu veIndia, zvido, zvido, uye maumbirwo ezvematongerwo enyika, uye kuenderera mberi kudana nyika kuti ive kudivi revasina-vasina kunoramba kuri dambudziko rinotyisa kune anofarira homogeniser. Sezvinongoita vatsigiri vayo vekare vanoumba ndangariro ine simba uye chishandiso chekukunda iyo Rightwing putsch kuikodzera zvachose kukara uye kuchiva kwevanogadzira mari. Uye mutungamiri akasimba haafanire kufungidzira kunyarara kwevasiri maSemitic ruzhinji, nekuti kashoma kubva paIndependence yeIndia ine kuyedza kushoma kwechiuto kana mapurisa akabudirira kuunza India yese mumutsara. Chokwadi, yaive ikozvino Rightwing putsch kuti ibudirire, chinhu chisingagone kugadziriswa, kure nekuranga nyika mukuteerera kwakanyarara uye kusingafungi, India inogona kugadzirirwa kupupurira zvakapesana neizvo mutungamiri akasimba angafunga - kusagadzikana munharaunda uye mhirizhonga-mumigwagwa yezviyero zvisingagadzirike nemaIndia achipokana neIndia pamwe chete. uwandu hwematemo enhoroondo. Uye kuputika kunogona kuita chisimba uye kuita sarudzo zvakanyanya zvekuti maCentrisms ezvematongerwo enyika, emagariro, etsika nehupfumi anotsvakwa kuti aiswe zvine simba.
Kunyangwe panguva yekunyora, kusimba kwenhamba yezvimiro zvezvizhinji zvinodarika izvo zvinodzvinyirira zvinobatanidza. Izvo zvicharamba zvichionekwa mumwedzi nehafu kubva ikozvino kuti vazhinji vanouya sei pamwe chete mumubatanidzwa unoponesa democracy, uye kuti vanotsvaga zvine mufungo sei kana kuti kwete kuverenga nekutungamira nzira dzekugadzira uye dzekugovera. Hupfumi hweIndia kure nevanopamba vane network vangave vane pesvedzero asi vangangowana muvengi anotyisa muvanhu vane hana yerepublic.
Munyori, uyo akadzidzisa zvinyorwa zveChirungu paYunivhesiti yeDelhi kweanopfuura makumi mana emakore uye parizvino akasiya basa, munyori ane mukurumbira uye nyanduri. Mumwe mutsinhiri anozivikanwa wezvematongerwo enyika, tsika uye nzanga, akanyora zvakanyanya kurumbidzwaDickens uye Dialectic yeKukura. Bhuku rake razvino, Pasi peZvinhu-India neNyika: A Citizen's Miscellany, 2006-2011, yakabuda muna August 2012.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta