Pfungwa yekubikisa zviwanikwa zvemvura zveveruzhinji muNyika Yetatu haina kumbobvira yave yakanaka. Zvichitungamirirwa nemafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika, masangano ezvemari epasi rose (IFIs) akadai seInter-American Development Bank neWorld Bank vakashanda nesimba mukati memakore gumi apfuura kuti vabvunzisire shanduko yehurumende kuti kukoka makambani emvura emarudzi akawanda kuti atungamirire nzira dzemvura nehutsanana huchaunza hutsva. mari, hunyanzvi hwemaneja, uye tekinoroji inofungidzirwa kuti yakakosha kuunza mvura kuvarombo. Vangave vanochinja zvinhu ava vakaiswa mafuta echiokomuhomwe kana kuti vakangobvuma kufurirwa neFIFI, hurumende dzakawanda dziri munyika dzine zvikwereti zvikuru dzinotevedzera uye dzakatamisa kutonga pamusoro pemvura yevoruzhinji noutsanana kumakambani emarudzi akawanda. Makore gumi nemashanu gare gare, zvizhinji zvezvibvumirano izvi zvakamboziviswa semienzaniso yekugadzira mitemo ye'pro-varombo' iri kunyura mumatope.
Multinational vari kubuda pamusika wemvura weThird World, pachinzvimbo chavo vachitarisa nzvimbo dzavo pa'misika iri kusimukira' yakaita seEurope neChina uko kune mari yakawanda inoda kuitwa. Sarudzo ichangoburwa yehurumende yeArgentina yekukanzura kondirakiti yekushambadzira muBuenos Aires ingori imwe yezvibvumirano zvakakundikana uye zvakadzimwa muLatin America, uko kushambadzira kwakakura zvakanyanya. Sezvinoita vanyori veshumo, 'Pipe Dreams', muBuenos Aires, Suez akangowana 54% yehukama hwakavimbiswa pakati pa1993 na1998. 'hapana humbowo hunogutsa hunoratidza kuti masangano ega ega anoshanda kupfuura zvinodiwa neveruzhinji.' [1]
Chokwadi, pfungwa yokuti masangano akazvimirira oga aizounza mvura kuvarombo haisi chinhu chisiri chishoma.
Nhoroondo Pfupi yeKushambadzira Mvura muLa Paz-El Alto, Bolivia
Pakati pema1990, hurumende yepakati yeBolivia yakagamuchira chikwereti chikuru kubva kuWorld Bank kuti igadzirire midziyo yemvura yevoruzhinji mumaguta ayo makuru matatu kuti itengeserwe masangano akazvimirira. Nemari iyi, hurumende yaifanirwa kuumbawo hurongwa huchachengetedza zvido zvevatengi uye 'kugadzira hupfumi hwemusika wakasununguka'. Anenge mwedzi mushure mekunge mutongi agadzwa, kambani yekutanga yemvura yakarova nzvimbo yekucheka yaive yekanzuru yemvura yaishandira maguta akavakidzana eLa Paz neEl Alto. Muna 1997, chishandiso cheveruzhinji chakatamiswa muchibvumirano chemakore makumi matatu kune mumwe chete mutengi, Aguas del Illimani (Illimani), kambani inosanganisira guta guru reBolivia neArgentina, uye inodzorwa neFrench multinational Suez.
Nepo vagari venzvimbo muLa Paz neEl Alto vasina kumbobvira vafara zvachose nekuita kwevaimbova mupi weveruzhinji (izvo zvakatadzawo kusvika kune nharaunda dzine urombo), vakatonyanya kufadzwa neIllimani. Kwemakore manomwe echibvumirano ichi, pakanga paine kuratidzira kwakapararira kwevagari pamusoro pemitero yakakwira uye sevhisi isina kukwana yaipihwa neIllimani. Zvakadaro, nekuda kwebasa rekusimudzira pfungwa remubatanidzwa wakaumbwa pakati pesangano revagari vemo vane mhirizhonga - FEJUVE - nevaratidziri veCoalition in Defense of Water and Life nemamwe masangano kubva kuCochabamba pakati pegore ra2004, nzira dzekupikisa dzakazoshanda zvakanyanya. .
Mukupera kwa2005, iyo FEJUVE yakaunza kutariswa kwenhau kumatambudziko maviri ekutanga nebasa raIllimani muEl Alto. Kutanga, muna 2002, kambani uye 'akazvimiririra' akagadzwa nehurumende mutongi akataura kuti Illimani yakanga yawana 'sevhisi yakazara' (kana, 98.85% sekuburitswa kwenhau). FEJUVE yakati, nekupesana, vagari vanodarika mazana maviri ezviuru havana kuverengerwa munzvimbo inochengeterwa mvura, izvo zvakasiya chikamu chimwe muzvishanu chevagari vemudhorobha vachitenga mvura ine tsvina kubva kune vanotengesa, kuzvicherera matsime kana kutora mvura inonaya. [200,000] Vamwe 2 vakabviswa mubasa nokuti vakanga vasingakwanisi kubatanidza: vakaverengwa se'vakashandiswa' apo pombi yakapfuura nepamba pavo. Chechipiri, kambani yakakunda mamwe makambani mudunhu nekukwidza mari dzekubatanidza kutsva kwete mutero wevatengi varipo. Sezvo vatengi vatsva vachingoziva nezvemuripo pavanosvika kuhofisi yeIllimani, zvakaoma kuronga kuratidzira pamusoro pemitengo yekubatanidza kutsva pane kukwidzwa kwemitero apo kuenzanisa mabhiri emvura kunova chishandiso chakakosha chekuronga. Kuti uwane mvura nemapombi zvakabatanidzwa kumba kwako muLa Paz kana El Alto, zvinodhura US$70,000, yakaenzana neinoda kusvika 445 mihoro yepamwedzi inoshanda nemuhoro wakaderera.
Mukupera kwe2004, iyo FEJUVE yakatanga kutaurirana nehurumende kuti iedze kuita kuti mutongi achinje zvirevo zvechibvumirano. Mushure memwedzi mitanhatu yenhaurirano dzisina zvibereko, FEJUVE yakadana kuramwa mabasa kusinga peri kwekutanga kwaNdira, panguva ino ichidaidzira kuti chibvumirano chibviswe. Zviuru zvevagari vemuEl Alto zvakapinda mumigwagwa kuti zvimanikidze hurumende kuti idzosere kambani yemvura kuhurumende uye kudzinga Suez kunze kweBolivia. Nekutya kuti kuratidzira kwaizokanganisa nyika, aimbova Mutungamiri Carlos Mesa akavimbisa kukanzura kondirakiti iyi muna Ndira 12, 2005.
Sezvo Mesa akaita chivimbiso ichi, hurumende yakakweva zvitsitsinho zvayo ichitsvaga nzira yekukanzura chibvumirano ichi pasina kukwidza nyaya dzepasi rose. Pasi pezvisungo zvekondirakiti, Illimani ane kodzero yekumhan'arira kukuvadzwa mudare repasi rose kana kondirakiti ikamiswa nenzira 'yeumwechete'.[3] Nguva yose iyi, zvisinei, vashandi vemunharaunda vaiti Suez ndiye chaiye akanga asina kuremekedza chibvumirano. Yakatarisana nekudzvinyirirwa kubva kuFEJUVE, hurumende yakatumira ongororo yakazvimirira yezviitwa zvekudyara kwemakambani mumakore masere ebasa (1997-2005). Pasinei nekuvhiringidzika uko kunonoka kwakonzera kuvagari venzvimbo iyi, kuongororwa kwakakodzera kumirira. Inoputsa kutaura kwaSuez kuti yakaremekedza zviga zvekondirakiti. Zvechokwadi, zvinosvika kuti Suez ndiye bato rinofanira kubhadhara kukuvara.
'Private Corruption': Nhema, nhema, nhema dzose!
Muchiziviso cheruzhinji chakabudiswa muna Kurume 2005, kambani yakazvirova dundundu kuti 92% yemari yayakaita 'yakaiswazve munharaunda'. [4] Vaongorori vakawana, zvisinei, kuti Illimani aibhadhara mari inosvika US$1 miriyoni pagore kuna Suez pamibhadharo ye manejimendi, iyo yaisakwanisa kuverengerwa se 'investments' yayo. Auditor akaonawo kuti Illimani yakatadza kuremekedza mitemo yezvenharaunda uye yanga ichirasa tsvina muRio Seco, iyo inoyerera yakananga muLake Titicaca. Zvichida zvakanyanya kurwadza kambani iyi, zvinopesana nezvaitaurwa naSuez zvekuti yaisa mari inosvika US$63 miriyoni yekuwedzera zvivakwa zvemvura nehutsanana muLa Paz-El Alto, mushumo wemuongorori wakaona kuti mambure akatarwa ekambani anongosvika US$22 miriyoni. Pamusoro pezvo, muongorori wemabhuku anoti kambani iyi yaifanira kunge yakabhadhariswa faindi nemutungamiriri wehurumende inosvika US$6 miriyoni nekutadza kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvekuwedzera mvura yekunwa mumaguta eLa Paz neEl Alto. Hongu, kunyangwe iyo kambani yaiti yakange yawana 'full service coverage' yakangoisa zviuru makumi maviri nezviviri zvekubatanidza kubva pamakumi matatu nenhatu,22,000 inodiwa nekondirakiti.
Nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi, FEJUVE inotaura kuti maitiro aSuez muLa Paz-El Alto anomiririra imwe nzira ye'huwori hwepachivande', ichiratidza chokwadi chekuti kubiridzira makambani ehurumende hakuite kuti dambudziko rehuwori ripere; pachinzvimbo, inotamisirwa kuchikamu chakazvimirira uko kusinganyanyi kutariswa neruzhinji kunogoneka. Asi chokwadi, pasi pepfungwa yeneoliberal capitalism, icho chinonzi 'huwori' munharaunda yehurumende chinongoonekwa sebhizinesi rakanaka mubazi rakazvimirira.
Kuwedzera mafuta pamoto, mumiriri weCanada Maude Barlow achangobva kutyisidzira kuti achatora danho repamutemo kuna Suez nekusamiririra mamwe mabasa ekudyara. VaBarlow vapikisa zviri kutaurwa nekambani iyi kuti ndiyo yakapa mari yekuwedzera mabasa emvura nemapombi munharaunda yeSolidaridad, El Alto, kunyange hazvo mari iyi yakabva kuBarlow uye hurongwa uhu hwakaiswa nevagari vega. Mukutanga kwaChikumi, kambani iyi yakabudisa chiziviso mupepanhau remuBolivia ichiti ndiyo yakanga yabhadhara basa racho. Sokutaura kunoita Barlow, 'Suez atuka nharaunda ino nekutora mbiri pachena nezvedanho iri.'[5]
'Regulatory Capture' Kana Ipfungwa Yehupenzi?
Tichitarisa humbowo hwakapihwa nemuongorori akazvimirira, zvinotaurwa nemasangano ezvemari akasiyana siyana pamwe nevanoongorora zviri kuitika kuti kondirakiti yaIllimani 'yaitsigira varombo' ine ringin'i. Kutsvaga kutora zvidzidzo kubva mukukundikana kweprivatization, vazhinji vanozoti matambudziko neIllimani kondirakiti anogona kutsanangurwa sekutadza kwekutonga. Mushure mezviitiko zvine njodzi zvakati wandei nekutengeserana, vezvemitemo yenyika vakazoona kuti 'ruoko rwakavanzika haruzvitungamiriri' uye vakakurudzira 'kutemerwa kwakasimba kwebazi rakazvimirira'. Vacherechedzi ava vachapokana kuti dambudziko riri muBolivia nderekuti bazi rinoona nezvemitemo rakatadza kuita basa raro nekuti rave 'kutorwa' nesangano. Sekureva kwemaonero aya, mhinduro haisi yekumisa kubiridzira, asi kusimudzira masangano anodzora kuchengetedza vatengi kubva mukushungurudzwa kwehumwe chete.
Hapana kupokana kuti vatongi vakagadzwa nehurumende muBolivia vakatadza zvinosiririsa, asi mibvunzo yakadzama inofanirwa kubvunzwa nezve kana vatongi ava vaifanirwa kuita chimwe chinhu chakasiyana nezvavakaita. Hurongwa hwese hwekutengesa zvinhu huri pafungidziro yekuti hurumende dzakaona 'dzisingakwanise' kutonga vabatsiri vakazvimirira vanozozvishandura nemashiripiti kuva vatariri vebazi rakazvimirira vodzivirira varombo. Kondirakiti yakasainwa nemutongi, zvisinei, yakavimbisa Illimani kudzoka kwe13% pakudyara kwayo (muitiro wakajairika muchikamu chemvura), izvo zvakavharira mutongi kuremekedza 'kodzero' yekambani kuita purofiti. Iyo regulatory system muBolivia yakagadzirwa naGonzalo Sanchez de Lozada. [6] Sanchez de Lozada akagadza here vatongi vaaifunga kuti vaizodzivirira kodzero dzevagari vepasi pesevhisi kana shamwari dzake dzaizogutsurira nemvumo kana kambani ikacheka imwe yemitengo yayo? Uye nei World Bank yakasimbirira pakuita hupfumi nekukurumidza asi ichikurudzira hurumende yeBolivia kudzinga vashandi vehurumende vakawanda sezvinobvira? Ko mutongi aive ne'simba' rakakwana here rekutarisa zvibvumirano nemakambani ane simba emarudzi akawanda? Zviri nyore mukutarisa kutaura kuti 'mutongi akatadza', asi pairongwa hurongwa hwekushambadzira vanhu hapana aikoshesa matambudziko aya.
Public-Public Partnerships uye Participatory Management
Kunyange zvazvo Bolivia ingava nhano imwe pedyo nokubvisa Suez, dambudziko guru richiripo. SaOscar Olivera, mumwe wevatauriri veBolivian Coalition in Defense of Water and Life akacherechedza pamusangano uchangopfuura wevaratidziri vemvura vekuLatin America, 'Dambudziko guru, pamwe rakatokura kupfuura iro ratakatarisana naro muhondo yekudzoreredza hutongi hwehurumende. makambani akazvimirira oga emvura, ndiko kuvakwa kweimwe nzira yekushandisa zviwanikwa izvi, zvingave zviri zviviri veruzhinji uye nekutora chikamu.' [7] Varatidziri vemunharaunda muLa Paz-El Alto vari kunetsekana kugadzira chishandiso chitsva chisingawire mumaoko emameya ane mukana kana vamwe vanotsvaga masimba venzvimbo. Sekutaura kwaakaita kuruzhinji, Gurukota reMvura richangogadzwa, vaimbove Mutungamiri weFEJUVE, Abel Mamani, vari kukurudzira kuti pave nesangano rehurumende richava nebhodhi revatungamiriri vakasarudzwa nedemocracy. [8] Pamberi apa, inhau dzakanaka kuti mubatanidzwa wevashandi vehurumende unomiririra vashandi vakarongeka kuIllimani nguva pfupi yadarika vakabatana nemubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa wepasi rose wevashandi, Public Services International. Kugadzira mamiriro ekumiririrwa kwevashandi uye kutonga mukati menzvimbo yebasa kwakakosha kana vashandi vachitarisirwa kuendesa mabasa eruzhinji emhando yepamusoro. Kune zvakare hurongwa huri kuitika hwekuumba mubatanidzwa weveruzhinji pakati pezvichangobva kuumbwa zveveruzhinji muLa Paz-El Alto uye imwe hanzvadzi yeruzhinji inoshandiswa muEurope.
Nekufamba kwenguva, kuumbwa kwekudyidzana pakati peveruzhinji neveruzhinji kunopa tariro huru kudarika kudyidzana kwehurumende nevemapato ega kuti pombi dzemvura netsvina dzeveruzhinji dzinogona kupedzisira dzatambanudzirwa kunharaunda dzose, kunyanya nharaunda dzine urombo chero bedzi mari yehurumende ichiwanika. Kusiyana nemakambani akazvimirira, makambani everuzhinji uye anoshanda neveruzhinji anoisa pamberi pekodzero yemunhu yekudiridza pamusoro pezvinodiwa nevamiriri vega vega kuti vawane mubairo pakudyara kwavo. Sezvo Ryutaro Hashimoto, Sachigaro weKofi Annan's Advisory Board pamusoro peMvura uye Sanitation akashuma paWorld Water Forum muMexico chitubu ichi, sezvo mabasa emvura eruzhinji achipa anopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana emvura munyika, kunyange 'kunatsiridza zvishoma muvashandisi vemvura. zvichava nesimba guru pakugovera mabasa pasi rose.'[90]
Zvichida yave nguva yekuti World Bank irege kubhadharisa chikepe chavo chiri kunyura uye regai chikepe chinyure kamwechete kwenguva dzose.
References
[1] David Hall naEmmanuel Lobina, 'Pipe Dreams: Kutadza kwemasangano akazvimiririra kuisa mari mumasevhisi emvura munyika dzichiri kusimukira', 2006, inowanikwa pa http://www.wdm.org.uk/resources/briefings/
aid/pipedreamsfullreport.pdf
[2] Ichi ndicho chimwe che '14 zvikonzero' zvekuti kabhuku kakabudiswa neFEJUVE neFundaciรยณn Solรยณn mazita sezvikonzero zvekutyora kondirakiti yeIllimani. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve kurwira mvura yeruzhinji muBolivia muchiSpanish neChirungu, ona mawebhusaiti eFundaciรยณn Solรยณn (http://www.funsolon.org), Mugari Wevanhu (http://www.citizen.org), uye Kurinda Kwekudya uye Mvura (http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org).
[3] Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve inogona kukwidzwa kumatare ona 'Suez Strikes Back in Bolivia', Chikunguru 12, 2005, iripo pa http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=8287
[4] Ona kuburitswa kwekambani kuburitswa kunowanikwa pa http://www.suez.com/upload/up1335.pdf. Chirevo chakazara chekuongorora chinogona kutariswa paStop Suez webhusaiti pa http://www.stopsuez.org/page.aspx?pageid=3335.
[5] Ona kuburitswa kwenhau kwakapihwa neKanzuru yevaCanada pa http://www.canadians.org/
[6] Hurumende yeBolivia yakakumbira kuti aimbove Mutungamiriri adzoserwe kuBolivia. Anopomerwa mhosva yekuponda vanhu makumi matanhatu vasina mhosva panguva yekuratidzira pamusoro pegasi muna Gumiguru 60. Ona chirongwa che'Get Goni', chiripo pa http://www.juiciogoniya.org.bo/
[7] Olivera akatorwa naMarcela Valente, 'Ndiani Anodzora Mvura?' IPS Nhau, Chikunguru 21, 2006, inowanikwa pa http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=34056
[8] Ona hurukuro yaNick Buxton naMinister Mamani, Kubvumbi 3, 2006 (muChirungu), inowanikwa pa http://www.boliviasc.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=90&Itemid=44.
[9] Yakatorwa muna Olivier Hoedeman naNami Yamamoto, 'The Tide Turns - Asi Pro-Privatisation Currents Inoramba Yakasimba', Chivabvu 2006, inowanikwa pa www.waterjustice.org/uploads/attachments/106doc.doc
Susan Spronk mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza paYunivhesiti yeYork achidzidza kusawirirana kwevanhu pamusoro pemvura muBolivia. Anogona kusvikwa pa [email inodzivirirwa].
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta