MuAlgeria, sekune dzimwe nyika dzechiArab nemaMuslim, hondo yehutsinye yeIsrael paGaza yakajekesa zvakare nhambwe huru pakati pevagariwo zvavo nehurumende dzavo dzezvematongerwo enyika. Mifananidzo yemazuva ese yevezvenhau yekurwiswa kunotyisa uye kudeurwa kweropa rePalestine inopindirana zvakanyanya neveAlgeria vanodada nehondo yakakunda yenyika yavo yerusununguko rwevaFrance. Kurwadziswa kwetsitsi uku, kutadza kwehutongi hwemaArabu kupindura zvakasimba uye kuramba kwehurumende yeAlgeria kurambidza kuratidzira kusina mvumo kwaitova kudenha kwekutaura kunoshamisa kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Kunyangwe zvakadaro zvisingashamise, kuratidzira kwevechidiki kwevanopfuura zviuru zana muguta reAlgiers musi wa9 Ndira.th chaive chakakatyamadza kunyarara kwemumba kwakasimudzirwa nehurumende. Zvichitevera minamato yeChishanu apo mharidzo dzaishoropodza mhirizhonga nenhema dzechiJudha uye dzichidaidza jihad kurwisa Zionism,[1] zviuru zvakadirana kubva kumamosque akawanda uye nharaunda dzevashandi vepamusoro muAlgiers nenharaunda dzayo kuti pakupedzisira vabatane mune hofori uye inoshoreka yemugwagwa kuratidzwa, yakakura kwazvo kuratidzwa kubva Berber kuratidzira muna 2001.
Nepo nziyo nemabhanhire zvaizivisa kubatana nevaPalestine uye kunyadziswa kwehutongi hweArab, zvakare aive akatanhamara aive masirogani akananga kubva kumhirizhonga yechiIslam FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) yemakumi maviri emakore apfuura.[2] Mapurisa akawandisa haana kumboedza kumisa kuratidzira kwese kunyange hazvo kune mhirizhonga yakaitika pedyo nemuzinda weAmerica.[3] Pamusoro pekuziva nevakabatwa neGazan, simba revaratidziri rakauyawo kubva pamukana unoshamisa uye wakaoma - pasina mubvunzo wekutanga kune vadiki vatori vechikamu - kuratidza pachena uye nehukuru pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika munzvimbo yeruzhinji pasina mvumo yehurumende.
Vamwe vakaona kutaridzika kwemaslogan eFIS sekutaura kushoma kwechiIslamist kuunganidza uye zvakanyanya sechiratidzo chekuzvidza uye kuremekedza kupikisa kusatendeseka. Hurumende yakanga yarambidza FIS muna 1992 mushure mekukunda kwevaviri musarudzo dzekutanga dzemitemo uye FIS nevamwe vakapindura nehondo dzehugandanga. Kusanganisira kudzvinyirira kwehurumende kwoutsinye, makore gumi ehondo akauraya vanenge 200,000 XNUMX.[4] Vamwe vanofungidzira kuti sehutongi hwakapinda nekushandisa hupikisi hwehugandanga panguva iyoyo (sezvakaita muteveri mudiki weAl-Qaeda-akabatana neAl-Qaeda) kuitira kuti ive nehutongi hwayo hwakasimba pamusoro pevapikisi vese vezvematongerwo enyika, hurumende iripo yeAlgeria inogona kuona kusimuka. yeruzhinji masirogani eFIS sechiyeuchidzo chinogamuchirwa kune veruzhinji nezvekuda kwavo kutsigira hutongi kuti vazvidzivirire.[5]
Nenzira iyi, kuratidzira kusingabvumidzwe kwepro-Gaza muAlgiers, Oran, Constantine, Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Tlemcen, Blida uye kumwewo.[6] inogona kuonekwa sekusunungurwa kwepfungwa kune vanhu vakaparadzaniswa uye vakanyadziswa nehurumende, asiwo seyambiro yemhirizhonga itsva inogona kuitika (nevaIslamist nemapurisa / mauto) kana hurumende isina kutsigirwa zvakakwana. Zvakadaro zvakavharwa, izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kweanopikisa Islamist kuti hurumende ibatsirike inzira yehutongi kubvira kunyange hondo yevagari vemo ye90 isati yasvika. Iwo mutambo une njodzi une zvakadzama zvinopesana nedemocratic.
Nguva yekuratidzira yezvematongerwo enyika muAlgiers nekumwewo ine zvakakosha nekuda kwesarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika dziri kuuya muna Kubvumbi. Tinotenda nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwebumbiro kwakaitwa musi wa12 Mbudzith neNational Assembly, Abdelaziz Bouteflika anogona kukwikwidza kechitatu-makore mashanu. Zvinowanzobvumwa kuti Bouteflika pachake anofanira kuzoteerera zvikwata zvinokwikwidza mumauto / mauto ekuchengetedza. Asi hurombo huzhinji pakati pehupfumi hwe "mafia" anotonga emapoka emauto neshamwari dzavo, pamwe nekunyengedza kwebumbiro remitemo kufambisa mutungamiri-kwehupenyu, zvine musoro zvinoita kuti Bouteflika ave pachena, anopikisa zvematongerwo enyika. Zvakangodaro, kushomeka kwazvino kwevapikisi vane mukurumbira uye nhoroondo yehurumende yekubiridzira kwesarudzo - zvakasanganiswa nekutora mukana kwaBouteflika, rutsigiro rwemauto uye kutsigirwa nemapato matatu makuru ezvematongerwo enyika (FLN, RND neMSP) - zvinoita sekuvimbisa Bouteflika. kukunda.
Iyo socialist FFS inotungamirwa naHocine Ait-Ahmed,[7] ibato rinopikisa kwenguva refu, asi rinowana rutsigiro rwakawanda kubva kuvashoma veBerber mumaruwa eKabylia nemaguta uye, chero zvazvingava, vanoramba kumiririra mumiriri mune zvarinoona sekuda kwesarudzo. Anonyanya kukwikwidza angangove anopikisa, kunyangwe panguva ino achingove nerunyerekupe, mukuru pamudyandigere Liamine Zeroual, akafanotungamira Bouteflika uye iye aimbova chikamu chehutongi hwemauto kwenguva refu. Kunyange aine mukurumbira nekuda kwekusiya basa kwake muna 1998 achifarira sarudzo dzine mukurumbira, haakwanise kuita seanopikisa masimba emauto. Vazhinji vevazhinji vemazuva ano vanopikisa vakatarisana naye zvechiuto mumakore ekuma90 uye vamwe vakamanikidzwa kubva muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika munguva imwe cheteyo. Chero zvazvingava, Zeroual munguva pfupi yapfuura akaburitsa chirevo chenhau chinokatyamadza panguva imwe chete ichikurudzira nekudzikisira kutenda mukuda kwake kwakamutsidzirwa kwezvematongerwo enyika.[8]
Kufarira kwenguva refu kuri kutanga nhanho dzekuenda kune vanopikisa vakafanana vachipikisa zvematongerwo enyika esarudzo uye hutongi hwese. Pakati paMbudzi, Cordoba Foundation's Center for Peace Studies yakaronga muGeneva kuungana kwezvinhu zve "boka rezvematongerwo enyika" rinopikisa. Vatungamiri vemapato, vadzidzi vezvidzidzo, vatori venhau, vatungamiri vemasangano akazvimiririra uye vanhu vakadzingwa vakakurukura nzira dzakajairika dzekutsiva, dzisiri dzechisimba, hurongwa huripo nehutongi hwejekerere husina kunyengedzwa nemauto. Zvaive zvakakosha semusangano wekutanga unopikisa mapato akawanda kusanganisira vamiriri vane chekuita neFIS kubva pamusangano weRome nechibvumirano muna 1995.[9] Yapashure, mukati mehondo yavagari vemo, yakaratidzira imwe nzira yakafanana yavagari vemo kuhurumende yehondo panguva iyoyo.
Mhosva dzakadzama dzehurongwa hwazvino hwaive hurukuro yakajairika yekuungana kweGeneva. Somuenzaniso, Brahim Younessi, mumwe mukuru akadzingwa akabatana nerimwe bato reFIS: โMunhu wose anoziva kusashanda zvakanaka uye kuderera kweupfumi hweAlgeria izvo zvinosvibisa zita reavo 'harraga' [vechiduku vezvikepe] vanotiza kushaya mabasa uye nhamo.โ Kudivi renzanga, โutongi uhwu hunounza zvinhu zvinoputika, upfu hunogona kubata moto chero nguva ipi zvayo; Kuratidzwa kwemasangano evashandi kunowedzera, pwere dzisingaedzwe nerwendo rwemugungwa dzinochema kupererwa kwavo uye dzinozviwana dzichiwanzotongerwa kugara mujeri nokuda kweโkukanganisa kugadzikana kwevanhu,โ boka rose renyanzvi dzemagariro evanhu rinorasikirwa nesimba rokutenga.โ[10]
Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muvambi uye mutauriri weAlgerian Human Rights League anoremekedzwa uye mutauriri Abdenour Ali Yahia (iye pachake aive mumusangano weRome) akapa chirevo chinoshungurudza zvakaenzana mukutsoropodza kwayo. Akashora "simba rezvematongerwo enyika rehudzvanyiriri" apo mauto anosarudza mutungamiri wenyika, vobva vamuendesa ku "maitiro ekusimbiswa" nesarudzo dzehutsotsi, uye mutungamiri wenyika anoita samambo akakwana "anotonga nekutonga zvese." "Hupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika hune chekuita nechinangwa chimwe chete: kuchengetedza hutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika." Uori hunowanwa โpamwero uri wose uye munzvimbo iri yose [uye] hwava mararamire nehurumende.โ "Algeria muenzaniso wekusarongeka kwakadzama munharaunda: kushaya hurombo kwevanhu kusvika pakushaiwa, kuparara kwemagariro uye mhuri, kuparara kwehutano." "Mugwagwa ndiyo yekupedzisira nzira kana mikana yekunzwika yapera." Pasarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika dziri kuuya, "nzira yerusununguko haisi yekupinda musarudzo dzenhema, asi yekuramba kana kuramba, chinova chombo chezvematongerwo enyika."[11]
Nguva pfupi yadarika, sangano re "Algeria Watch" rakazvipira kukodzero dzevanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika zvegutsaruzhinji rakaburitsa kumwe kushoropodza kwakasimba kwehutongi hwemauto kubva payakavhomorwa muna 1992 (payakamisa sarudzo dzemutemo) uye kubva pamazuva ayo ekutanga kutonga, muna 1962. nerusununguko rweAlgeria. Maererano naHocine Malti, aimbova mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi wekambani yehydrocarbon yehurumende yeAlgeria, Sonatrach, mauto anodzora โvadzidzi vanoshingaira vezvikoro zve[East Germany] Stasi, [Soviet] KGB, Securitate [Romanian] uye [ Egypt] Moukhabarate yeFethi Dib zvachose."[12] Murwiri wekodzero dzevanhu Salah-Eddine Sidhoum akadaro:
Hutongi husiri hwepamutemo hwakaratidza miganhu yahwo mushure memakore makumi mana nematanhatu emasimba asina kugovaniswa. Kukundikana kwehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika kubvira 46 kuri pachena pamatanho ese. Hurongwa uhu hwakashandisa Algeria senhapwa yehondo. Mitemo yaro yakawanda yakaitwa pasina kutora chikamu kwevanhu zvakakonzera kuodzwa mwoyo kunorwadza uye kunotyisa. Pasinei zvapo nokuparara kwayakaita, hurumende inovengwa yakabvisa chokwadi ichiomesa musoro ichiramba kubva. Yakagadzirira kuita chero chinhu kuti igare. Haina kuzengurira kuita kuti ropa revagari vayo riyerere kuti ichengetedze maropafadzo ayo.[13]
Zvakare Djameddine Benchenouf akashora "huwori, mhirizhonga, kushomeka kwezvikamu zvakakura zvevanhu, kutaridzika kwechiitiko chitsva chepfambi yakapararira, kunyangarika kwezvikamu zvakakura zvekurima neindasitiri, kusimudzira kukuru kwehunyengeri hwehupfumi hwekutengesa zvinhu nemabasa maoko emuenzanisi mutsva, mabhunu uye mafia-akafanana nemabhunu akabatana nevakuru vehurumende uye anobva kune vatengi vavo, chiitiko chakajairika chekutama kwechihwande uye kudzoreredza kunotyisa kwenharaunda yeAlgeria.[14]
Munguva pfupi iri kuuya, kuwedzera kuhurombo, kushushikana uye kuparadzaniswa kuchava mhedzisiro yehupfumi yekudonha kuri kuitika kwemitengo yehydrocarbon, sezvo oiri negasi rinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvinopa chikamu che97% chemari inowanikwa kunze kwenyika yeAlgeria uye inotsigira chikamu che60% chebhajeti renyika.[15] Nekuderera kwakadai, kudzoka kubhajeti reusterity yema1980s kungangoitika, paine zvese zvinokonzeresa zvematongerwo enyika zvekusagadzikana kukuru uye hutongi hwakasimba hunorehwa.
Mapato matatu e "presidential alliance" pamwe chete anomiririra asingapfuure makumi maviri muzana evavhoti, zvichienderana nezvakabuda musarudzo dzeNational Assembly muna Chivabvu 20.[16] Kuwanda kwevavhoti vashoma musarudzo iyoyo humbowo hwemukana mukuru uripo pakati pekunyepedzera seโutongi hwezvido zvevanhuโ uye chokwadi. Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi, hazvishamise kuti Bouteflika akasarudza kugadzirisa bumbiro remitemo kuburikidza neNational Assembly yakazadzwa nevabatsiri vake pane kuendesa nyaya yacho kureferendamu.
Masimba mazhinji ari kutamba kunyangwe paine runyararo rwepasi pamberi pekuratidzira kwepro-Gaza. Kunyange zvazvo "makwikwi" esarudzo chaiwo aApril angangove ari kutarisana neBouteflika vs. abstentionism, zvinhu zvakadzama zvinosanganisira kutaurirana kukuru kwevanopikisa, chinyararire chichiri kushungurudzwa chekare cheFIS chinotevera, chisingafungidzike kunze kwezviitiko sekudonha kwemitengo yehydrocarbon uye Israel-Palestine hotbox kuMiddle East, pamwe nekuenderera mberi nekunyengedza kuseri kwezviitiko nemapoka emauto ane simba. Sezvakaratidzwa nekuratidzira kwepro-Gaza, simba rakasimba rinosara rekuputika kwezvematongerwo enyika, nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare, nehuwandu husingaverengerwi kwemakore akawanda kubva kune chero basa rezvematongerwo enyika rinoshanda.
Sokutaura kunoita Salah-Eddine Sidhoum: โNzira dzese dzekutaura dzakasununguka uye dzine runyararo dzakavharwa. Mhirizhonga nemhirizhonga zvave nzira chete yevechidiki yekunzwa." Kusawirirana kwevanhu kunoramba kuchiwedzera kuri kukonzera ngozi . . . chero panguva ipi zvayo tsunami yakakurumbira yakakurumbira iyo ichabvisa kwete hurumende inofa chete asi nyika yose. " Mamiriro acho ezvinhu anoyeuchidza โmamiriro okunze akatonga musi waNovember 1, 1954 [kutanga kwechimurenga].โ[17]
Chero zvingazoguma zvaitika, mubvunzo mumwe chete unoramba uchishanda sezvawakanga uri pakutanga kwehondo yerusununguko rwenyika muna 1954: ko boka revakuru richangotsiva rimwe here? Kubva pakatanga kuvimbisa, tevere kudzipwa, kwehunyanzvi hwekuzvibata kwevashandi mukutanga 60s, mikana yechokwadi yekutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika isina mhirizhonga yave isingaite uye isingawanzo, zvisinei nekuedza kwakawanda kwepasi kukudza nzvimbo yekuzvidavirira. Izvi zvinosuwisa vanhu vakapira zvakawanda.
David Porter akatsvakurudza uye akanyora pamusoro pekuedza kukuru kwevashandi kuzvitonga kuAlgeria makore makumi mana nemashanu apfuura. Ndiye purofesa wezvematongerwo enyika weSUNY/Empire State College kwaakadzidzisa makosi akawanda kusanganisira nhoroondo yemazuva ano yeAlgeria. Ndiye mupepeti we Chiratidzo paMoto: Emma Goldman paSpanish Revolution (rev. ed., AK Press, 2006) uye parizvino ari kugadzirira bhuku rinotaura nezve French anarchist maonero pamusoro peAlgeria. Anogona kubatika pa [email inodzivirirwa].
[1] Michael Slackman, "VaEgypt Vanoona pamusoro peGaza, uye Vatungamiri Vavo Vanonzwa Kupisa," New York Times, 1/10/2009; Mohand Aziri, โDes dizaines de milliers de citoyens solidaires des ghazaouis: Le cri du coeur des Algรฉriens,โ El Watan (Algiers), 1/10/09.
[2] Aziri, op. cit.; Djameleddine Benchenouf, "Le FIS renaรฎt dans les manifestations pour Ghaza," Algeria-Watch, 1/11/2009 (zvose Algeria-Watch zvinyorwa zvakatumirwa pawebhusaiti yesangano, )
[3] Azzeddine Bensouiah, "Quand la rue dรฉborde, les party sont alleurs," rusununguko (Algiers), 1/11/2009 ; Z. Mehdaoui, ยซ Soutien ร Ghaza : Marches et affrontements ร Alger, ยป Le Quotidien d'Oran, 1/10/2009 ; Akadaro Rabia, ยซ Les algรฉriens, les revendications et la solidaritรฉ : Faut-il diaboliser la rue ? ยป El Watan, 1/11/2009 ; Ghania Oukazi, "Solidaritรฉ et รฉmeutes ร Alger," Le Quotidien d'Oran, 1/12/2009 ; Aziri, op. cit..
[4] Omar Benderra, "D'Alger ร Ghaza, la lutte pour la libertรฉ," Algeria-Watch, 1/11/2009. Pamusoro pezvo, hondo yakaburitsa vangangosvika miriyoni vakakuvara, vangangoita zviuru gumi "vanhu vakanyangarika," 10,000 vakatambudzwa, vanopfuura 30,000 vasungwa, 50,000 vakaendeswa kumisasa yevasungwa muSahara, zviuru zvechirikadzi nenherera uye vanopfuura zviuru mazana mashanu vakatapwa. Yakagadzirawo mazana emamirioni matsva. (Salah-Eddine Sidhoum, "Leรงons et maonero," Algeria-Watch, 1/11/2009).
[5] Rabia, op. cit.; Oukazi, op. cit..
[6] Mapato matatu makuru anotsigira mutungamiri wenyika akaronga kufora kwakafanana neMugovera kumabvazuva kweAlgeria.
[7] Mumwe wevatungamiri vapfumbamwe venhoroondo yeAlgerian Revolution.
[8] Rabia akati, "Il plaide pour l'alternance politique et appelle ร une 'phase nouvelle': Zeroual sort de sa reserve," akadaro Rabia. El Watan, 1/14/2009.
[9] Maakaundi akanaka emusangano uyu ari pawebhusaiti yeSangano.
[10] Brahim Younessi, "Le changement est inรฉvitable," (11/15/2008) paCordoba Foundation webhusaiti yemusangano weGeneva.
[11] Abdenour Ali Yahia, "Faut-il changer de people ou de dirigeants," (11/22/2008) paCordoba Foundation webhusaiti yemusangano weGeneva.
[12] Hocine Malti, โDรฉdiรฉ ร Abdelaziz Bouteflika: 'Lรจve la tรชte bien haut, mon vieux,' Algeria-Watch, 1/11/2009.
[13] Salah-Eddine Sidhoum, op. cit..
[14]Djameleddine Benchenouf, op. cit..
[15] Ait Benali Boubekeur, ยซ A quand l'alternance en Algรฉrie ? ยป Algeria-Watch, 1/9/2009 ; "Kutarisisa kweAlgerian Economy," Embassy yeAlgeria muUnited States of America webhusaiti.
[16] "Mubatanidzwa wemutungamiri wenyika" unomiririra chete 20-25% yevavhoti vanovhota zvinoenderana nesarudzo idzodzo.
[17] Salah-Eddine Sidhoum, op. cit..
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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