Zera raFrans de Waal Retsitsi: Ongororo uye Kutsoropodza
October 13, 2009By Gary Olson
Frans de Waal's Zera Retsitsi: Zvidzidzo Zvezvakasikwa Kune A Kinder Society Harmony Books, 2009, 291 pp.
Nguva inotevera paunozviwana wava muhurukuro ine gakava nemumwe munhu ari kupokana kuti vanhu vanongozvifunga ivo, vanombundikira kuuraya nehondo, uye (miss) vachishandisa mazwi akaita se“Social Darwinism,” vape kopi yebhuku razvino raFrans de Waal, The Age of. Tsitsi: Zvidzidzo zveMasikirwo kune A Kinder Society. Ingoenderera mberi nehurukuro mushure mekunge vaverenga.
Munyori uyu purofesa wepfungwa uye mutungamiriri weLiving Links Center paYerkes National Primate Research Center paEmory University. Mabhuku ake apfuura anosanganisira Our Inner Ape (2005) uye Primates and Philosophers (2006).
Nyanzvi yezvemhuka ine mukurumbira pasi rose, de Waal anopa tsigiro inogombedzera pfungwa yekuti vanhu "vakafanorongwa kuti vasvike." Kubva pama dolphin anotakura shamwari dzakakuvara kuenda kuchengeteko nenzou dziri kuchema, makudo nekatsi (hongu, kunyange katsi) kusvika kune mbeva nema hydrophobic chimps ari panjodzi yekufa kuti aponese shamwari yake iri kunyura, ichi chinhu chikuru chinobatsira pakunzwisisa mavambo ebhayoloji yekukwanisa kwedu kunzwira tsitsi. , nokudaro tsika.
Chimwe chezvakanakira bhuku iri kusanganisa kwaro kwakatsetseka kweanecdotes zvakatorwa kubva mumakumi emakore emunyori achicherekedza maitiro eprimate uye humbowo hunogutsa kubva mukukurumidza kuwedzera mabhuku esainzi nezvenyaya iyi. Uye handingashamisike kana nyaya dza de Waal dzichikurudzira kunyemwerera kunomutsiridza kucherechedzwa sezvo muverengi akabatana zvakare nemadzitateguru akagovaniswa uye chizvarwa chayo chazvino.
Iri basa rinozadzisa tsvakiridzo ichangoburwa kubva ku neuroscience (ona Marco Iacaboni's Mirroring People, 2008) uye subfields of neuroanthropology, Culture neuroscience, neuropolitics nezvimwe. Zvakatorwa zvakazara musanganiswa une simba uye unopa gadziriso inogutsa kune pfungwa dziripo pamusoro pehunhu hwevanhu. Kuna de Waal, kana kuvadzidzi vazhinji vechidzidzo ichi, mubvunzo hausisiri wekuti mhuka dzine tsitsi here “asi kuti dzinoshanda sei…Kufungira kwangu ndekwekuti inoshanda zvakafanana muvanhu nedzimwe mhuka, kunyange zvazvo vanhu vachigona kuwedzera zvishoma. zvakaoma."
De Waal anonzwisisa zvinorwadza kuti biology yakadudzirwa zvisizvo nguva nenguva uye nemaune "kupembedza nzanga zvichibva pamisimboti yeudyire" uye anoronga kugadzirisa iyi yedivi rimwe uye ine mhosho kuratidzwa nekuongorora rekodhi remhindumupindu refu. Izvi, nenzira, ndiyo imwe chirevo chezera mumusoro webhuku.
Muzvitsauko zvinomwe zvakanyorwa zvakajeka uye zvinosvikika zvakazara de Waal anoparadza zvine hunyanzvi chikonzero chiri seri kweyambiro yaGordon Gekko mufirimu Wall Street yekuti makaro "anobata musimboti wemweya wekushanduka-shanduka."
De Waal anoti:
Chatinoda kugadziridzwa kwakakwana kwefungidziro pamusoro pehunhu hwevanhu. Vazhinji vezveupfumi nevezvematongerwo enyika vanotevedzera nzanga mukurwira kusingaperi kwavanotenda kuti kuripo mune zvakasikwa, asi zvinongori fungidziro. Kufanana nen’anga, vanotanga vakanda rusaruro rwavo mungowani yezvakasikwa, vozoabudisa nenzeve dzavo kuratidza kuti zvisikwa zvinobvumirana nazvo zvakadii. Ndiro zano ratakawira kwenguva yakareba.
De Waal anofanira kurumbidzwa nekuunza mibvunzo yezvematongerwo enyika mukuongorora kwake uye Zvisinei, apa ndipo chaipo pandakatanga kusangana nematambudziko.
Sezvizvi, de Waal anotsanangura sei izvo zvandinoratidza kumwewo sechirwere chetsitsi chinokonzereswa netsika, chimiro chinoganhurana nechirwere uye chine midzi yaro mumagariro edu ehupfumi? Mubvunzurudzo ya2007, isina kuverengerwa mubhuku rino, de Waal akati, "Unofanirwa kudzidzisa tsitsi kubva kuvanhu kuti usvike pazvinzvimbo zvecapitalist." Kunze kwekunge ndamuverenga zvisizvo, izwi rekushanda riripokwekupedzisira sezvo pasina chinhu muzvinyorwa zvaDe Waal zveruzhinji, ongororo, kana zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti iye pachake anopikisa capitalism, vanhu kupfuma, zvichingodaro. De Waal anopokana nehurongwa hwemusika husingadzoreki, kwete capitalism pachayo. Anofarira kuti hurongwa hwehupfumi huderedzwe nekutarisisa kunzwira tsitsi kuitira kupfavisa mipendero yayo yakaoma.
Pane imwe nguva anozivisa kunzwira tsitsi kwake kune veAmerican Conservatives "vanovenga kodzero" vachienderera mberi' kutaura kuti "Nyika haisi teti yekuti munhu anogona kusvina mukaka kubva chero nguva yezuva, asi ndozvinoita sevanhu vekuEurope vangani vanotarisa. izvozvo." SemuDutch aibva kune imwe nyika, de Waal akasvika kuUnited States nemafungiro anotevera: "Asi ndakaonawo kuti mumwe munhu anozvishandisa iye pachake, sezvandaida kuita, anogona kuenda kure. Hapana chinomira munzira yavo."
Anotevera izvi nokuenzanisa nevezvemagariro ehurumende dzeEurope uye anogumisa kuti, "Ndagara kwenguva yakareba kudaro muUnited States zvinondiomera kutaura kuti ndinosarudza nzira ipi. Ndinoona zvazvakanakira nezvazvakaipira zvezvose." Asi de Waal anogona zvakare kunyora mitsara yakadai se:
Vanhu vasina ngoni kana kuti tsika vakatipoteredza, kazhinji muzvinzvimbo zvakakurumbira. Idzi nyoka dzakapfeka masutu, sokunyora kunoita rimwe bhuku, dzingamirira chikamu chiduku muzana chevagari vemo, asi dzinobudirira mugadziriro yezvemari inotusa utsinye.
Nzanga yakavakirwa pazvinangwa zvoudyire chete uye simba remusika ingabereka pfuma, asi haigoni kuunza kubatana uye kuvimbana kunoita kuti upenyu huve nechinangwa.
…kutsamira pamakaro sesimba rinosunda renzanga rinosungirwa kukanganisa gadziriro yayo chaiyo.
Zvakadaro, de Waal anorerutsa zvakakomba zvimwe zvinodikanwa zvecapitalist uye basa rinoitwa nevakuru mukukudziridza kusava nehanya, nekudaro vachikanganisa kubatana kwevanhu, kuwirirana uye tsitsi. Tsika dzeCapitalist inodzikisira hunhu hwekunzwira tsitsi uye sekukakavara kwaitwa naErich Fromm makore makumi mashanu apfuura, pane kusapindirana kwekutanga pakati pemisimboti yepasi rose ye capitalism uye kuratidzwa kwakararama kwetsika yekunzwira tsitsi.
Sekusimbirira kwaAntonio Gramsci, tsika yakasungwa zvisingaite mukirasi, simba uye kusaenzana. Kudzorwa kwemvumo kunoitwa kuburikidza nenhepfenyuro, dzidzo, chitendero, tsika dzakakurumbira uye mamwe maitirwo emagariro evanhu pamwe chete nehurumende.
Muchidimbu, munhu haafanire kubvuma maitiro aDe Waal dzimwe nguva asinganzwisisike pamusika, mazwi ake anodziya einonzi "rusununguko rwehupfumi" uye "zvimiro zvekukurudzira," kupenya kwake pane inofungidzirwa yeU.S. kutanga nhambo itsva yebatira pamwe, kuti tionge mipiro mikuru yebhuku racho.
Pasina mubvunzo zvakawanikwa nade Waal zvinofanirwa kuve chikamu chehurukuro huru. Asi isu tinofanirwa kuenderera mberi nekuvabatanidza neongororo yezvematongerwo enyika, iyo inotsanangudza nzira dzetsika dzinopa kuti nzanga isina tsitsi. Ipapo ndipo ndipo patinogona kudzorera kuenderera kwehunhu hunobuda zvine mutsindo kubva mumapeji aya.
Sezvakaita de Waal yakambobuditsa yakabuda, bhuku rino rinogona kubatsira mukupa basa repakati-yekuchengetedza ideological mugadzi weUS civil society, inova "common sense" rondedzero yehyper-individualism nemhedzisiro yayo yese.
Gary Olson, Ph.D., sachigaro weDhipatimendi reSainzi Zvematongerwo enyika paMoravian College muBethlehem, PA. Kwemakore mashoma apfuura anga achinyora nezve neuropolitics yekunzwira tsitsi.
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