Huwandu hwevanhu vekuAmerica vane nhoroondo yematsotsi hwakakwira zvakanyanya mukati memakumi matatu emakore apfuura. Nhasi, chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevanhu vakuru vezera rekushanda vane nhoroondo yekupara mhosva. Muchokwadi, vanhu vazhinji vekuAmerica vane rekodhi yematsotsi zvekuti kuverenga vese hazvigoneke.
Maererano 2012 Dhipatimendi reJustice ongororo, marekodhi enhoroondo yehurumende ane zvinyorwa zvinopfuura mamiriyoni zana. Aya anonyanya kunzi "rap sheets" kana "marekodhi emhosva" kunyangwe vanhu vazhinji vanawo vasina kumbobatwa nemhosva huru. Aya marepositori anorondedzera kusungwa kwese, zvisinei nekuti zvinotungamira here kupomerwa mhosva kana kutongerwa mhosva. Uye kunyangwe mamirioni zana marekodhi aripo, nhamba iyi inotodarika nhamba yechokwadi yevanhu vakasungwa chero nguva muhupenyu hwavo, sezvo munhu mumwechete achigona kusungwa mumatunhu akawanda.
Mukuedza kuita kuti nhoroondo dzeutsotsi dziwanikwe nyore nyore kune ese ezvemitemo, FBI inochengetedza dhatabhesi inoratidzira marekodhi aya anozivikanwa seInterstate Identification Index (III). Pese kana munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ari tsotsi anosungwa uye kudhindwa zvigunwe nevenzvimbo, nyika, kana federal law enforcement agency; izvo zvinyorwa zvinotumirwa kuFBI kuti zviiswe muIII. FBI inopa chidzidzo chega chega nhamba yekuzivikanwa yakasiyana iyo inoratidzira marekodhi ese ehurumende aripo kumunhu iyeye, zvichireva kuti nhamba imwe neimwe inoenderana nemunhu akasiyana.
Kubva munaChikunguru 1, 2015, vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni makumi manomwe vane marekodhi akarongedzerwa neiyo III.
The Numbers in Perspective:
America ikozvino inogara ingangoita nhamba yakafanana nevanhu vane marekodhi emhosva sezvainoita makore mana vakapedza kudzidza kukoreji.
Nearly hafu yevarume vatema uye inenge 40 muzana yevarume vachena vanosungwa vane makore 23.
Dai vese vakasungwa vekuAmerica vaive nyika, vaizove vepasirese gumi nemasereth chikuru. Yakakura kupfuura Canada. Yakakura kupfuura France. Inopfuura katatu kukura kweAustralia.
Huwandu hwevanhu vekuAmerica vane marekodhi emhosva nhasi yakakura kudarika huwandu hwese hweUS muna 1900.
Kubata maoko, vanhu vekuAmerica vane zvinyorwa zvekusungwa vanogona kutenderera nyika katatu.
Mapoka Makuru Avanhu MuAmerica
Chikwata Chikuru Hapana Anoda Kujoinha
Pasinei nedzinza kana kuti murume kana mukadzi, vatsvakurudzi vanofungidzira izvozvo panosvika makore makumi maviri nematatu angangoita mumwe muvatatu vekuAmerica achange asungwa.
Muna 1965, nguva yekupedzisira yakabudiswa fungidziro dzechiyero ichi dzakarongwa; chiyero chaive 22%. (ona Christensen (1967)
Nhamba iri pazasi inoratidza kuti maitiro ekusungwa akachinja sei pakati pema1960 nema2000. Madhaimondi ebhuruu anomiririra fungidziro yekuwedzera mukana wekusungwa nezera pane yakachinjika axis muna 1965 uye masikweya matsvuku anomiririra fungidziro dzinoenderana dza2012. Kunyange zvazvo mukana wekuti munhu asungwe ane makore gumi nematanhatu akada kufanana nhasi sezvazvaive makore makumi mashanu apfuura, nezera 16 mikana inotanga kusiyanisa zvakanyanya. Somuuyo, wechiduku akura nhasi ane 50 muzana sezvingabvira zvikuru yokusungwa kupfuura boka ravabereki vavo muma19.
Kuwanda Kwekusungwa Kwevadiki-Vakuru (1965, 2012)
Kuberekwa kwechikamu kubva: Robert Brame, Michael G. Turner, Raymond Paternoster, uye Shawn D. Bushway (2012). Kuwedzera kuwanda kwekusungwa kubva kune makore 8-23 mune sampuli yenyika. Vana, 129:21-27. Tinya mufananidzo kuti uone yekutanga
Kusungwa Kwese Kunouya Nemutongo, Mhosva kana Kwete
A Ongororo ye2012 neSosaiti yeHuman Resource Management, vakawana kuti 86 muzana yevashandirwi vanoshandisa macheki ekuparwa kwemhosva kune vangangoita vamwe vavhoti, uye ruzhinji (69 muzana) vachitarisa vese vanoda kukwikwidza. In ongororo yakafanana ya2010 neboka rimwe chetero, 31 muzana yevakabvunzwa vakati kusungwa pasina mhosva kungangove "kune simba" mukuita kwavo sarudzo.
Kusati kwaitwa cheki, zvikumbiro zvebasa zvinowanzobvunza vangangove vashandi kana "vakambosungirwa mhosva huru?" Haana kubatwa nemhosva, kungosungwa chete. Zvaisazova zvisina musoro kufunga kuti kutarisa bhokisi iroro kwaizoderedza zvikuru mikana yokufunga nezvayo. Pane imwe nguva, munhu anotsvaka basa ane rekodhi yekusungwa angangorega kukumbira zvikumbiro zvachose, achirega kune ramangwana risingazivikanwi remusika webasa risina kurongwa - kunyanya kuda kutambura kuburikidza nekusachengeteka kwemari pane kunyara kwekuramba kurambwa.
Chokwadika, mifungo yakatoipa zvikuru nokuda kwavanotsvaka basa. Ongororo ye2009 Dhipatimendi reJustice yakawana izvozvo mhosva yenguva yakapfuura yorudzi rupi norupi yakaderedza mukana wokupiwa basa ne50 muzana. Uyezve, mhedzisiro yakaipa yekuva nemhosva munhoroondo yavo yemhosva yakaonekwa kuti yakakura zvakapetwa kaviri kune vatema vaitsvaga basa kana zvichienzaniswa nevachena vavo. Zviripachena kuti pane chiseko chakakosha chakabatana nemhosva, asi ruzhinji rwevanhu vekuAmerica vane nhoroondo yekupara mhosva havana kumbobatwa nemhosva huru; vazhinji havana kana kupomerwa zviri pamutemo neimwe.
The Atlantic nguva pfupi yadarika yakaburitsa chikamu chakatsigirwa chine musoro unoti โZvatisingataure nezve Urovha: Mamirioni makumi manomwe evaAmerica vane marekodhi emhosva vanorambidzwa - nemutemo kana chiseko - kubva mukupa hupfumi..โ Izvozvo zvinganetsa zvikuru kana chiri chokwadi, asi handicho.
Chokwadi chiripo ndechekuti kana kusungwa kwakabvisa munhu zvachose pabasa hupfumi hwedu huchapinda. Pane kudaro, nhoroondo yekupara mhosva haikodzeri mumiriri zvachose; zvinongoganhura kugona kwemukwikwidzi kuwana zvimwe zvinzvimbo zvingangove zvakanyanyoenderana nehunyanzvi hwavo. Kuti munhu arambidzwe zvachose mutongo wemhosva unodiwa uye kunyangwe zvakadaro chirango ichi chinochengeterwa minda ine rezinesi. Dzimwe nguva izvi zvine musoro (vachengeti vekuchengetedza, vanamukoti, vashandi vebhangi), asi dzimwe nguva hazviiti (vageri kana cosmetologists).
Vashandirwi vanoruramiswa pakuda kupinza vashandi vakavimbika, vane mutoro. Asi nevanhu vakawanda vane marekodhi emhosva, zvine musoro kuti vashandi vanokosha vari kufuratirwa. Sekureva kweSosaiti yeHuman Resource Management ongororo, inopfuura hafu yevashandirwi (52 muzana) vakati chikonzero chavo chikuru chekutarisa mamiriro evavhoti ndechekudzikisira mhosva yepamutemo pane kuona nzvimbo yebasa yakachengeteka (49 muzana) kana kuongorora kuvimbika ( 17 muzana). Izvi zvinonetsa zvinoita kuti vashandirwi vapfuure vashandi vanokwanisa kune vasina hunyanzvi. Saizvozvowo, vashandi vaneta vane zvinyorwa zvekusungwa vanogona kukwevera kumabasa asingasarudze, kuguma mumabasa asingabvunze nezvekusungwa kwekare, asi anowanzobhadhara zvishoma uye ari murombo wehutano hwavo.
Maererano naProf. Alfred Blumstein naKiminori Nakamura, uku kurasikirwa kusingakoshi kune ese ari maviri. Vatsvaguri ava vakaronga kudzidza kana zvichikwanisika kuona empirically kana zvisingachakoshi kuti mushandirwi ave nehanya nemhosva yekupara mhosva mune angangoita mushandirwi. Vakatarisa 88,000 vakasungwa kekutanga muNew York State ndokuvatevera kwemakore 25 akatevera kuti vaone kana vakanga vapara dzimwe mhosva dzipi nedzipi. Mhedzisiro yavo inonzwisisika: mushure menguva yakakwana yekutevera mhosva yapfuura pasina mhosva nyowani, vaimbopara mhosva havakwanisi kusungwa kupfuura mugari wepakati. Panguva iyoyo, kubvunza nezve marekodhi emhosva kunoshandira chinangwa chidiki. Kune avo vanopara mhosva yavo yekutanga vachiri vadiki kana kuti mhosva yavo yekutanga imhosva huru, zvinotora makore masere pasina imwe mhosva kuti "vadzikinure" ivo pachavo. Kune vamwe, sevaya vanopara mhosva dzisiri dzakakomba, zvinogona kutora zvishoma semakore matatu.
Kuderedza Kukuvadza Kwacho
Vagadziri vemitemo nevashandirwi vemakambani akazvimirira vari kuona kusava nematuro kwekudzingirira zvipoko mune vangangove vashandi vekare uye vave kutanga kutora shanduko yepfungwa. Nyika nomwe dzakatora mitemo ye "fair chance" kana "kurambidza bhokisi". izvo zvinodzivisa mushandirwi akazvimiririra kubva kubvunza nezve nhoroondo yekutendwa pane chikumbiro chebasa uye kunonoka cheki yekumashure kusvika gare gare mukuhaya.
Mitemo iyi inoziva kuti kusarura pamusana penyaya yekusungwa hakuna musoro. Vamwe vashandirwi vane pfungwa dziri kutotora matanho akazvimirira. Kutanga kwegore rino Koch Industries, iyo inoshandisa vanhu vanopfuura zviuru makumi matanhatu, yakabvisa mibvunzo pamusoro pemhosva dzavakambopomerwa kubva mukukumbira basa. Mwedzi uno chete Mutungamiri Obama vakasaina chirevo chekutonga kurambidza bhokisi rekushanda kwemubatanidzwa, chiitiko chakakurudzirwa neBrennan Center muna 2014. Zviripachena, chirongwa ichi chakawana rutsigiro rwakasimba uye ibudiriro yakanaka kune vanotsvaga basa vane nhoroondo yekupara mhosva.
Asi kunyangwe kurambidzwa kwepasirese hakuzomise vashandirwi vanoshuvira kusarura vanhu vane nhoroondo dzehutsotsi. Iko hakuna kushomeka kwevechitatu masosi masosi ekuchengetera mapikicha, mishumo yemapurisa, uye marudzi ese emarekodhi eruzhinji kune vanoda kuziva. Kuedza kudzivirira kuparadzirwa kweruzivo, kunyangwe nechinangwa chakanaka mune ino chiitiko, hondo inokundwa. Pane kudaro, tinofanira kurega vanhu vachitora nhoroondo dzavo pachavo.
Kana uchibvunza nezvekutendwa kubva makore gumi apfuura zvinenge zvisingamboiti chero ani zvake zvakanaka, zvechokwadi pane kadiki kadiki kubvunza nezve kusungwa kubva kare. Kunyanya kupihwa kuti makumi emamiriyoni evaAmerica vane zvinyorwa zvekusungwa havana kumbobvira vabatwa nemhosva. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanirwa kuongorora zvinorehwa nemutemo wakafanana uyo unodonhedza kusungwa kusingaperekedzwe nemhosva dzinotevera uye kupukuta rekodhi mushure menguva yakakwana yenguva (kana kune avo vaimbove nemhosva, kurega kuparwa kwemhosva), rinova danho rakakosha kuvandudza hurongwa hwedu hwehutongi hwemhosva. Tichifunga nezvebasa ravo mukusimudzira kuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji zvinotumira chiratidzo chakasimba kune veruzhinji nezve kukosha kwechiitiko chakashata kana vakuru vezvemitemo vanoisa chisimbiso kana kudzima rekodhi yemhosva yakabatana.
Parizvino, hapana mutemo unowanzo bvumidza federal rekodhi rekodhi, uye padanho rehurumende nyaya inodzorwa nedizzy patchwork yemitemo. Mitemo iyi inosiyana kubva kune imwe nyika nenyika mumhosva dzavanovharira, pamwe nemaitiro ekutsvaga kudzimwa, uye kufamba nawo kunowanzonetsa, kutora nguva uye kunodhura. Nhamburiko dziri kuitwa kubvisa maroadblock aya. Muna Kurume, Sens. Rand Paul (R-KY) naCory Booker (D-NJ) vakaunza DZIKIDZA Mutemo, izvo zvingabvumira kuti dzimwe mhosva dzisina mhirizhonga uye dzevadiki dzivharwe kana kudzimwa. Mwedzi uno chete White House yakazivisa kugadzwa kweNational Clean Slate Clearinghouse, kudyidzana pakati peMadhipatimendi eVashandi neRuramisiro kubatsira nekuchenesa-rekodhi nekudzima.
Hazvizivikanwe kana chimwe chekuedza uku chichazopedzisira chabudirira, asi zvirinani vanoratidza izvozvo vezvematongerwo enyika kubva kumativi maviri enzira vakagadzirira kugadzirisa shanduko yehutongo hwemhosva. Yave nguva yekuti vavanoshanda navo vaonewo mabhenefiti akafararira ezvehupfumi ane chekuita neramangwana umo vanhu vekuAmerica vanosvika miriyoni makumi manomwe vasina kusungwa nekukanganisa kwezvakaitika kare.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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