Chinhu chinokatyamadza chezvinenge zvese zviri kuitika mune zvematongerwo enyika munyika yeArab nhasi ibasa rakakosha renyika nhanhatu dzeGulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, neOman. Kubva pakatanga kumukira maArabu mukupera kwa2010, nyika idzi - kunyanya Saudi Arabia neQatar - dzakabatanidzwa mune dzakasiyana siyana dzezvemari, dhipatimendi, uye mauto, ichiita seyakanyanya kukosha maArab conduits eUS neEuropean Middle East. mutemo uye kushanda kudzikamisa uye kutungamira kutungamira kwekunetseka mudunhu rese.
Nyika nhatu dzeGulf - Saudi Arabia, Oman, uye kunyanya, Bahrain - vakasangana nekuratidzira kwavo kwakakura, uko kwakasangana nekudzvinyirirwa kwenyika nechisimba uye kuvimbiswa kwakanyarara kubva kuhurumende dzekuMadokero dzekuenderera mberi nekutsigira chimiro. Kutsigira kusingakodzeri kweveMadokero kwema monarchies akapfuma neoiri, kwakadzoreredzwa mukuita basa rakakosha reGulf mukutsigira US neEuropean marongero mudunhu, kunoratidza maitiro ezvido zvakabatana zvinotonga Middle East nhasi. Ndiyo axis yesimba iyo inofanirwa kuiswa pakati-nhanho mukunzwisisa chero kwezvematongerwo enyika yemazuva ano Middle East.
Imwe mhedzisiro yemukurumbira mutsva weGulf kufarirwa kuri kuwedzera kwevakawanda vari Kuruboshwe mumagariro ayo, hupfumi, uye zvematongerwo enyika. Iri inguva yekutambirwa nenguva dzakapfuura, umo Gulf yakakumbira kutariswa zvishoma kupfuura denderedzwa diki renyanzvi dzedzidzo kazhinji kazhinji vaifarira tambo dzeOrientalist nezve hupenyu hwemadzinza muArabia Peninsula. Zvakangodaro, kunyangwe kushushikana kuri kuwedzera uku, ongororo yakawanda yeGulf nebasa rayo mudunhu iri inoramba ichivimba nedzidziso dzakareruka dze "nyika dzinogara," zvechitendero nemadzinza, kana kusimuka kunofungidzirwa kwemasekete - kazhinji kuzere nengano dzakapusa dzehutongi hwehumambo. uye kupambadza pfuma.
Kushaikwa kubva kunganonyorwa idzi, idzo dzinowanzoita maungira asingafungidzirwe anowanikwa mumapepanhau ese emakambani, kucherechedzwa kwakadzama kweshanduko huru yakaitika muhupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwedunhu rose. Kusvika pakunzwisisa kuti hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwedunhu uhu hunoshanda sei, uye nekuchinja kwahwakaita makumi emakore achangopfuura, zvakakosha pakutsanangura nekududzira simba rezvematongerwo enyika reGulf.
Sezvimwewo muMiddle East yanhasi, nzvimbo yakakosha yekutanga kunzwisisa mubvunzo wedunhu uyu kutorwa kwepasirese kwemitemo yezvematongerwo enyika nehurumende dzeArab kubva kuma1990 zvichienda mberi. Mhedzisiro yemitemo iyi pane dzakasiyana siyana yenyika uye zvimiro zvehurumende yakanyorwa zvakanaka. Chisingazivikanwe, zvisinei, ndechekuti mitemo iyi yakashanda panguva imwe chete kugadzirisazve maitiro ekuunganidza pamwero wedunhu. Kunyanya, shanduko yeNeoliberal yakaitika mukuvhara pamwe nekudyidzana kwenyika dzeGulf capital.
Flush nemafuta akawedzera kuburikidza ne2000s, Gulf investimendi yakatsvaga kuwedzera mumisika yepedyo. Sezvo nyika dzeArab dzakavhura mukana wekudyara kunze kwenyika uye dzakatengesa minda yekurima neyemumadhorobha, maindasitiri, zviteshi, nharembozha, uye masangano emari, Gulf-based capital yakawedzera kusvika kwayo mudunhu rese semubatsiri mukuru wekusununguka.
Kukosha kwekudyara kwekunze kwakanangana nekunze kwakaziviswa neveGulf Arab vatengesi munyika dzeMedithera yakapfuura iyo kubva kune chero imwe dunhu kwenguva yese ya2003-2009. Zvinopfuura makumi matanhatu muzana ezvekudyara kweGulf munzvimbo yeMedithera zvakaenda kuJorodhani, Lebanon, Egypt, Palestine, neSyria, uye munyika idzi shanu kukosha kwekudyara kweGulf kwakakosha kudarika katatu kweEU uye kagumi nembiri izvo. wekuNorth America. Kunyange zvazvo kuyerera kwekudyara uku kwakadzikira mushure mekunetsa kwehupfumi hwenyika, Gulf yakanga ichiri kukonzera kukosha kukuru kwezvirongwa zvekudyara zvakaziviswa muEgypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Libya, neTunisia kubva 60 kusvika 2008. Uyezve, nhamba idzi kuderera zvakanyanya kwekupinda kweGulf muhupfumi hwepedyo, sezvo isingabatanidze zvinodaidzwa kuti mari yekudyara mumisika yemasheya kana zvikwereti zvakanangana nenyika mbiri uye rubatsiro runopiwa kuhurumende.
Mhedzisiro yekuyerera kwemari iyi inofanirwa kuisirwa mune chero ongororo yeneoliberalism munyika yeArab. Kugadziridzwa kunoshamisa kwehukama hwemakirasi kwakaitika pamwe chete nekuvandudzwa kweneoliberal hakuna kungopfumisa makirasi erudzi rwecapitalist achitsigirwa nenyika dzehudzvanyiriri, kwakaitawo kusimbisa chinzvimbo chenyika dzeGulf mukati mehurongwa hwedunhu hwakakura. Kusvika pakadzika dzika, Gulf capital yave mukati memukati menyika zvimiro, ichiuya kuzotonga akawanda eanotungamira ehupfumi zvikamu zveArab world. Nechikonzero ichi, Middle East haifanirwe kubatwa semubatanidzwa wematunhu akasungwa, anozvimiririra umo nyika yakaganhurwa zvakanyanya kubva kune dzimwe nyika.
Uyu ndiwo mucherechedzo wezvakarondedzerwa seโmaitiro ourudzi,โ ropafadzo yenzvimbo yenyika senzvimbo yapamusoro yokududzira zvinoitika munzanga. Dambudziko nemaitiro aya nderekuti hukama hwemagariro hahuna kucherechedzwa zvakatsetseka mukati memiganhu yenyika - kuyerera kwemari nevashandi, uye akasiyana marongero emitemo anoayananisa, anoita kuti asunge nzvimbo dzakasiyana kune imwe neimwe mukati mehumwe hunopfuura chero nyika. Miganhu yenyika, hongu, ichiri kuita basa rakakosha sekare, asi hukama hwemagariro hwatakajaira kuona sehuri mukati me "nyika" hunofanirwa kutaridzika sechikamu chakakosha chesupra-nyika, dunhu rose.
Regional Polarization uye Uneven Development
Maonero aya anoratidza chimiro chakajeka chenyika yechiArab yanhasi: kusaenzana kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera muupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika, kunoratidzwa zvakanyanya mukugovanisa simba neupfumi pakati peGulf nenyika dzese dzemaArabu. Zvisinei nekutanga kubaiwa kwemabhavhu ezvivakwa mumaguta akadai seDubai, nyika dzeGulf dzakabuda dzisina kukuvadzwa kubva mudambudziko repasi rose ra2008-2009, uye kubva panguva iyoyo zvakaramba zvichiunganidza madziva ekuwedzera mari pamwe nekukwira kutsva kwemitengo yehydrocarbon kubva. 2010 zvichienda mberi.
Nekune rimwe divi, kusamira kuri kuita misika yepasi rose - kunyanya kana iri yemubatanidzwa akakosha wekutengeserana mudunhu, European Union - uye matambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro anokanganisa nyika dzakaita seEgypt, Tunisia, neSyria, zvawedzera midzi. hierarchies yedunhu. Aya mafambiro akasiyana anotiyeuchidza kuti matambudziko haambonzwikwa zvakafanana, uye kana ndisipo dambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika rinowanzova rubatsiro kune avo vane zvinzvimbo.
Pane zvakawanda zviratidzo zvehuwandu hwekusiyana uku kuri kukura. Zvinoenderana neshumo richangoburwa kubva kuInstitute of International Finance (IIF), "boka repamusoro" remabhanga makuru epasirese uye masangano ezvemari, mambure ekunze ekunze (gross kunze kwenyika minus chikwereti chekunze) chenyika dzeGCC akakwira kubva pamadhora mazana masere nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe emadhora. 879 kusvika $2006 trillion mukupera kwa1.79. Pakupera kwa2012, nhamba iyi inofungidzirwa kuti ichasvika pamusoro pe $2013 trillion, nhamba yakaenzana neinopfuura 2% yeGulf's GDP. Panguva imwecheteyo, hupfumi hwekunze hweEgypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Tunisia, neMorocco hwakadonha kubva pamari inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemazana mana emadhora kusvika pakushomeka kwemadhora mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nematatu.
Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoonekwa mumakero eakaundi ezvino. Muna 2012, nyika nhanhatu dzeGCC dzakafungidzirwa kuve neakaundi yeakaundi yakawandisa inodarika mabhiriyoni mazana mana emadhora, inodarika kaviri avhareji yavo yepagore kubva 400 kusvika 2006 (uye, pachena, zvakare inodarika kaviri iyo yeChina muna 2010). Nepo zvakasara zveGulf zvasvika pamarekodhi aya, nyika dzese dzechiArab dzakaona marekodhi ayo akatarisana nekudzikira zvakanyanya. Huwandu hwazvino hweakaundi account yeEgypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Tunisia, neMorocco yakasvika pakushomeka inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi matatu nemashanu emadhora muna 2012, inodarika nekatatu paavhareji nguva yenguva ya35-2012.
Kusiyana nemafungiro asiriwo akakurumbira, madziva makuru emari muGulf haangobatwa nemasangano ehurumende kana Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs). The Financial Times yakashuma pakati pegore ra2013 kuti huwandu hwehupfumi hwakachengetwa nemabhangi eGCC, makambani akazvimiririra, uye vanhu vakapfuma zvikuru nemhuri vakasvika $3 trillion, nhamba isingabatanidzi hupfumi hwakabatwa neSWFs. Hupfumi hwakavanzika muGulf hwakakura ne7% mugore rapfuura, uye iko zvino hwave pachinhanho chegumi muzana chepamusoro pane muna 10 - iyo yepamusoro-soro yemakore ekuwedzera kwakatangira kudzikira kwepasirese. Chimwe chiratidzo chinoshamisa cheizvi chikamu cheGulf chemamiriyoni emhuri. Zvinoenderana neshumo richangoburwa neBoston Consulting Group, nyika dzeGCC dzinotora zvishanu kubva pagumi nerimwe nzvimbo dzepamusoro pachikamu chemhuri dzemamirioni padanho repasi rose, neQatar diki iri pachinhanho chekutanga pasirese (2007% yedzimba).
Hongu, hupfumi uhwu hahuparadzirwe zvakaenzana muGCC yese uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, nhamba idzi dzinofuratira kuvepo kwemamiriyoni evashandi vanobhadharwa zvishoma, vanoenda kune chinguva vanoumba ruzhinji rwevashandi veGulf. Chokwadi, chimwe chezvikonzero zvakakosha zviri pasi pekugovaniswa kwehupfumi munyika dzeArab chinowanikwa pamberi pevashandi ava muGulf. Takatarisana nedambudziko ra2008-2009 uye kudonha kwenzvimbo yekugara muDubai nekumwewo, nyika dzeGulf dzakakwanisa kushandisa kuvimba kwadzo nevashandi venguva pfupi - zvakaenzana nehafu yevashandi mumatunhu ese eGCC - kuburitsa zvakaipisisa mhedzisiro yedambudziko kune nyika dzakavakidzana dzinopa dunhu iri nyore kudzingwa uye kushandiswa zvakanyanya.
Zviuru zvevashandi venguva pfupi vanotama vakadzoserwa kumusha kubva kuGulf zvichitevera dambudziko, uku kutorwa kwevashandi vatsva kwakadzikira zvakanyanya. Kubva 2008 kusvika 2009, kubuda kwevashandi vekuIndia kuenda kuUnited Arab Emirates kwakadzikira ne62.7%, kuBahrain ne45%, uye kuQatar ne44%. KuBangladesh, nhamba yevashandi vanoenda kuSaudi Arabia neUAE (nzvimbo dzinopfuura 60% yevashandi vese vekuBangladesh mhiri kwemakungwa), yakaderera ne89% uye 38% zvakateerana muna 2008 uye 2009. KuPakistan, nhamba yevakanyoreswa mhiri kwemakungwa. vashandi muGulf vakadonhawo zvakanyanya - kune vashandi vaienda kuUAE (nzvimbo huru yekuenda kune mhiri kwemakungwa vashandi vePakistani) pakanga paine kudonha kwe36%, kuQatar kudonha kwe60%, uye kuKuwait kudonha kwe75% muna 2008 uye 2009. Nyika dzemaArabu, chimwe chiratidzo chekugona kweGulf kubvisa mhedzisiro yedambudziko kunzvimbo dzayo dzakatenderedza zvakaonekwa mukudonha kwemari dzinotumirwa nevashandi kuYemen (kudonha kwe17.7%) neJorodhani (5.2%) muna 2009.
Huwandu uhu hunosimbisa nzira iyo iyo kirasi zvimiro zvinotsigira Gulf capitalism yakaumba mhinduro yayo kudambudziko repasi rose. Kusiyana nedzimwe nyika mudunhu idzo dzaifanira kubata nepakati nekukwira kwekushomeka kwemabasa uye kuoma kwemisika yekutengesa kunze kwenyika, Gulf States dzakakwanisa kubvisa zvakanyanya kukonzeresa dambudziko kune idzo nyika dzakatenderedza idzo dzakange dzaumba mitsara yekugovera yenguva pfupi. vashandi vanosimbisa kuumbwa kwekirasi muGulf. Uku kwaive kushanduka-shanduka kwemusika wevashandi, chiratidzo che hyper-capitalist dystopia inovanda kuseri kweGulf's ebullient self-image senhandare yekutamba yevapfumi-soro.
Mubvunzo Wezvematongerwo enyika
Kufukidzira aya mapatani edunhu, hongu, chinzvimbo chakakosha chenyika dzeGulf muchimiro chesimba re imperialist. Sezvo oiri-yakavakirwa pasi rose capitalism yakabatanidzwa zvizere mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, Gulf yakanyatsobatanidzwa sembiru yakakosha mukati mekuvaka kwehutongi hweUS hwakamuka panguva iyoyo. Zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvemazuva ano capitalism - kudyidzana nedzimwe nyika uye kushambadzira kwemari - zvakapa Gulf's commodity kunze kwenyika uye mari yakasara huremu hukuru mukati mehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Nezvikonzero izvi, kutonga uye kutonga kweMiddle East kwakaramba kuri chinangwa chakakosha chemasimba ekuMadokero kusvika muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe. IUS, Britain, nedzimwe nyika dzakapa mauto, zvematongerwo enyika, uye kumwe dziviriro kuGulf monarchies semubhadharo wekuona kusakanganiswa kuyerera kwemahydrocarbons mumusika wepasirese nemutengo wakakodzera, uye kudzoreredzwa kwakasimba kwepetrodollar yakasara mumisika yemari yekuMadokero. (kunyanya kukosha, US Treasuries).
Aya maficha ehukama neGulf anoramba achinetsa zvakanyanya nhasi, kunyanya mumamiriro ekusimuka kwevanogona kukwikwidza kusimba reUS. Kuvimbika kweaya masimba ari kubuda paGulf oiri (pamwe negasi uye petrochemicals) zvinoreva kuti hutongi hweUS hwedunhu hunotora kukosha kwakanyanya nhasi. India, semuenzaniso, yakaunza 44% yemafuta ayo asina kuchena kubva kuSaudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, neUAE muna Chikunguru 2013, kubva pa36% muna 2011. China ikozvino inovimba nenyika dzeGulf kwechikamu chechina chezvainotenga kunze kwenyika, zvichienzaniswa ne 21% muna 2007. Nepo kudyidzana kuripo pakati peUS neChina hupfumi huchireva kuti hukama hwavo hahungangodzikisirwe kuita hwemakwikwi, kuenderera mberi kwehutongi hweUS kuMiddle East kunopa simba ringangove sosi yekusimudzira kana zvichidikanwa.
Gulf zvakare inochengeta kukosha kwakakosha semusika mukuru weWestern states, kunyanya yekutengesa zvombo uye akasiyana ekuvaka uye einjiniya makondirakiti. Muna 2011, kutengeswa kwezvombo zvepasi rose kweUS kwakapetwa katatu kusvika pamadhora 66.3 bhiriyoni, rekodhi yakakwirira yaimiririra zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvemusika wemaoko wepasi rose. Chikonzero chikuru chekukwira mukutengesa uku chaive zvachose nekuda kweGulf states, neSaudi Arabia kusaina chibvumirano chikuru chekutenga $33.4 bhiriyoni yezvombo kubva kuUS - ichiiisa semutengi mukuru weUS pasirese (99% yeSaudi kutenga maoko aibva kuUS). Mugore rimwe chetero, UAE yakatora chikamu chechitatu mukutenga kubva kuUS ($4.5 bhiriyoni). Kubva 2008 kusvika 2011, Saudi Arabia yakatora nhamba yekutanga mukutengwa kwezvombo pasi rose munyika dzese muGlobal South, zvichiita chinodarika chikamu chimwe muzvina chezvibvumirano zvekutakura zvombo mumakore mana iwayo.
IUS haisiriyo yega nyika yekuMadokero inobatsirwa kubva kune iyi yakakura bhazaar yezvombo; Mapepanhau eGerman akashuma muna Nyamavhuvhu 2013 kuti kutengeswa kwemauto enyika kuGulf, kunyanya Qatar, kwakagadzirirwa kusvika kumarekodhi gore rino. Britain yakashoropodzwa zvakanyanya nekutengesa kwayo midziyo yekudzora vanhu vazhinji, pfuti, uye zvombo kuBahrain uku humambo hwacho huchidzvanyirira kuratidzira kudzimba.
Rukuvhute runosungirira nyika dzeGulf kusimba rekuMadokero haruna kuparadzaniswa neshanduko neoliberal yedunhu rakurukurwa pamusoro - ese anomiririra maitiro akasiyana enzira iyo Middle East inoiswa mumusika wepasi rose. Kuvepo kwechikamu cheGulf mukuchengetedza hukama hwayo ne imperialism uye kuenderera mberi kwedunhu risina kuenzana uye rakasanganiswa budiriro kunounza zvakadzika zvematongerwo enyika. Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi nyika dzeGCC dzinotungamira - kunyanya Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, neUAE - dzakatora hukasha hwakanyanya mukuyedza kutungamira zvakabuda mukumukira kwakazunguza nyika yeArab mumakore matatu apfuura. .
Zvido zvekuMadokero munharaunda zvino zvave kunyanya kutaurwa kuburikidza neGulf states mune zvese zvematongerwo enyika uye zvehupfumi. Izvi hazvireve kuti hapana makwikwi kana maonero akasiyana pakati peGulf neWestern States, kana mukati meGulf pachayo, asi makwikwi aya anofanirwa kunge ari mukati mehurongwa hwezvido zvakagovaniswa zvinoziva kuti nzvimbo yeGulf iri pamusoro pematunhu ematunhu. mhedzisiro yemaitiro akafanana akagadzira mamiriro ekumukira kwevazhinji pakutanga.
Ijipiti neSiria
Aya masimba anogona kuoneka zvakajeka muEgypt neSyria. Munyika mbiri idzi, kumukira hurumende dzehudzvanyiriri kune midzi yakafanana - kubvisirwa veruzhinji nekudzingwa kweruzhinji rwevanhu nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kweneoliberal, uye hupfumi hwechikamu chidiki chevakuru chakabatana nehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri, zvakafukidzwa nedambudziko repasi rose iro zvakadzamisa zvikuru kupatsanurana kweupfumi nesimba.
Panyaya yeEgypt, nyika dzeGulf dzakaita basa guru, kubva pakadzingwa Hosni Mubarak muna Kukadzi 2011, mukuyedza kudzikamisa shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi. Muchikamu chekutanga, izvi zvakaitika nerutsigiro rwakasimba uye rwakapusa neQatar yeMuslim Brotherhood (MB), ine hutungamiriri hwakaedza kuenderera mberi nenzira imwechete yehutongi hweMubarak uku ichirambidza kuramwa, kuratidzira, uye kumwe kuunganidza. Muchikamu chechipiri, zvichitevera kupidigurwa kweHama nemauto eEgypt pakati pegore ra2013, kukurumidza kwerubatsiro nerutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika kubva kuSaudi Arabia, UAE, nedzimwe nyika dzeGulf dziri kuramba dzichitsigira kudzvanyirirwa kwemauto kwevatsigiri veMB uye. mafambisirwo akafararira evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika. Muzvikamu zviviri izvi, simba reGulf rezvematongerwo enyika nerehupfumi rakanangana nekudzosera Egypt kune yakagadziridzwa mamiriro ezvinhu, kuburikidza nekubvisa chero kuedza kugadzirisa zvichemo zvakakonzera kumukirana.
Panyaya yeSyria, nyika dzeGulf, dzinotungamirwa kunyanya neSaudi Arabia, dziri mukuyedza kusimudzira simba nerutsigiro pakati pemauto ari kurwira kubvisa hutongi hwaAssad. Nguva pfupi yadarika, izvi zvakaratidzwa nemishumo yekuti humambo hweSaudi hwanga hwabvuma kupa mari uye kuronga kudzidziswa (kuburikidza nePakistan) yeHondo yeIslam, uto rakavambwa mukupera kwaGunyana kuburikidza nekuuya pamwe kwemapoka anopfuura makumi mana evapanduki veSyria.
Zvakangodaro, nepo Saudi Arabia, Qatar, nedzimwe nyika dzeGulf dzakagara dzichitsvaga kuwedzera simba radzo pamusoro pemapoka akasiyana eSyria ane pfuti, izvi hazvifanirwe kutorwa zvichireva kuti kumukira kwacho kunogona kupendwa zvenhema sekuwedzera kwedzimwe nyika (zvizhinji. shoma yeUS imperialism). Bato rekupidigura hutongi hweAssad, umo "Islamic fundamentalist" dhizaini ishoma (kunyangwe ichiratidzika kunge ichikura), yakatarisana nemasimba ehurumende ane zvombo uye kuedza kudzika kupatsanurana kwemapoka.
Gulf mutambi akakosha mune yekupedzisira maitiro, uye mupfungwa iyi, kumukira kweSyria kunotarisana nematambudziko maviri akaomarara - imwe ichipokana nehutongi pachayo uye imwe ichipokana nehuipi hwekufurira kwemauto akabatana neGulf. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, zano remaune rehutsinye uye kutorera hurumende nyika inoreva kuti nguva inotamba zvakanyanya kurwisa rombo remhirizhonga. Kunzwisisa uku kunobatsira kutsanangura kuwirirana kuri pachena pakati peUS neRussia pamusoro pemafungiro kuhurumende yeAssad, nemasimba epasi rose achiratidzika kutsvaga imwe rudzi rwekuenderera mberi kwehutongi kwenguva iri kuuya.
Mukufamba kwenguva, zvingangoita kuti mauto ese ekunze ari kurwira vhezheni yavo yemamiriro ezvinhu akaitika zvichitevera kumukira muYemen, nekuchinja kukuru kunobvisa Assad asi achichengetedza musimboti wehudzvanyiriri hwake uye kugona kwayo kudzivirira. zvido zvevose vepamusoro vedzimba uye chiyero chedunhu resimba.
Makwikwi
Yakapindirana nekusawirirana kwakajeka kwezvido zvinoratidzira nyika dzeGulf uye simba rekuMadokero kuMiddle East - rakadzika midzi pakupedzisira munzira iyo dunhu rakagadziridzwa munguva ichangopfuura neoliberal nguva uye kuenderera kwaro kwepakati kune chiyero chesimba repasirese - ndiwo makwikwi ayo. zvisinei ramba uripo pakati penyika dzakasiyana. Mukati meGCC pachayo, izvi zvakaratidzwa zvakanyanya mukusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika pakati peQatar neSaudi Arabia, nematunhu ese ari maviri achitsigira akasiyana, achipokana mafambiro echiIslam mudunhu rese (Qatar, the Muslim Brotherhood, neSaudi Arabia, akasiyana siyana eSalafism. )
Zvakaitika muna 2013 muEgypt zvairatidza pachena kukwikwidzana uku kweGCC, neQatar ichishora-kupidigurwa kweMuslim Brotherhood's Mohammed Morsi nemauto eEgypt, uku Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, neUAE vakafarira zvikuru zvakaitwa nemauto. Chokwadi, mari inodarika mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri emadhora mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzerubatsiro dzakapihwa kuhurumende itsva yemauto mushure mekutora hurumende nematunhu matatu ekupedzisira eGulf.
Saizvozvo, panyaya yeUS neGulf, kudziya kuri pachena kwehurumende yeUS kwehukama neIran mumavhiki achangopfuura kwakasangana nemhinduro isingabvumirwe kubva kuvakuru veSaudi Arabia (pamwe neIsrael, mukuratidzira kwakajeka kwerimwe divi. kune zvido zvakabatana zviripo mudunhu rese). Makakatanwa aya akasimbiswa zvine simba apo Saudi Arabia yakaramba chigaro chemakore maviri kuUN Security Council muna Mbudzi 2013, nevakuru veSaudi vachiratidza kushomeka kwekupindira kwenyika muSyria, pamwe nekunetsana neUS pamusoro pekutangazve nhaurirano. neIran, sezvikonzero zvekuramba chigaro.
Kunyangwe makakatanwa aya ari echokwadi zvisingarambike, haafanire kukanganisa pfungwa kubva pachinhu chakakosha chekuti nyika dzese dzeGulf neUS dzinoramba dzichigovana maonero akafanana padunhu rose. Hapana chinoratidza kuti chero nyika dzeGulf dzinopokana panzira yeEgypt neoliberalism, ingave inotungamirwa neMuslim Brotherhood kana hurumende inotungamirwa nemauto, kana chimiro chehurongwa hwedunhu hwakavakwa nenyika dzekuMadokero mumakumi mashoma apfuura. . Hatifanire kukanganisa kupesana, kwechinguvana, misiyano yemaonero, kana chokwadi chirikuenderera mberi chemakwikwi enyika, kune chero yakakosha nzira yekusiyana pamusoro peramangwana redunhu rose. Chokwadi, munzira dzakawanda, kugarisana kwemaitiro akasiyana emasimba akasiyana aya anoita kuti asimbise mukusiyana kwawo nzira yakajairika, zvichiita kuti axis yesimba reUS-Gulf rizvibudise sesimba rehegemonic.
Inonetsa Gulf Power
Mhedziso huru inobuda murondedzero iyi ndeyekuti chero kudzoserwa kwemaitiro ekuvandudzwa kweneoliberal kuMiddle East, uye kuzviisa pasi kwedunhu kune simba rekuMadokero, zvakasungirirwa nekunetsa Gulf pachayo. Nechikonzero ichi, kurwisana kwezvematongerwo enyika muGulf kwakakosha zvikuru, uye kunoumba kuenderera mberi kwakananga neizvo zvinowanikwa kumwe kuMiddle East. Mhosva yeBahrain inomira pachena panyaya iyi, apo kunyangwe kudzvinyirirwa kwakanyanya nehurumende yeAl-Khalifa, masangano ekuratidzira anoramba achiungana munyika yose. Mukati megore ra2011 na2012, kuratidzira kwakaitikawo muSaudi Arabia, Oman, neKuwait zvichisanganisira vagari vemo vainzwa kusabatanidzwa mune zvematongerwo enyika uye mune zvehupfumi kubva kuhupfumi hwakakura hwematunhu aya.
Matambudziko aya akawana kutariswa kushoma (uye kubatana) mukati nekunze kwedunhu. Asi kunze kwekufamba uku, chinhu chakakosha chekunetsa capital uye nyika muGulf inofanirwa kunge iri kudzivirira kwevashandi vanotama mudunhu. Kubiridzirwa kwevashandi ava chikamu chakakosha chekuti makirasi ekushanda akaumbwa sei kuMiddle East uye kwakakosha kunzira idzo Gulf capitalism inoenderera mberi nekugadzira simba rayo uye kugadzirisa matambudziko.
Panofanirwa kuve nekuyedza kwakakomba kuvaka mishandirapamwe yedunhu nevashandi vanobva mhiri kweMiddle East, zvichibva pakuwedzera kwekodzero dzeugari, kodzero yekuronga, uye mamiriro ekushanda. Vashandi vanobva kuIndia nePhilippine, chikamu chevashandi venzvimbo iyi - kwete vatorwa, "vashandi vashanyi," kana "vemumba." Pane zvipingamupinyi zvakakura munzira yedanidziro dzakadai (mutauro, tsika, uye zvematongerwo enyika - tisingarevi rusarura rwakadzika midzi pamusoro pevatorwa vanowanikwa munzvimbo zhinji dzenyika dzeArab), asi kurega kurwira uku kunongosimbisa kuparara kwekubatana kwemapoka. dunhu. Zvinokosha kuziva, semuenzaniso, kuti kuurayiwa kwevashandi vaviri vanobva kune dzimwe nyika muSaudi Arabia kutanga kwaMbudzi panguva yekudzingwa munyika iyo yakaona kusungwa kwemakumi ezviuru zvevanotama, kwakaunza kutaura kushoma kubva mukati kana kunze kweGulf. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti inoshamisa miriyoni imwe yevashandi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vakamanikidzwa kusiya Saudi Arabia (yechipiri pasirese tsime rekutumira mari, mushure meUS, kubva 2006 kusvika 2012) mumwedzi mitatu yapfuura.
Hakuna mhinduro dzenguva refu, dzenyika kumatambudziko akatarisana neMiddle East ayo anosiya kutonga kwehupfumi hwakakura kudaro mumaoko evashoma kwazvo. Izvi hazvirevi kureva kuti masangano echimurenga achabva angotanga kubva pachikero chedunhu pasina kutarisana nemapoka ekutonga enyika. Asi chiripo ndechekuona aya zviyero zvakasiyana zvekurwa sezvisinga patsanurwe. Pasina kutaridzika kwedunhu kunonongedza zvine hungwaru kubata chinzvimbo uye simba reGulf monarchies, hapazove neshanduko yakakosha mudunhu.
Muna 2014, pfungwa yekurwa kwenharaunda inogona kuita seyakaoma, asi zviitiko zvemakore mashoma apfuura zvinosimbisa kukosha kwayo - uye ndizvo chaizvo izvi zvakakonzera kushushikana kukuru mumakoridho emasimba muWashington, Riyadh, uye. Doha.
Adam Hanieh mudzidzisi paSchool of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London uye munyori we Lineages of Revolt: Nyaya dzeContemporary Capitalism muMiddle East.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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