Hondo Yenyika II yaive yakakosha mukusimudzira uye kutumira matekinoroji ekuparadza kukuru kwakabatana nesimba remhepo, kunyanya bhomba reB-29, napalm uye bhomba reatomu. Vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 50 kusvika ku70 vakarara vafa. Muchinjo huru zvikuru yomuitiro weHondo yeNyika I uye yehondo zhinjisa dzapakuvamba, voruzhinji zvikurusa vavakafa vakanga vasiri varwi. [1] Hondo yemhepo, iyo yakasvika pakunyanya kubhomba munzvimbo iyi, kusanganisira kubhomba kweatomu, kwemaguta makuru eEurope neJapan mugore rayo rekupedzisira, yakakanganisa zvakanyanya vanhu vasiri varwi.
Chii chine musoro uye chii chave chiri mhedzisiro - kune avo vakawirwa nenjodzi, kune yakatevera nzira dzepasi rose dzehondo uye nemutemo wepasirese - wetekinoroji nyowani dzekuparadza kwakawanda uye mashandisiro avo ane chekuita nekukwira kwesimba remhepo uye tekinoroji yebhomba muHondo Yenyika II uye pashure? Pamusoro pazvose, zviitiko izvi zvakaumba sei nzira yehondo yeAmerica kwemakumi matanhatu emakore umo United States yanga iri mutambi mukuru muhondo dzakakosha? Nyaya idzi dzakanyanya kukosha munguva iyo hurukuro yepasi rose yakanangana nehugandanga uye Hondo Yekutyisa, iyo kutyisa kunoitwa kune vasiri varwi nemasimba makuru kunowanzoregeredzwa.
Strategic Bombing uye International Law
Mabhomba akadonhedzwa kubva mumhepo kare muna 1849 paVenice (kubva kumabharumu) uye 1911 muLibhiya (kubva mundege).
Masimba makuru eEurope akaedza kuashandisa mumauto emuchadenga akanga achangotangwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. Kana kukanganisa pamigumisiro yacho kwakanga kuri zvishoma, kufambira mberi kwesimba remhepo kwakazivisa nyika dzose nezvezvaikwanisa kuita simba remhepo muhondo dzaizotevera. [2] Nhevedzano yemisangano yepasi rose kuHague kutanga muna 1899 yakaisa misimboti yekudzikamisa hondo yemumhepo uye kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwevasiri varwi kubva pakubhomba nekumwe kurwiswa. Musangano wa1923 weHague wakagadzira chinyorwa chemakumi matanhatu nembiri "Mitemo yeHondo Yemuchadenga," iyo yairambidza "Kubhomba kwemuchadenga nechinangwa chekutyisidzira vanhuwo zvavo, kuparadza kana kukuvadza zvivakwa zvisiri zvemauto, kana kukuvadza vasiri varwi. ” Yakaganhurira kubhomba kuzvinangwa zvehondo, yairambidza “kubhomba zvisina tsarukano kwevagari vemo,” uye yaiti vanotyora mutemo vanofanira kubhadhara muripo. [3] Kuchengetedza kubvumirana uye kumanikidza miganho, zvisinei, zvakaratidza kusanzwisisika panguva iyoyo uye kubvira.
Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri rose, uye kunyanya munguva uye nokukurumidza pashure peHondo Yenyika II, kufambira mberi kusingachinjiki kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvombo kwakaenda pamwe chete nekuedza kwenyika dzakawanda kuisa miganhu pakuuraya uye hutsinye hune chokuita nehondo, kunyanya kuurayiwa kwevanhu vasiri varwi. kana kubhomba kusingasaruri. [4] Chinyorwa ichi chinotarisa kupindirana kwekugadzirwa kwezvombo zvine simba uye masisitimu ekutumira ane chekuita nekubhomba uye kuedza kugadzira zviyero zvepasi rose kumisa kushandiswa kwebhomba kune vasiri varwi, kunyanya kuUnited States.
Hurukuro nehunhu hwemabhomba enyukireya eHiroshima neNagasaki aburitsa mabhuku akawanda anopokana, sezvakaita mhosva dzehondo dzeGerman neJapan nehutsinye. Kusiyana neizvi, kuparadzwa kweUS kweanopfuura makumi matanhatu emaguta eJapan Hiroshima isati yasvika kwakadzikiswa zvese muzvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi muChirungu neJapan uye mukuziva kwakakurumbira muJapan neUS. Yakafukidzwa nebhomba reatomu uye nenhoroondo dzehugamba dzemaitiro eAmerica mu "Hondo Yakanaka", mhedzisiro isingaenderane nekubuda kweUS sesimba guru. [5] Sezvineiwo, zvisinei, iyo yepakati tekinoroji, hurongwa uye hutsika budiriro yaizosiya chitambi chavo pahondo dzakazotevera zvakaitika munzvimbo yekubhomba kwevasiri varwi kusati kwabhomba atomu yeHiroshima neNagasaki. AC Grayling inotsanangura mhinduro dzakasiyana dzekuputika kwemoto uye bhomba reatomu nenzira iyi: “. . . the mufaro Kutya kunogadzirwa nepfungwa yezvinogona kuitwa neatomu kunotapura vaya vanozvifunga kupfuura vaya vanotambura nazvo; nokuti ingave bhomba reatomu pane matani ezviputi zvakakwirira uye zvinopisa zvinokuvadza, hapana chikamu chekutambudzika chinowedzerwa kune avo vakapiswa uye vakavigwa, vakagurwa uye vakapofumadzwa, vanofa uye vakafirwa neDresden kana Hamburg vakaita. kusanzwa." [6]
Kana vamwe, kunyanya Germany, England neJapan vakatungamira mukubhomba munzvimbo, chinangwa chekuparadza maguta ese nezvombo zvakajairika chakabuda muna 1944-45 sepakati pehondo yeUS. Yakanga iri nzira yakabatanidza hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji nekudzikisira kwekufa kweUS munzira dzinozove chiratidzo cheAmerican nzira yehondo mumishandirapamwe kubva kuKorea neIndochina kuenda kuGulf neIraq Wars uye, zvechokwadi kutsanangura mafambiro ehondo huru kubva kuma1940s. . Mhedzisiro yacho ingave kuparara kwevanhu vasiri varwi uye zvinoshamisa "kuuraya zviyero" zvichifarira mauto eUS. Asi kuUS, kukunda kwaizoratidza kusanzwisisika. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chimwe chakakosha nei, makumi matanhatu emakore zvichienda mberi, Hondo Yenyika II inoramba ichibata vanhu vekuAmerica se "Hondo Yakanaka", uye nei vanhu vekuAmerica vasati vasvika pakubata nemibvunzo yehutsika uye mutemo wepasirese une chekuita nekubhomba kwenzvimbo yavo yeGermany. uye Japan.
Zana remakore rechimakumi maviri raizivikanwa nekupokana kuri pakati pekuedza kwepasirese kuisa miganhu pakuparadza kwehondo uye kuita kuti nyika nevatungamiriri vavo vemauto vane mhosva yekutyorwa kwemitemo yenyika dzehondo (Nuremberg neTokyo Tribunals uye magungano akateedzana eGeneva, kunyanya gungano re1949 rinodzivirira. vagari vemo uye POWs) uye kutyorwa kwakarongeka kweiyo nheyo nemasimba makuru. [7] Semuyenzaniso, nepo Nuremberg neTokyo Tribunals vachinyatso tsanangura musimboti wepasi rose, Matare, ese ari maviri akabatwa mumaguta akange aparadzwa neAllied bhomba, akadzivirira zvine mukurumbira masimba anokunda, pamusoro peUS yese, kubva pamutoro wemhosva dzehondo. uye mhosva dzinoitirwa vanhu. Telford Taylor, gurukota guru rekupomera mhosva dzehondo kuNuremberg, akataura pfungwa iyi achireva kubhomba kwemaguta zana ramakore gare gare: [8]
“Sezvo mativi ose ari maviri akanga atamba mutambo unotyisa wokuparadza maguta—Vadyidzani vakabudirira zvikuru—pakanga pasina hwaro hwepomero dzokupara mhosva dzakaitirwa maGermany kana kuti maJapan, uye chaizvoizvo hapana mhosva dzakadaro dzakaunzwa . . . . Kubhomba kwemuchadenga kwakanga kwashandiswa zvakanyanya uye noutsinye kudivi reAllied pamwe chete nedivi reAxis zvekuti paNuremberg kana kuTokyo nyaya yacho haina kuitwa chikamu chemiedzo yacho.”
Kubva 1932 kusvika kumakore ekutanga eHondo Yenyika II iyo United States yaive mutsoropodzi aitaura nezvekubhomba kweguta, kunyanya asi kwete kubhomba kweGerman neJapan chete. Purezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt akakumbira nyika dzairwisana muna 1939 pazuva rokutanga reHondo Yenyika II “pasina mamirire ezvinhu [kuti] dziite bhomba kubva mumhepo yavagari vemo kana kuti yamaguta asina masvingo.” [9] Britain, France neGermany dzakabvumirana kumisa kubhomba kune zvinangwa zvehondo chete, asi muna Chivabvu 1940 kubhomba kweGerman kweRotterdam kwakauraya vanhu 40,000 ndokumanikidza maDutch kukanda mapfumo pasi. Kusvika panguva ino, kubhomba kwemaguta kwakange kwave kwakatsaurwa, kwakaganhurirwa uye kazhinji kwakaganhurirwa kumasimba eaxis. Ipapo muna August 1940, pashure pokunge vabhomba veGermany vabhomba London, Churchill akaraira denho paBerlin. Kuwedzera kwakadzikama kwekubhomba kwakananga maguta nevanhu vasiri varwi kwakatevera. [10]
Strategic Bombing yeEurope
Mushure mekupinda muhondo ichitevera Pearl Harbor, US yakaramba ichitora tsika yepamusoro nekubvisa bhomba revanhu. Chimiro ichi chaienderana nemaonero aivepo muAir Force high command yekuti nzira dzekubhomba dzakanyanya dzaive dziya dzairatidza kuparadzwa kwemauto evavengi nekuisa, mafekitori, uye njanji, kwete izvo zvakagadzirirwa kutyisidzira kana kuuraya vasiri varwi. Zvakangodaro, US yakabatana nekubhomba zvisina tsarukano kuCasablanca muna 1943, pakabuda chikamu chebasa cheUS-British umo maBritish akaita kubhomba kwemaguta uye US yakatsvaga kuparadza zvinangwa zvemauto nemaindasitiri. [11] Mumakore ekupedzisira ehondo, Max Hastings akacherekedza kuti Churchill nomukuru wake anobhomba Arthur Harris vakaronga kunangidzira ngwariro “masimba ose anowanika nokuda kwokuparadza kunofambira mberi, kwakarongeka kwenzvimbo dzomumaguta dzeReich, bhuroka reguta nebhuroko reguta, fekitari nefekitari, kutozosvikira muvengi ava rudzi rwematroglodyte, achikwenya mumatongo.” [12] British Strategists vaive nechokwadi chekuti kuparadzwa kwemaguta nehusiku nharaunda kurwiswa kwebhomba kwaizoputsa hunhu hwevagari veGerman vachikanganisa kugadzirwa kwehondo. Kubva 1942 nekubhomba kwaLubeck kuchiteverwa neCologne, Hamburg nevamwe, Harris akatevera zano iri. Kukwana kwekurwisa kubva kumhepo, kana izvo zvinofanirwa kunzwisiswa sekubhomba kwehugandanga, zvinonzwisiswa zviri nani, zvisinei, semubatanidzwa weBritish-America.
Munguva yose ya1942-44, apo hondo yemhepo muEurope yakanyura zvisingaite yakananga kunzvimbo yekubhomba, US Air Force yakazivisa kuomerera kwayo pakubhomba chaiko. Nekudaro, nzira iyi yakatadza kwete kungomanikidza kukanda mapfumo pasi kuGermany kana Japan, asi kunyangwe kukanganisa zvakanyanya pakugona kwavo kuita hondo. Nezvombo zveGerman uye ma interceptors zvichitora mutoro unorema pandege dzeUS, kumanikidzwa kwakasimudzwa kwekuchinja kwehunyanzvi panguva yekukura kwehunyanzvi, huwandu uye huwandu hwendege dzeUS, uye kugadzirwa kwenapalm nekukwana kweradar. Sezvineiwo, nepo radar ingadai yakagadzira nzira yekusimbisazve kubhomba kwehunyanzvi, iko zvino kwave kuitika husiku, mumamiriro ekupera kwehondo izvo zvakaitika kwaive kurwiswa kukuru kwemaguta nevagari vemaguta.
Musi waKukadzi 13-14, 1945 mabhomba eBritish ane ndege dzeUS dzakatevera dzakaparadza Dresden, nzvimbo ine nhoroondo yetsika isina indasitiri yakakosha yemauto kana mabhesi. Nekufungidzira kwekuchengetedza, vanhu 35,000 vakapiswa mukurwiswa kumwe chete kwakatungamirwa. [13] Munyori weAmerica Kurt Vonnegut, zvino wechidiki POW muDresden, akanyora nhoroondo yekare: [14]
“Vakapisa guta rose rakashata . . . . Zuva nezuva taipinda muguta tichichera mudzimba dzepasi nepekugara kuti zvitunha zvibude, senzira youtsanana. Patakapinda mavari, imwe nzvimbo yekuvanda, imba yepasi yaingowanzoita, yaiita sechingoro chemumugwagwa chakazara nevanhu vairwara nemoyo panguva imwe chete. Vanhu chete vakagara muzvigaro zvavo, vakafa. Dutu remoto chinhu chinoshamisa. Hazviitike mumasikirwo. Inodyiswa nechamupupuri chinoitika pakati payo uye hapana chinhu chinoshurikidzwa chokufema.”
“Pamwe chete nemisasa yokuparadza yeNazi, kuurawa kwevasungwa veSoviet neAmerica, uye humwe utsinye hwomuvengi,” anodaro Ronald Schaffer, “Dresden yakava chimwe chezvikonzero zvetsika célèbres zveHondo Yenyika II.” [15] Kunyangwe zvakatonyanya kuipa zvaive zvave kuitika muJapan, Dresden yakamutsa nhaurirano yekupedzisira yakakosha yeruzhinji yekubhomba kwevakadzi nevana kuchaitika munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, uye guta rakafanana nekubhomba kwehugandanga neUS neBritain. Kuuya mushure mekubhomba kweHamburg neMunich, hurumende yeBritain yakatarisana nemibvunzo yakaoma muparamende. [16] MuUnited States, gakava rakanyanya kutsamwiswa kwete nekuparadzwa kwakaitwa nechisimba, asi neAssociated Press mushumo wakabudiswa zvakanyanya muUS neBritain uchitaura zvakajeka kuti "Vakuru vemauto eAllied vakaita sarudzo yakamirirwa kwenguva refu kugamuchira kubhomba kwemaune kwehugandanga kwenzvimbo huru dzevagari vomuGermany sechiito chine utsinye chokukurumidzisa kuparadzwa kwaHitler.” Vakuru veAmerica vakakurumidza kuita chiito kumisa chirevo ichi nekunongedza kukereke huru yakashambadzirwa yeCologne, yakasara yakamira mushure mekubhomba kweUS sechiratidzo chevanhu vekuAmerica, uye nekudzokorora kutevedzera kweUS kumisimboti inorambidza kurwiswa kune zvinangwa zvemauto. Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson akataura kuti "Mutemo wedu hauna kumbobvira wakonzera kubhomba kwehugandanga kuvanhu," vachiti Dresden, senzvimbo huru yekufambisa, yaive yakakosha muchiuto. [17] Muchokwadi, nhaurirano yeruzhinji yeUS, tisingatauri nezvekuratidzira, yaive shoma; muBritain makanga mune kurukurirano huru, asi nokunhuhwira kworukundo mumhepo, hurumende yakanyaradza dutu racho nyore nyore. Kubhomba kwakaenderera mberi. Strategic bhomba yakanga yakunda muedzo wayo wakaomarara mukuita kweruzhinji muBritain neUnited States.
Strategic Bombing yeJapan
Asi maive muPacific theatre, uye kunyanya muJapan, kuti kuzara kwesimba remhepo kwaizonzwika. Pakati pa1932 na1945, Japan yakanga yabhomba Shanghai, Nanjing, Chongqing nemamwe maguta, ichiyedza zvombo zvemakemikari muNingbo uye mudunhu rose reZhejiang. [18] Mumwedzi yekutanga ye1945, United States yakashandura pfungwa dzayo kuPacific sezvo yakawana simba rekurwisa Japan kubva kumabhesi achangotorwa muTinian neGuam. Ipo iyo US yakaramba ichizivisa kuomerera pakubhomba kwehunyanzvi, bvunzo dzesarudzo dzebhomba dzemoto dzakapesana nedzimba dzeJapan muna 1943-44 dzakaratidza kuti mabhomba eM-69 ainyanya kushanda pakurwisa zvivakwa zvehuni zvakazara zvemaguta eJapan. [19] Mumwedzi mitanhatu yekupedzisira yehondo, US yakakanda huremu huzere hwesimba rayo remhepo mumishandirapamwe yekupisa maguta ese eJapan pasi uye kutyisidzira, kusagona uye kuuraya vagari vayo vazhinji vasina dziviriro mukuyedza kumanikidza kukanda mapfumo pasi.
Sezvakataurwa naMichael Sherry naCary Karacas kuUS neJapan zvakateerana, chiporofita chakatangira chiitiko mukuparadzwa kwemaguta eJapan, uye varongi veUS vasati vatanga bhomba. Saka Sherry anocherekedza kuti “Walt Disney akafungidzira kuparadzwa kwakashata kweJapan nemhepo mune yake 1943 yehupenyu. Kukunda Kuburikidza Nesimba Remhepo (zvakavakirwa pabhuku raAlexander P. De Seversky ra1942),” nepo Karacas anoti munyori wechiJapan akatengeswa zvikuru Unna Juzo, kutanga mumavambo ake ma1930 “manovhero ekudzivirira mweya”, aitarisira kuparadzwa kweTokyo nokubhomba. [20] Vese vakasvikira vateereri vakawanda muUS neJapan, mupfungwa dzakakosha vachitarisira zviitiko zvinotevera.
Curtis LeMay akagadzwa semutungamiriri we21st Bomber Command muPacific muna Ndira 20, 1945. Kutorwa kweMariana, kusanganisira Guam, Tinian neSaipan muzhizha 1944 kwakaisa maguta eJapan mukati mechikamu chinoshanda cheB-29 "Superfortress" mabhomba, nepo mhepo yakapera yeJapan nesimba remugungwa zvakaisiya isina dziviriro pakurwisa kwemhepo.
LeMay ndiye aive muvaki wekutanga, mugadziri wehunyanzvi, uye mutauriri anonyanya kutaurwa wemitemo yeUS yekuisa maguta evavengi, uye gare gare misha nemasango, kumwenje kubva kuJapan kuenda kuKorea kuenda kuVietnam. Mune izvi, aive chiratidzo cheAmerican nzira yehondo yakabuda muHondo Yenyika II. Zvichionekwa kubva kune imwe kona, zvakadaro, aingova chinongedzo muketani yekuraira yakanga yatanga kuitisa nzvimbo yekubhomba muEurope. Mutambo iwoyo wemirairo wakakwira kumusoro kuburikidza neJoint Chiefs kusvika kumutungamiri wenyika akabvumidza izvo zvaizova musimboti wehondo yeUS. [22]
US yakatangazve kubhomba kuJapan mushure memakore maviri akanyarara zvichitevera kupambwa kweDoolittle muna 1942 muchirimo cha1944. Chinangwa chekurwisa kwebhomba kwakaparadza maguta makuru eJapan mukati menguva pakati paMay naNyamavhuvhu 1945, US Strategic Bombing Survey yakatsanangura, “ zvimwe kuunza dzvinyiriro huru paari kuti akande mapfumo pasi, kana kuderedza kugona kwake kurwisa kupindirwa. . . . [nokuparadza] gadziriro huru yezvemari nenzanga yenyika.” [23] Chikumbiro chakaitwa neMukuru weVashandi veMakumi maviri eMhepo Yemauto yekunanga imba yamambo chakarambwa, asi mushure mekukundikana kwakatevedzana kubvisa zvakakosha zvakatarwa seNakajima Aircraft Factory yekuJapan kumadokero kweTokyo, nzvimbo yekubhomba kweJapan. maguta akatenderwa. [24]
Hasha dzakazara dzekubhomba moto nenapalm dzakaburitswa husiku hwaKurume 9-10, 1945 apo LeMay yakatumira 334 B-29s yakaderera pamusoro peTokyo kubva kuMariana. Basa ravo raive rekuderedza guta kuita dongo, kuuraya vagari varo, uye kuisa kutya muvapukunyuki, nepeturu ine jellied nenapalm izvo zvaizogadzira gungwa remoto. Vabviswa pfuti dzavo kuti vawane nzvimbo yemabhomba, uye vachibhururuka panzvimbo yakakwirira inosvika 7,000 tsoka kuti vanzvere kuonekwa, mabhomba, ayo akanga agadzirirwa kurwisa kwepamusoro-soro kwepamusoro, akatakura marudzi maviri ekupisa: M47s, 100-pound mafuta egel mabhomba. , 182 nendege imwe neimwe, imwe neimwe inokwanisa kutanga moto mukuru, ichiteverwa neM69s, 6-pound gelled-petroli mabhomba, 1,520 nendege imwe neimwe kuwedzera kune zvishoma zvinoputika zvakakwirira kudzivirira vanodzima moto. [25] Kurwiswa kwenzvimbo iyo US Strategic Bombing Survey inofungidzirwa kuva 84.7 muzana yekugara yakabudirira kupfuura zviroto zvakaipisisa zvevagadziri vemauto emhepo. Kurohwa nemhepo dzinotyisa, marimi akaputiswa nemabhomba akasvetuka nzvimbo yemamaira gumi neshanu yeTokyo achigadzira madutu emoto akapisa nekuuraya zviuru zvevagari vemo.
Kusiyana netsanangudzo yaVonnegut ye“wax museum” yevakaurayiwa muDresden, nhoroondo dziri mukati memoto wakaputira Tokyo zviitiko zvekuponda kukuru. Tauya kuzoyera kushanda kwebhomba nekukanda uremu uye kuuraya zviyero, tichibvisa maonero eavo vakabatwa. Asi zvakadini nevaya vakanzwa hasha dzemabhomba?
Mutori wemifananidzo wemapurisa Ishikawa Koyo akarondedzera migwagwa yeTokyo se“nzizi dzemoto . . . midziyo yefenicha yaibvira moto ichiputika nokupisa, nepo vanhu vamene vaipisa se‘zvitanda zvemachisi’ sezvo misha yavo yemapuranga nemapepa zvaiputika mumirazvo yomoto. Pasi pemhepo nokufema kukuru kwomoto, mafungu makuru emhepo akasimuka munzvimbo dzinoverengeka, achitenderera, achitsetsereka, achisveta matombo akazara edzimba mumoto wadzo.”
Baba Flaujac, mufundisi weFrance, vakafananidza kuputika kwemoto nekudengenyeka kwenyika kweTokyo makore makumi maviri nemaviri apfuura, chiitiko icho kuparadzwa kukuru, imwe nzira yechiporofita, yakanyevera vese vanyori vekuJapan vengano dzesainzi uye vamwe vevarongi vekutanga ve holocaust yeTokyo: [ 26]
“Muna September 1923, mukati mokudengenyeka kwapasi kukuru, ndakaona Tokyo ichibvira kwamazuva mashanu. Ndakaona muHonjo murwi wezvitunha 5 33,000 zvakatsva kana kudzipwa pakatanga kubhombwa . . . Mushure mekudengenyeka kwekutanga pakanga pane 20-asingaenzaniswi nzvimbo dzemoto, zvakakwana kuparadza guta guru. Kupisa kwacho kwaizomiswa sei apo mabhomba anopfuta muzviuru zvezviuru zvino akadonhera kumativi mana oruwa rwacho uye nedzimba dzeJapan dzinongova mabhokisi emachisa? . . . Munhu aigona kubhururuka kupi? Moto wakanga wavapo kwose kwose.”
Zvisikwa zvakasimbisa basa remaoko emunhu muchimiro che akakaze, mhepo tsvuku yakavhuvhuta nesimba rechamupupuri mubani reTokyo ndokufambisa madutu emoto muguta rose nokumhanya kunotyisa uye nesimba. Mhepo yaifambisa tembiricha inosvika madhigirii mazana masere eFahrenheit, ichigadzira mhute yaipisa zvikuru yaienda mberi kwemirazvo yemoto, ichiuraya kana kutadzisa vanhu vayo. “Nzira dzerufu dzakanga dzakawanda uye panguva imwe chete—kushaikwa kweokisijeni uye chepfu ye<em>carbon monoxide, kupisa kunopenya nemirazvo yakananga, marara uye tsoka dzinotsika dzevanhu vaitsika-tsika—izvo zvakazonetsa kuziva zvikonzero zvorufu. . .” [27]
Iyo Strategic Bombing Survey, iyo kuumbwa kwayo mwedzi mishoma yapfuura kwakapa chiratidzo chakakosha cherutsigiro rwaRoosevelt pakubhomba, yakapa tsananguro yehunyanzvi nezvedutu remoto nemhedzisiro yaro paTokyo:
“Chinhu chikuru chemoto . . . kwaiva kuvapo kwemoto pamberi, madziro emoto akatambanudzwa aienda kune leeward, achitangirwa nemhomho yehutsi hunopisa, hwakasviba, hunopisa. . . . Mhepo yemakiromita 28 paawa, yakayera kiromita imwe chete kubva pamoto, yakawedzera kusvika kumakiromita anofungidzirwa kuva 55 paawa, uye zvichida kupfuura mukati. Moto wakawedzerwa wakatsvaira kupfuura 15 square miles mumaawa matanhatu. . . . Nzvimbo yemoto yakatsva inenge 6 muzana; hapana chivako kana kuti zvirimo zvakapukunyuka kukuvara.”
Ongororo yacho yakagumisa - zvinonzwisisika, asi zvezviitiko zvisati zvaitika Nyamavhuvhu 6, 1945 - izvo
“Zvichida vanhu vakawanda vakarasikirwa noupenyu hwavo nomwoto paTokyo munhambo yamaawa 6 kupfuura panguva ipi neipi munhau yomunhu. Vanhu vaifa nokupisa kwakanyanya, kushaikwa kweokisijeni, kufema necarbon monoxide, kutsikwa-tsikwa netsoka dzemhomho yevanhu vaitsika-tsika, uye kunyura. Nhamba hurusa yevanyajambwa yakanga iri mungozi zvikurusa: vakadzi, vana navakweguru.”
Vanhu vangani vakafa pausiku hwaMarch 9-10 mune yakanzi mukuru mukuru wendege Gen. Thomas Power “njodzi imwe huru yakaitika nemuvengi upi noupi munhoroondo yehondo?” The Strategic Bombing Survey inofungidzira kuti vanhu 87,793 vakafa mukupambwa uku, 40,918 vakakuvara, uye vanhu 1,008,005 vakarasikirwa nemisha yavo. VaRobert Rhodes, vachifungidzira vakafa pavarume, vakadzi nevana vanodarika 100,000, vakaratidza kuti zvimwe miriyoni yevamwe vakakuvara uye imwe miriyoni yakasiiwa isina pekugara. Dhipatimendi reMoto reTokyo rinofungidzira kuti 97,000 vakaurayiwa uye 125,000 vakakuvadzwa. Mapurisa eTokyo akapa nhamba ye124,711 vakaurayiwa uye vakakuvadzwa uye 286,358 chivakwa nedzimba dzakaparadzwa. Huwandu hwevanhu vafa vangangosvika zviuru zana, hwakapihwa nevakuru veJapan neAmerica, vese vangangove vaine zvikonzero zvavo zvekudzikisa huwandu hwevanhu vafa, hunoratidzika kwandiri hushoma kana tichitarisa huwandu hwevanhu, mamiriro emhepo, uye maakaundi evapukunyuki. [100,000] Neavhareji yevagari ve28 paskweya mamaira uye nhanho dzepamusoro dzinosvika 103,000 paskweya kiromita, huwandu hwepamusoro hweguta remaindasitiri pasi rose, uye nematanho ekudzima moto asingakwane pabasa iri, 135,000 square mamaira eTokyo aive rakaparadzwa pausiku apo mhepo dzinotyisa dzakarova marimi uye madziro emoto akavhara makumi ezviuru achitiza kuti ararame. Vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 15.8 vaigara munzvimbo dzakatsva. Tichifunga nezvekusakwanisa kurwisa moto wehukuru hwakagadzirwa nemabhomba, zvinokwanisika kufungidzira kuti vakakuvara vangave vakakwira kakawanda kupfuura nhamba dzakaratidzwa kumativi ese emakakatanwa. Iyo imwe chete inoshanda yehurumende yeJapan nhanho yakatorwa kuderedza kuurayiwa kwebhomba reUS kwaive kubviswa muna 1.5 kumaruwa kwevana mazana mana kubva kumaguta makuru, mazana maviri nemakumi maviri neshanu kubva kuTokyo. [1944]
Zvichitevera kurwiswa uku, LeMay, asina kumbobvira ataura mashoko, akataura kuti aida kuti Tokyo "ipiswe - kuparadzwa zvachose pamepu" "kupfupisa hondo." Tokyo yakatsva. Kudenha kwakatevera kwakaita kuti nzvimbo yakaparadzwa yeTokyo isvike makiromita 56 akaenzana kumativi mana, zvichinyandura kutiza kwemamiriyoni evapoteri.
Hapana kubhomba kwakapfuura kana kwakatevera kwakambosvika pedyo nekuunza huwandu hwerufu uye kuparadzwa kwekupambwa kukuru kweTokyo kwaKurume 9-10. Kurwiswa nendege kuTokyo nemamwe maguta eJapan kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi. Maererano nenhamba dzemapurisa eJapan, kurwisa kwe65 paTokyo pakati paDecember 6, 1944 naAugust 13, 1945 kwakaguma nevakafa 137,582, misha 787,145 uye zvivako zvakaparadzwa, uye vanhu 2,625,279 vakatiza misha. [30] Kutevera kupambwa kweTokyo kwaKurume 9-10, kupisa kwemoto kwakawedzera nyika yese. Munguva yemazuva gumi kutanga munaKurume 9, 9,373 matani emabhomba akaparadza 31 masikweya mamaira eTokyo, Nagoya, Osaka neKobe. Pakazere, kurohwa kwemabhomba kwakaparadza makumi mana muzana emaguta makumi matanhatu nematanhatu eJapan akanangana, nehuwandu hwematoni hwakadonhedzwa paJapan huchiwedzera kubva pa40 matani munaKurume kusvika 66 matani muna Chikunguru. [13,800] Kana bhomba reDresden rakaburitsa gakava reruzhinji muEurope, hapana fungu rinonzwisisika rekumukira, tisingatauri nezvekuratidzira, kwakaitika muUS kana Europe mushure mekuparadzwa kukuru kwemaguta eJapan uye kuuraya. yevagari vemo pamwero waive usina enzanirana munhoroondo yekubhomba.
Muna Chikunguru, ndege dzeUnited States dzakafukidza maguta mashomanana akanga asara eJapan akanga asina kubhombwa nemoto ne“Kukumbira Kuvanhu.” "Sekuziva kwamunoita," yakaverenga, "America inomiririra vanhu, haidi kukuvadza vanhu vasina mhosva, saka zviri nani kuti ubve mumaguta aya." Hafu yemaguta ane mashizha akabhombwa nemoto mukati memazuva echenjedzo. Ndege dzeUS dzaitonga matenga. Pakazere, nekuverenga kumwe, mushandirapamwe wekupisa bhomba reUS wakaparadza 180 square mamaira emaguta makumi matanhatu nenomwe, wakauraya vanhu vanopfuura zviuru mazana matatu uye kukuvadza vamwe mazana mana ezviuru, zviverengero zvisingabatanidzi bhomba reatomu reHiroshima neNagasaki. [67]
Pakati paNdira naChikunguru 1945, iyo US yakabhomba nekuparadza ese kunze kwemaguta mashanu eJapan, ichichengetedza nemaune Kyoto, guta remambo wekare, nemamwe mana. Hukuru hwekuparadzwa hwaive hunoshamisa kubva pamakumi mashanu kusvika makumi matanhatu muzana enzvimbo yemadhorobha yakaparadzwa mumaguta anosanganisira Kobe, Yokohama neTokyo, kusvika 50 kusvika 60% mumaguta gumi nemanomwe, kusvika 60% munyaya yeToyama. [88] Pakupedzisira, Atomic Bomb Selection Committee yakasarudza Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, neNagasaki sezvinangwa zvepristine kuratidza simba rinotyisa rebhomba reatomu kuJapan nepasirese muchiitiko chinozounza kumagumo anoshamisa. hondo inodhura zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu uye kutumira shoko rine simba kuSoviet Union.
Michael Sherry akatsanangura zvine mutsindo kukunda kwehunyanzvi hwekuita tekinoroji sechiratidzo chehondo yemhepo iyo yakaumba nzira yeAmerica yekurwa uye yakadzvanya zviyeuchidzo zveHondo kubvira kare:
“Mafungiro anogoverana evanyanyisi vehondo yomumhepo akanga ari kuzvipira kwavo kukuunganidza nokunatsa mitoo yavo yokuparadza, uye . . . kuita kudaro kwaifukidza zvinangwa zvepakutanga zvairuramisa kuparadzwa . . . .Kushaikwa kwevavariro yakaziviswa yokuparadza, pfungwa yokusundwa nezvinodikanwa zviviri zvehurumende noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kwakasiyanisa kunyanyisa kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kweAmerica nokunyanyisa kwemirangariro yevavengi vayo.”
Tekinoroji yekunyanyisa yakashanda kuvanza zvinangwa zvakakura zvesimba kubva kune vanoronga zvechiuto uye neruzhinji. Uku kuumbwa kwekufungidzira, zvisinei, kunoviga musimboti wepfungwa mapatani pamwoyo weAmerican strategic idea. Nguva yehondo tekinoroji yekunyanyisa mumaonero angu inonzwisiswa zvakanyanya senzira yekushandisa zvinangwa zvenyika. Zvakatorwa sezvinei kuve pamutemo uye nerunako rweAmerican simba repasi rose uye maonero evaJapan sevane hutsinye hwakasiyana uye vakaderera. Tekinoroji yakasungirirwa kune simba rekufambisa reAmerican nationalism, iro rakaramba richiuya pamberi munguva dzehondo, uye rakagadzirwa pasi pemamiriro ehondo, kutanga nekukunda kwePhilippine muna 1898 uye kumhanya kuburikidza nehondo dzakatevedzana nezviito zvemapurisa muLatin America uye. Asia yakapararira muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Mune mamwe mazwi, kunyanyisa kwetekinoroji hakuna kupatsanurika kubva kuAmerican nyika uye pfungwa dzeushamwari hweAmerica-inodzorwa pasi rose. Mukupesana neBritish, Japan nedzimwe nyika dzine chekuita nemasimba akawedzera, nzira yekuAmerica kuhurongwa hwepashure pehondo haina kurongeka muchiratidzo chakanangana nekutorwa kwemakoroni asi mumubatanidzwa wepasi rose wezvigaro zvemauto uye simba remugungwa neremumhepo iro mumakore achangopfuura. yakatanga kunzwisiswa senzira yeAmerica yeumambo. [34]
Muchirimo chese nechirimo cha1945 hondo yemuchadenga yeUS muJapan yakasvika pakusimba iyo ichiri pamwe isingaenzaniswi muhukuru hwekuuraiwa kwevanhu. [35] Nguva iyoyo yaive chibereko chemusanganiswa webudiriro yetekinoroji, nyika yeAmerica, uye kuparara kwetsika nezvematongerwo enyika zvine chekuita nekuuraiwa kwevanhuwo zvavo, pamwe kwakawedzerwa nerusaruraganda rwakanga rwakajeka muPacific theatre. [36]
Kuvavarira kuparadzwa kweruzhinji rwese, vangave vanhu veko, vasingatendi mune zvechitendero, kana vamwe vanoonekwa vakaderera kana vakaipa, vanogona kunge vakasakara senhoroondo yevanhu, asi mafomu aanotora ndeatsva setekinoroji yazvino yekuparadza uye hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza. simba remhepo, kubhomba moto uye zvombo zvenyukireya zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa. [37] Nzira inonyanya kukosha iyo Hondo Yenyika II yakaumba hutsika uye tekinoroji yekuparadza kwakawanda yaive kukukurwa kwehondo munguva yehondo yerusarura rwakabatana nehurongwa hwekunangwa kwevagari vemo kubva mumhepo, uye kubviswa kwezvipingamupinyi, iyo kwemamwe makore yakanga yadzivisa mamwe masimba emhepo kubva pakubhomba munharaunda. Chaive chitsva chaive chiyero chekuuraya chakagoneswa nehunyanzvi hutsva uye kurongeka kwekuuraya vanhu vakawanda kana hugandanga hwenyika. Kana nzvimbo yebhomba yakaramba ichikakavadzana mukati meHondo Yenyika II, chimwe chinhu chinofanira kuvanzwa kana kurambwa nevashandi vayo, pakupera kwekupisa kwaizova nzvimbo inogamuchirwa yekugadzira hondo, chiratidzo pamusoro pezvose zveAmerica nzira yehondo kunyange se chimiro chezvinangwa uye zvombo zvakashandurwa nehunyanzvi hutsva uye zvakatarisana nemhando nyowani dzekupikisa. Hongu, kwemakumi matanhatu emakore US (uye avo vari kurwisana pasi peamburera yavo) vanga vari voga mukurwisana nehondo uye nezviito zvemapurisa zvinozivikanwa nekuvimba kwavo nesimba remhepo mune zvese uye nechinangwa chekuda kuparadzwa kwevanhu, uye zvivakwa zvinoita kuti vararame. , zvikuru sei. Zvirokwazvo munguva ino hapana vamwe vakabhomba pachiyero chinosvika icho cheUS. IUS yaizovanza kutsakatiswa nemaune kwevasiri varwi nefigleaf inotsanangurwa naSahr Conway-Lanz sengano yekukuvadzwa kwechibvumirano, ndiko kudanwa, zvisinei nekurongeka kwebhomba, chinangwa kwaiva kubviswa kwezvinangwa zvehondo, kwete kuuraya vasiri varwi.
Kuedza kwakabatana kudzivirira vanhuwo zvavo kubva mukuparadza kwehondo kwakasvika pakakwirira mushure meHondo Yenyika II pakuvambwa kweUnited Nations, Germany neJapan War Crimes Tribunals, uye 1949 Geneva Accords ne1977 Protocol yayo. The Nuremberg Indictment inotsanangura "mhosva pamusoro pevanhu" se "mhondi, kuparadza, kuita nhapwa, kudzingwa, uye zvimwe zviito zvehutsinye zvakaitwa kune chero vagari vemo, hondo isati yatanga kana munguva yehondo," mutauro wakaita zvine simba nenharaunda yekubhomba mishandirapamwe kwete yeJapan chete uye. Germany asi yeBritain neUS. [38] Kuedza uku kunoratidzika kunge hakuna kuita zvishoma kuchengetedza ruoko rwesimba. Zvirokwazvo, nepo bhomba reatomu raizosiya mucherechedzo wakadzama pakuziva kwakabatana kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, ndangariro dzenzvimbo yacho mabhomba nokubhomba kwemaguta makuru kwakakurumidza kunyangarika kubva mukuziva kwavose kunze kwevakakuvadzwa.
Kugona kuparadza guta rose uye kutsakatisa vagari varo mumushandirapamwe wekubhomba kwakange kusiri "kunyatsoshanda" uye kudhura zvakanyanya kune anorwisa kupfuura nzira dzekare dzehondo, zvakare yakachenesa kuuraya. Simba remhepo rakabvisa vaurayi kubva kune vakakuvadzwa, kushandura maonero uye tactile ruzivo rwekuuraya. Bombardier haimbotarisi zvakananga mumaziso enyajambwa, uyewo chiito chokuparadza hachina simba rokubvisa musoro nomunondo kana kuti kunyange kupfura nomuchina. Izvi zvinogona kunyanya kukosha kana vavariro huru vari vakadzi, vana uye vakwegura.
Kubhomba kweatomu kweHiroshima neNagasaki kwaive musimboti wenzira yekuparadza veruzhinji mukutsvaga kukunda kwemauto. Nepo Mutungamiri Truman akataura kuti bhomba reHiroshima rakananga kunzvimbo yemauto, danho rekuparadza bhomba mudenga pamusoro peHiroshima neNagasaki rakatorwa kuti riwedzere kuuraiwa kwevagari vemo uye kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo yakavakwa. Yakaverengerwawo kuratidza kuhurumende yeJapan nevanhu, kune zviremera muSoviet Union nevamwe vangangopikisa hukuru hweAmerica, uye kuvanhu vepasirese, masimba ese emasimba eAmerica uye kuparadzwa kwaizoshanyirwa. chero ani zvake aishora United States. Gakava pamusoro pekushandiswa kwebhomba reatomu kuHiroshima neNagasaki rakadzokororwa mukati menguva yese yapashure pehondo, rakanangana nekuuraiwa kwevasiri varwi uye nekukosha kwaro mukupedza Hondo Yenyika II uye kuumba kurwisana kweUS-Soviet kwakazotsanangura mushure mehondo geopolitics. [39] Neimwe nzira, zvakadaro, iko kutarisisa kwegakava iro pabhomba reatomu, uye gare gare pakugadzirwa kwebhomba rehydrogen, rinogona kunge rakabatsira kunyarara kwenyaya dzisinganyanyi kunetseka dzine chekuita nekuurayiwa kwevasiri varwi. zvombo zvine simba zvakanyanya 'zvakajairika'.
IUS haina kudonhedza mabhomba eatomu zvakare mumakumi matanhatu emakore kubva pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II, kunyangwe yakaramba ichityisidzira kushandiswa kwavo muKorea, muVietnam nekumwewo. Asi yakabatanidza kuparadzwa kwevasiri varwi muzvirongwa zvekubhomba izvo zvakakoshera kune dzakatevedzana "hondo dzechinyakare" idzo dzakazorwa. Nekubhomba kwenzvimbo padanho rehurongwa hwayo, kurwiswa kweUS kumaguta nevasiri varwi kwaizomhanyisa gamut kubva kubhomba remoto, napalming, bhomba remasumbu, uye bhomba reatomu kusvika pakushandiswa kwemakemikari defoliants uye yakapera uranium zvombo uye bunker buster mabhomba mune inoramba ichikura. denderedzwa rekuparadzwa. [40] Kubhomba zvisina tsarukano kwevasiri varwi kwave kwakakonzera kuparadza kukuru uye kurasikirwa kwehupenyu panguva yese iyi, kunyangwe iyo US ichitsigira zvakasimba kuti haiuraye nemaune vanhu, nekudaro ichichera kuConway-Lanz's collateral damage principle kuti ichengetedze kwete. chete kubva pakushoropodzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika muUS, asiwo kubva mukushoropodzwa kwenyika dzese.
Hondo Yenyika II inoramba isingaenzaniswi muzvinyorwa zvehondo nematanho anokosha akadai sehuwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa uye kukura kwekuparadza kukuru. Muhondo iyoyo, kwakanga kusiri kubhomba kwemaguta asi kuurayiwa kwevaNazi kwevaJudha, vaKaturike, vaRomany, ngochani uye vamwe vanhu vokuGermany pamwe chete nevaPoles, kuvhozhokera kweGermany kweSoviet Union, uye kuuraya kwevaJapan vakanga vasiri varwi veAsia uko kwakakonzera mutengo wakaoma zvikurusa muhondo iyoyo. hupenyu hwevanhu. Mumwe nemumwe wemienzaniso iyi yaive nehunhu hwayo hwakasiyana uye nhoroondo nemafungiro ekwakabva. Zvese zvakatsamira pakufungidzira kwakashata pamusoro pe "vamwe" uye zvakaburitsa kuuraya kukuru kwevasiri varwi. Hondo yeJapan yeChina yakabudisa nyaya dzinozivikanwa dzehutsinye idzo, ipapo uye gare gare, dzakatora ngwariro yenyika. Vaisanganisira Nanjing Massacre, mabhomba eShanghai, Nanjing, Hankou, Chongqing nemamwe maguta, huranda hwevakadzi vanonyaradza, uye vivisection kuyedza uye biowarfare mabhomba eChikamu 731. Zvisinganyanyi kucherechedzwa ipapo uye kubva ipapo uye kubva panguva iyo yakarongeka yakashata yaiitwa kusingagoneki. vagari vomumusha, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvakabudisa nhamba huru zvikuru yevanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni gumi kusvika kumakumi matatu echiChina vakarasikirwa noupenyu hwavo muhondo, nhamba inopfuura nokure hafu yemirioni kana kupfuura vasiri varwi vechiJapan vakafira mumaoko ebhomba reUnited States, uye vangave vakapfuura Soviet Union. Kurasikirwa nekupinda kweNazi kwakajairika kunofungidzirwa pamamiriyoni makumi maviri ehupenyu. [20] Muhondo idzodzo uye dzaizotevera ingave kusaina hutsinye hwakadai seNanjing Massacre, iyo Bataan Rufu Kurume, uye kuuraya kuNogunri neMy Lai kwete zviitiko zvequotidian zvinotsanangura kurongeka kwezuva nezuva neawa, izvo zvakwezva. ngwariro yakatsiga, yakamutsa gakava rinorwadza, uye yakaumba ndangariro yenhau.
Hondo yakafa muEurope moga muHondo yeNyika II, kubatanidza Soviet Union, yakakarakadzwa pakati pamamirioni 30 kusvikira ku 40, makumi mashanu muzana kupfuura nhamba yakaitika muHondo yeNyika I. Kuna ikoku tinofanira kuwedzera vanyajambwa vokuAsia vane mamiriyoni 25 kusvikira ku 35. muhondo yokudzivisa yemakore gumi namashanu muChina (1931-45), maJapan anoda kusvika mamiriyoni matatu, uye mamwe mamiriyoni muSoutheast Asia. Pakati pezviitiko zvakakosha zvekuurayiwa kwevasiri varwi muHondo Yenyika II, kuparadzwa kweUS kwemaguta eJapan zvimwe kunozivikanwa uye kushoma gakava. Mukupesana negakava rinotyisa uye rinoramba riripo pamusoro pekubhomba kweatomu kweHiroshima neNagasaki, kuparadzwa kweNazi kwemaJuda nevamwe, uye mabhomba madiki madiki eDresden neHamburg, uye hutsinye hweJapan hwakadai seNanjing Massacre uye kuyedza kwevivisection. yeUnit 731, kubhomba kweUS kwemaguta eJapan kwave kunyangarika kubva kune dzimwe nyika uye kunyangwe kuAmerica neJapan nhoroondo yekurangarira hondo.
MuHondo Yenyika I, makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana evakafa zvakakonzerwa nehondo vaive vemauto, vangangoita vese vekuEurope neAmerica. Kufungidzira kwakawanda kunoisa vanhu vakafa muHondo Yenyika II muEurope vari pakati pe50-60 muzana vasiri varwi. Muchinoitika cheAsia, apo vanourawa nenzara inokonzerwa nehondo vanobatanidzwa, nhamba yenzufu dzisiri dzokurwa dzakanga dzakatokwira zvikuru muzvose zviri zviviri mhedziso uye muzana. [42] United States, nyika yekwayo isina kubatwa nehondo, yakafa zviuru zana muAsia theatre yese, nhamba yakaderera pane iyo yekurwiswa kwemhepo kweTokyo kwaKurume 100,000, 10, uye pasi pehuwandu hwevakafa kuHiroshima kana mu. Hondo yeOkinawa. Mamirioni matatu ehondo dzeJapan dzakafa, nepo makumi matatu nhamba yeUS yakafa, yakanga ichiri chikamu chidiki chevazhinji vakatambura nemaChinese vakaramba mauto eJapan juggernaut. Idzi ndidzo nhamba dzevakakuvara zvekuti US, nekusarwa hondo paivhu rayo kubva kuHondo yeVanhu, uye nekugadzirisa nzira dzinowedzera simba rayo retekinoroji nehupfumi uye nekuderedza kukuvadzwa kwayo, yaizodzokorora kune mukana wakakura wenhamba muhondo dzinotevera. .
Hondo Yenyika II inoramba yakanyorwa zvisingadzimiki mundangariro dzeAmerica se "Hondo Yakanaka" uye nenzira dzakakosha yaive. Mukunangana nemichina yehondo yeNazi Germany neImperial Japan, United States yakaita basa guru mukukurira vapambi uye kuzarura nzira yefungu rokubvisa koloni rakatsvaira pasi rose mumakumi amakore akatevera. Yakanga iriwo hondo yakakwidza United States pahukuru hwepasirese uye yakamisa hwaro hwemasangano ekufungidzira kwepasi rose kwesimba reAmerica murutivi rwezvigadziko zvemauto uye hukuru husingaenzaniswi hwetekinoroji.
Kune vazhinji vekuAmerica, mukutarisa Hondo Yenyika II yakaita se "Hondo Yakanaka" neimwe pfungwa: US yakapinda ikabuda muhondo yakazadzwa nehunhu hwakakwana hwakatakurwa nechinangwa chekuranga hutsinye nenzira yekuuraya rudzi rweNazi fascism uye Japan imperialism inomhanya. amok. Zvakare, vanhu vekuAmerica vanorangarira rupo rwerubatsiro rweUS kwete chete kuhondo dzakabvaruka, asi kuvakazve nzanga dzevaimbove mhandu, Germany neJapan. Dudziro yakadai inovhara mwero wekuti vanhu vekuAmerica vakagovana nevadzivisi vavo hukama husingaperi uye kukurudzira kwekuwedzera. Kusiyana nehumambo hwematunhu ekare, izvi zvakatora chimiro chezvimiro zvitsva zvedunhu nepasi rose zvinofambisa kushandiswa kwesimba reAmerica. Kukunda uku, uko kwakaita kuti US isvike pachinzvimbo chaive nechinzvimbo chekutonga uye kuranga mhosva dzehondo dzakaparwa nenyika dzakakundwa, chinoramba chiri chipingamupinyi chikuru pakuongororwazve kwemaitiro ehondo yeUS kazhinji, uye nyaya dzekuparadza kukuru kwakaitwa. nemasimba ayo kunyanya.
Hondo Yenyika II, kuvaka uye kuwedzera mafungiro eatavistic akadzika midzi mumagariro ekare uye nekuabatanidza nematekinoroji anoparadza, akagadzira maitiro matsva ehuori hwevanhu. Mhosva dzeGermany neJapan dzakagara dzichishoropodzwa pasi rose kubva kumatare emhosva dzehondo dzema1940 kusvika parizvino. [43] KuNuremberg uye nemiedzo yakatevera, vanopfuura 1,800 veGerman vakabatwa nemhosva dzehondo uye 294 vakaurayiwa. PaKutongwa kweTokyo, 28 vakapomerwa mhosva uye vanomwe vakatongerwa rufu. Pakuedzwa kwekirasi A uye B kwakatevera kwakaitwa nemasimba akabatana pakati pa1945 na1951, maJapan 5,700, maKorea neTaiwanese vakapomerwa. 984 vakatongerwa rufu pakutanga (mitongo ye50 yeiyi yakaderedzwa); 475 vakagamuchira mitongo youpenyu hwose, uye 2,944 44 vakagamuchira mitongo mishomanene yomutorongo. Mhedzisiro yekukundwa kwemauto, kugara, uye matare emhosva dzehondo zvakarebeswa uye kufungisisa kwakadzama uye kuzvishora nemapoka akakosha mukati menyika mbiri idzi. Panyaya yeGermany - asi isati yasvika Japan - kwave nekucherechedzwa zviri pamutemo kwehutsotsi hwekuuraya rudzi uye mamwe marongero ehutsinye pamwe nekudzoserwa kwakakodzera kune vakakuvadzwa nenzira yekukumbira ruregerero neruzhinji uye kudzoreredza kwakakura kuri pamutemo. Kune chikamu chayo, nyika yeJapan inoramba ichiramba kudzoserwa zviri pamutemo kune vakabatwa nehondo sevashandi vekuKorea neChina uye mauto anonyaradza vakadzi (varanda vepabonde), nepo hondo ichiramba iri nyaya inopokana nehungwaru nezvematongerwo enyika sezvakaratidzwa nemakumi emakore akareba. kukakavara pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvekurapa kwekolonialism nehondo, shrine yeYasukuni (chiratidzo chemambo-yakatarisana nenyika, humambo nehondo), mauto anonyaradza vakadzi, uye kukakavara kweNanjing Massacre. [XNUMX]
Kusiyana nemhinduro idzi kuhondo muGermany neJapan, uye kunyangwe kune gakava ririkuenderera mberi muUS nezve mashandisirwo ebhomba reatomu, pakange pasina ruzivo rwe, tisingatauri nezvekufungisisa kwakanyanya, kubhomba kweUS. Vagari veJapan mumwedzi isati yasvika Hiroshima. Kubhomba kwakarongeka kwevasiri varwi veJapan mukati mekuparadzwa kwemaguta eJapan kunofanirwa kuwedzerwa kune runyorwa rwezvakashata zvehondo izvo zvinosanganisira kuurayiwa kweNazi uye huwandu hwemhosva dzehondo dzeJapan kurwisa vanhu vekuAsia. Chete nekuita nyaya, uye pamusoro pezvese kukanganisa kwemaitiro aya kukuuraya kukuru kwevasiri varwi kwave pakati pehondo dzese dzakazotevera dzeUS, maAmerican vanogona kutanga kuswedera kuNuremberg yakanaka inobata vakundi pamwe nekukundwa kune imwechete miyero. ruremekedzo kune mhosva dzakapokana nevanhu, kana mwero we1949 Geneva Accord inoda kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu munguva yehondo. Uyu ndiwo musimboti wepasi rose wakanyorwa kuNuremberg uye wakatyorwa mukuita neUS nevamwe kutanga nemiedzo ye1946, iyo yakazivisa kusadzivirirwa kweUS kubva pakupomerwa mhosva dzehondo.
Mukutongera rufu vapari vemhosva vehondo yeNazi, Mutongi Robert Jackson, Mukuru weMazano weUnited States, akataura nounyanzvi, uye nenzira isingakanganwiki, pamusoro penheyo yezvakasikwa zvose. "Kana zvimwe zviito zvekutyora zvibvumirano zviri mhosva," akadaro, "imhosva kunyangwe United States inozviita kana kuti Germany inozviita.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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