Gumiguru 2 yakarongwa kuva nguva yechisarudzo munhoroondo yeBrazil ichangoburwa. Nyika ichaita sarudzo dzezvigaro zvemitemo nepamusoro mumatunhu nemubatanidzwa. Vari kukwikwidza musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika vari kure-kurudyi Jair Bolsonaro; Vamiriri vashoma vanopikisana naye, Luiz Inรกcio Lula da Silva (anowanzozivikanwa saLula), akashanda semutungamiri wenyika kubva 2003 kusvika 2010. Mamiriro ezvinhu ehupfumi hweBrazil, mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, uye kusava netariro kwakapararira. nezveramangwana.
Nyika yaona kuwanda kwemabasa nekushaya mabasa pamwe nekukwira kuri kuita inflation mumakore apfuura. Kunetsana pakati pezvikamu zvehurumende uye pamusoro pe "nhau dzenhema" kwakonzera manzwiro ekuora mwoyo pakati pehuwandu. Kuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza uye diplomatic fiascos zvakaparadzanisa nyika pasi rose. Kusafambiswa zvakanaka kwedenda, zvichikonzera kufa kwevanhu vanopfuura mazana matanhatu nemakumi masere ezviuru, kwadzoreredza nyika kumawere. mepu yenzara yenyika.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana zvikuru kubva kumakore gumi ekutanga e2000s, apo Brazil yakasimudza mamirioni kubva muhurombo ikava protagonist mukubatana mukati meGlobal South. Brazil iri pasi peBolsonaro inoratidza zvakajeka nzira iyo neoliberal ajenda yakashanduka pakati pekusaenderera mberi uye kugadziridzwa muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe - izvo zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise sarudzo dziri kuuya uye chii chichaitika mukumuka kwavo.
Brazilian Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism inhanho chaiyo yepasi rose capitalism umo misika yemahara uye kutengeserana kwemahara zvinoratidzwa sekushanda kwakakodzera kwehupfumi, danho repachivande rinosarudzwa semhinduro kune zvinodiwa munharaunda, uye nyika inoiswazve kumanikidza kumanikidza uye kudzvanyirira. MuLatin America, Brazil yaisanganisira, neoliberalism pakutanga yakatsanangurwa seti yeshanduko inosanganisira pfungwa huru mbiri: kudzikiswa kwehupfumi uye kuvhurika kune vekunze vanoisa mari. Bolsonaro akakurudzira uye akahwina papuratifomu yakavakirwa neoliberal misimboti, kunyanya kudzikiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kutenderera kutsva kwemakambani ehurumende. Akatsvaka yose izvo neoliberalism yakasiya isina kupera muma1990 nekutanga 2000s nekuda kwekupokana kwakakurumbira uye manejimendi aLula nemutsivi wake, Dilma Rousseff.
Asi Bolsonaro haina mweya wecosmopolitan uyo neoliberalism yaimbozviti payo muGlobal South. Izwi rake chikamu chekuwedzera kuri kuwedzera muBrazil kubvira 2014. Kusashivirira mune zvechitendero, kuvenga ngochani, kurumbidza varume nemaitiro echivanhukadzi, uye kutaura kunopesana nesainzi zvakaonekwa zvakanyanya muzvikumbiro zvehurumende, sezvisungo zvitsva. pamutemo wekubvisa pamuviri.
Vazhinji vachiri kuwana kugarisana kwezvandinodaidza kuti "mapapiro maviri"yehurumende yeBolsonaro - maitiro ake ekuita uye neoliberal chikuva - kusawirirana kana kungosangana. Asi maitiro ekuita izvi haasi chidzitiro cheutsi chinovhiringidza; ndivo musimboti wekuita neoliberal agenda. Neoliberalism inoda hunhu hwakanyanya hwemunhu, hunoratidzwa, semuenzaniso, mukusimudzirwa kwevatengi, manejimendi ekuzvimiririra, uye bhizimusi. Bolsonaro yanga iri mota inoshanda yekubatanidza iyo ideological uye tsika mamiriro anotsanangurwa nekuparadzira iyo capitalist ethos kupfuura makirasi ane simba. Akakurudzirawo zvechiuto uye pfungwa yemutemo-uye-kurongeka inotsigira kushandiswa kwechisimba chisiri chepamutemo. Mamiriro akadai haazonyangarika nehusiku humwe kunyangwe Bolsonaro akarasikirwa nesarudzo.
Kuburikidza neBolsonaro inoratidzika kunge isina musoro zvirevo zveveruzhinji uye anti-intellectualism, pfungwa yeruzhinji, mupfungwa yevanhu vese, inonyangarika. Uye kana veruzhinji vakanyangarika, ndizvo zvinoitawo kururamiswa kwekudiwa kwechinhu chero chipi zvacho chakafanana nenyika yerubatsiro. Kunyangwe Bolsonaro asina kuita magadzirirwo ese aakavimbisa muna 2018 - sekunge ari privatisiti yebasa reposvo nezvikamu zvehurongwa hwemajeri, uye kudzikiswa kwemabasa ehurumende - hutongi hwake hwakapinda munzvimbo ino, kunyanya kuburikidza nepenjeni. -system reform uye privatization yekambani huru yemagetsi emagetsi munyika, Eletrobras.
Kunyanya kukosha, hurumende yeBolsonaro yakakanganisa midziyo yenyika nenzira isati yamboonekwa, zvine chekuita nezvematongerwo enyika munyika kuenda kumberi.
Kuparadza Veruzhinji
Brazil inyika umo iyo federal level yehutongi inocherechedzwa mune zvese chiyero uye chiyero. Hurumende yemubatanidzwa yakasimba ndiyo inobvumira Brazil kupa kodzero dzakadai sehutano hwepasi rose hwemahara uye dzidzo yemahara yeruzhinji kubva kukireshi kusvika kuPhD. Asi Bolsonaro yakabvisa kugona kwehurumende yemubatanidzwa kushanda mumakore ake mana ari musimba.
Kune rimwe divi, hurumende iripo yakacheka bhajeti kana kumanikidza masimba emasangano akati wandei anodzora. Bazi rinoona nezvezvimiro zvechivanhu uye sangano rinoona nezvekusarudza vadzidzi vekumayunivhesiti eruzhinji, semuenzaniso, parizvino harina nzira dzekuzadzisa mhosva dzavo. Matanho akadaro anonetesa masevhisi ehurumende uye mabasa uye zvakare kumashure kune privatization, kusanganisira kuburikidza neasina purofiti.
Nekune rimwe divi, Bolsonaro yakagadzirisa maitiro emari yenyika uye nekupa mari yemubatanidzwa kubhajeti kune vemitemo. Mukuchinjana, vezvematongerwo enyika ava, vakapararira nepakati pevanozviti vega kana mapato ekurudyi, vakabvumirana kuita hwaro hweBolsonaro muCongress. Muhutongi hwake hwese, Bolsonaro apindura kune angangove ega mune zvematongerwo enyika nekubatanidza mubatanidzwa nevezvematongerwo enyika, avo zvino vane simba ravo rakadzika midzi munharaunda uye vanogona kuvimba nemari yehurumende kuita zvematongerwo enyika kuchengetedza chimiro uye zvinzvimbo zvavo.
Dzimwe nguva, kurwisana pakati peBolsonaro nevamwe vane mukurumbira wekurudyi, vakadai seaimbova gavhuna weSรฃo Paulo Joรฃo Doria uye aimbove gurukota Sergio Moro, airatidza kutyisidzira kuBolsonaro. Asi uku kwainyanya kupesana kwehunhu, pasina kusawirirana pamisimboti yemitemo. Mitsetse iri pakati pe "radical" uye "inonzwisisa"-vane mapapiro yakasvibiswa mune iyi denderedzwa idzva reneoliberalism.
Bolsonaro inoronga kusundira zvese izvi mutemu nyowani. Mushandirapamwe wake unobatanidza zviri pachena bhizimusi nekugadzirwa kwemabasa neruremekedzo - pasina kutaurwa nezvekugadzirisa kusaenzana. Kukoromoka kwekugona kwehurumende kupa veruzhinji zvinhu nemasevhisi kuchatevedzwa kuburikidza nekushambadza kwakawanda, uye mitero ichadzikiswa. Kuwanikwa kwepfuti kwakavanzika kunonzi kunobatsira kuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji, uye zvisingashamisi, kuzvipira kunotaurwa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yemushandirapamwe. Achipa mhuri se "nzvimbo yekubva" uye "pokusvika" kune zvese zviitwa zvehurumende, Bolsonaro anotsanangura yaanodaidza kuti "nzira yebudiriro," inofungidzirwa nzira yekusimudzira nyika, iyo yaizomira, anodaro, achipokana. "kutenderera kwehurombo" kwakadzikwa neLula's Workers' Party.
Lula muNew Brazil
Enzanisa chikuva cheBolsonaro neicho cheLula. Parizvino ari mberi-mumhanyi, Lula anotaura nezvekudzorera mararamiro emagariro evanhu uye ehupfumi hwemashoko ake apfuura, achidana kuvakwazve uye kushandurwa kweBrazil. Anosimbisa kuti hutongi hwaBolsonaro hwaireva kupidigura zvakaitwa nenyika mumakore ehutongi hweBato reVashandi, uye anokurudzira musanganiswa wezviitwa zvechimbichimbi uye marongero ekugadzirisa kukuvara.
Iyo yekutanga inosanganisira kurwisa kukwira kwemitengo, kutaurirana patsva chikwereti chakazvimirira (ikozvino chave pamazinga anonyadzisa), uye matanho ekugadzirisa nzara yakapararira. Padanho rezvimiro, Lula anotaura nezve kuvandudzwa, kudyara muzvivakwa uye dzimba, kukwidza muhoro wepasi, uye kudzoreredzwa kwehurongwa hwake hwemagariro evanhu, Bolsa Famรญlia (yakanyungudika nehutongi hwazvino). Kuzvipira kweBato reBato reVashandi kukwidza muhoro wepasi kwakauya kuburikidza nekumanikidzwa kwemafambisirwo emagariro mukati megore rechipiri raLula semutungamiri wenyika, muna 2004, uye ndiyo kiyi yekutsanangura kushandurwa kwehupenyu hwevaBrazil vakawanda mumakore iwayo.
Kubva pakutanga, Lula akatsvaga kuvaka mibatanidzwa uye kudhindisa chimiro chekubatana kwenyika pane yake yechitatu bhidhiyo. Waanoshanda naye mumhandu wekare wezvematongerwo enyika, Geraldo Alckmin, akatungamira Sรฃo Paulo State kuburikidza nemakore akati wandei emitemo yehudzvinyiriri. Mumazuva ano ekupedzisira, kurudziro yaLula yakawedzera mashoko ekuti avo vakazvipira kugutsaruzhinji vanofanira kubatanidza kuedza kwavo uye kuvimbisa kukunda kwake mumutambo wekutanga, zvichibvisa mukana wekukwikwidzana pakati pake naBolsonaro. Kukunda kwakadaro kwaizotumira shoko rine simba kune bolsonarismo.
Asi zvakakosha kufunga kuti Lula nechikwata chake vanga vasina kujeka nezvemikana yekuvandudza fomula yekare. Mushandirapamwe uyu waita chikumbiro che โkudzokera kukare kune mbiri yakapfuuraโ โ pasina kutariswa nezvekukanganisa kwemaitiro eBato reVashandi mumagariro neupfumi.
Brazil iri pasi paLula naRousseff yaive imwe yenyika dzakatungamira dzeinodaidzwa kuti Pink Tide yakageza pamusoro peLatin America mumakore gumi ekutanga ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe. Sevanozvidaidza vega-kuruboshwe uye pakati-kuruboshwe hurumende, Pink Tide manejimendi vakazvimisa vachipesana nerudyi Washington Consensus recipe. Asi hukama hwavo neoliberalism hwakanga hwakaoma.
Dzichitaura kuti dzinosanganisira vagari venyika, hurumende idzi dzakakwanisa kuita shanduko dzinooneka. Semuenzaniso, muBrazil, kusaenzana pakati pevatema nevachena kwakaderera nekuda kwemitemo yakaitwa neBato reVashandi. Asi iyo Pink Tide haina kumbobvira yave yekuramba musika, uye idzi hurumende dzinofambira mberi dzakashanda nesimba kuti dzimise hupfumi hwenyika hwadzo mukati mehupfumi hwepasi rose.
Mimwe misiyano yemaitiro edzimwe nyika parutivi, kutora chikamu muhupfumi hwepasi rose kwainyanya kuburikidza nekutengesa zvinhu zvekutanga kune nyika dzakapfuma seUnited States, nokudaro kuchengetedza hunoenderana (uye hwakanyanya panjodzi) hunhu hwehupfumi hwenyika hweLatin America. Kunyanya muBrazil, kudyara kwehurumende kunotsigira "vakwikwidzi venyika" kwakakonzera makambani akagadzirwa-mu-Brazil seJBS Foods - iyo kambani hombe-inogadzira nyama pasi rose - ine mabasa emari anoita chikamu chakakosha chepurofiti yavo yekambani. Mabhangi akaona miganho yavo ichikura zvinoshamisa panguva yeBato reVashandi, saka kufamba kwevanhu kwakaonekwa munyika. wo zvaireva kuti vapfumi vaifamba vachikwira kumusoro.
Lula nechikwata chake vakazvipira kumutsiridza danho remubatanidzwa, vachisimbirira kuti Brazil inofanirwa kupinda mukukwanisa kwayo kukuru: musika wayo wemukati, sosi yekugadzirwa kwakawanda uye kushandiswa. Asi nyika yanhasi haina kufanana neyaakatanga kutonga. Hapana anogona kutaura zvechokwadi kana nzira yebudiriro yakagamuchirwa kare - kureva, kushandisa kukura kwehupfumi kuvaka mari yehurumende yezvirongwa zvemagariro evanhu uye kuchengetedza muhoro wepamusoro wepamusoro - uchaunza zvibereko zvakafanana. Zvakare, kudzikisira nyika neBolsonaro kungangodzora hutongi hutsva hweLula, hunoda nhaurirano dzakatevedzana (uye kubvumirana) nevamiriri vemitemo vane simba uye mune imwe nzvimbo yakaoma.
Mune ino mamiriro ezvinhu asina njodzi, Kuruboshwe akakokwa kuti asvetuke kutenda mukutsigira Lula.
Dambudziko Hachizoperi
Mamiriro acho ezvinhu anofukidza matambudziko emafambisirwo emagariro munyika mumakore makumi maviri apfuura. Pasinei nekumwe kupokana, hurumende dzeBato reVashandi (nePink Tide muzhinji) dzakawana budiriro chaiyo. Asi makore avo ekutonga akarevawo kusarongeka kuzere kweKuruboshwe kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwevatungamiriri vebato mukutonga, kupera simba kwemabhesi ekufambisa, uye kupera kwemasangano ekufamba.
Mamiriro anoshamisa eKuruboshwe anouya pakusawirirana uye kuvhiringika pakuenzanisa shanduko yekuwedzera uye chimiro - kuita kuti Kuruboshwe kwakafara kuve pasi pemafambiro eBato reVashandi uye kuparadza kugona kwayo kuramba kurwiswa nekuwedzera mhinduro. Kusimuka kweBolsonaro kwakawedzera kunyomba mukukuvara.
Sezvo hurumende yeBolsonaro yakasimudzira kuderedzwa kwenzvimbo ine mwero yeBrazil, manzwiro ndeekuti imba yese iri kutsva. Asi Kuruboshwe kwave kuita zvekare pane kuita, kukwidziridza kutsamwa asi kutadza kuvaka mishandirapamwe.
Bolsonaro akajekesa kuti dambudziko reKuruboshwe ndere kusanganisa mabasa ane mafambiro asingaenderane. Kune rimwe divi, kumisa Bolsonaro uye yake inoparadza neoliberal chirongwa chiri kukurumidza. Nekune rimwe divi, kupokana nepfungwa yakasimbiswa kuburikidza uye mukati mekutonga kwake uye kugadzira imwe nzira chaiyo kune neoliberalism kwakakosha. Asi iyi inzira inotora nguva.
Nzvimbo yeKuruboshwe isina kusimba inoonekwa mu njodzi yekupidigura hurumende kana kumwe kuvhiringa maitiro esarudzo neBolsonaro. Paari kuedza kwekupedzisira kuhwina zvikamu zveboka rebhizimisi uye kuvandudza chimiro chake pakati pevakadzi, akashandisawo mazuva ake ekupedzisira emushandirapamwe kuwedzera kutaura kwake pamusoro pechitsotsi chevavhoti, nechinangwa chekubvisa kuvimba neruzhinji mudemokrasi.
Kuedza kwekunyepedzera uku kwave kuita kwerinopfuura gore - chokwadi, kuedza kuzvidza sarudzo muUnited States kwakapa muenzaniso kuBolsonaro. Zvakadaro kugona kwekupokana kwakakurumbira, kana Bolsonaro afunga kutevedzera kutyisidzira kwake kuti arambe kuve kwechokwadi kwekurasikirwa nesarudzo, zvakaoma kuyera. Munguva yake yese, Bolsonaro akabatanidza chetatu chevavhoti. Nekukwira kuri kuita pfuti, hachisi chakavanzika kuti vatsigiri vake vanogona kudarika nyaya dzemhirizhonga dzakatoonekwa munguva yesarudzo. Asi sezvo zano guru reBolsonaro rave rekukanda kusahadzika pamakina ekuvhota emagetsi, chero nzira yekubvuta masimba, kana zvikaitika, inogona kuvimba nekupomerwa mhosva yekuvhota.
Kuedza kwakadaro kunowana resonance pakati pevabatsiri veBolsonaro vakanyanya kukosha munguva ino yakaoma yenhoroondo: mauto. Kubva pakaitwazve demokrasi mukupera kwema1980, mauto eBrazil akazvishandura, achizviti inyanzvi mumanejimendi nekutakura uye chikamu chenyika chinoshanda zvakanyanya. Kuburikidza nebutiro rakadaro, mauto akawana zvinzvimbo zvishoma nezvishoma muhurumende dzakasarudzwa nevanhu, kubva kuna Fernando Henrique Cardoso kuma1990 kusvika kuna Dilma Rousseff muma2010.
NaBolsonaro, huwandu hwemauto muhutongi hwakawedzera zvakanyanya, zvinzvimbo zvakakosha zvakasanganisirwa, zvichisimudzira pfungwa yekuti vanhuwo zvavo havana kukodzera kutonga uye kuti demokrasi, pakupedzisira, haishande. Vashandi vemauto zvino vanotsinhira pfungwa yekuti michina yekuvhota haifanirwe kuvimbwa nayo, uye vatora basa rekuongorora mavhoti ekuverengera mavhoti - kekutanga mauto achitora chikamu chakadzama kudaro muhurongwa hwesarudzo kubva pakapera udzvanyiriri.
Vhoti yaLula isarudzo yakakosha pamharadzano dzenhoroondo. Mukana wekuti akunde muchikamu chekutanga chesarudzo wakanaka, pasina kupindira, uye chikamu chechitatu chake chinofanirwa kupembererwa nevanosiya, kunyanya tichitarisa makore ehukasha hwekupokana neWorkers' Party nehurukuro yeruboshwe zvichitevera kubviswa. yaDilma Rousseff kubva pachigaro chemutungamiri wenyika. Asi kunyangwe Lula akahwina, tarisiro haisati yajeka. Dambudziko reBrazil richaenderera mberi.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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