Kwakabva: Climate & Capitalism
Mipiro yakanaka yevanotsigira degrowth inofanirwa kucherechedzwa, kunyanya, kufunga kwavo zvakare kukura kwehupfumi pasi pecapitalism, vachitsoropodza chiyero chayo, GNP / GDP, pamwe nekunongedza kushandiswa kusingagadzirisike kwecapitalism kwezviwanikwa, kunyanya mafossil mukugadzirwa kwayo. zvezvinhu zvekugadzira purofiti zvisinei nekukanganisa kwazvinoita pahutano hwevanhu nenharaunda. Kupfuurirazve, vanotsoropodza zvine hungwaru maeco-modernists avo vanoti kungotsiva tekinoroji chaiyo muhupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwazvino hwecapitalism kuchave kwakakwana kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nevanhu uye zvakasikwa.
Asi mhinduro dzedegrowth dzinopihwa dzakakanganisika uye mhando yavo haigone kugamuchirwa nevepasi rose vanoshanda, kunyangwe ichikwezva zvikamu zvekirasi yehunyanzvi.[1] Vatsigiri veDegrowth vanowanzotadza kuburitsa hunhu hwekukura kwehupfumi, huchipinda mudengu rimwe chete; i.e., inogadzika / kugadzirisa zvinodiwa zvakakosha zvevanhu uye zvisikwa zvinopesana nekusagadzikana, zvichisiya ruzhinji rwevanhu muhurombo kana kuipa. Degrowthers vanonongedzera kune yakasarudzika chinzvimbo chevashandi muNorth yepasirese kana ichienzaniswa neavo vari kuSouth yepasirese chikamu chikuru chedambudziko, pachinzvimbo chekuziva kuti boka revashandi vepasirese haringobatsiri chete nekukura kwezvikamu zvinosangana nezvinodiwa mune zvese zviri zviviri. Kumaodzanyemba neKumaodzanyemba kwepasirese asi kunofanirwa kunge kuri simba rinotungamira kukunda mafossil capital.[1, 2, 3]
Kutaura kunozivikanwa muhurukuro yokuderera ndekwokuti โkukura kusingagumi panyika ine magumo kunotungamirira kungwavaira yemhoteredzo isingadzivisiki.โ[4] Ichi chirevo chinotadza kudzikamisa hunhu hwekukura, chii chiri kukura, chii chinofanira kuderera, pasi pehutongi hupi hwesimba? Kunyange zvazvo kune miganhu yakajeka yekukura kwehutano hwepasi rose, nei ruzivo uye tsika dzisingakwanisi kuramba dzichikura kwenguva yakareba mune ramangwana muhupfumi hwepasi rose uye hwepanyama uye hwezvematongerwo enyika?
Pamusoro pezvo, vanokura vanotungamira vanoti 'Zvinhu zvepasi rose nesimba "kuburikidza" zvinofanirwa kudzikira, kutanga nenyika idzo dzine chikwereti chezvakatipoteredza kune mamwe. Simba uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinofanira kuderera nokuti zvinhu zvinotorwa pasi pano zvinokonzera kukuvadza kukuru kuzvinhu zvipenyu uye kuvanhu vanorarama nazvo.โ [5]. Mukupesana: Nezvekubuda kwezvinhu, tinopokana kuti zvinofanirwa kuwedzera pasi rose mukuchinja kwe ecosocialist sekuguma kweGreen New Deal:
"Mushanduko yezve ecosocialist, sezvatinofungidzira, chirongwa ichi chaisazove chekuderera, asi chekupedza zvachose kubva muMilitary-Industrial Complex (MIC). Kutsakatika kweMIC kwaizosunungura zvinhu zvakawanda, kunyanya simbi, kugadzira mhepo yepasi rose nemagetsi ezuva. "[6]
Vanotungamira degrowthers vanotsigira kudzikiswa kwepasi rose kwekushandiswa kwesimba,[5, 7, 8] inova chirevo chekufa kwevanhu vakawanda, nokuti ichavapa mhosva kune hurombo hwesimba hwakanyanya kudarika huripo, pamwe nekudzivirira kusikwa kwesimba remhepo / rezuva rinodiwa pakugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze uye kuderedza. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya angaita kuti zvisaite kuzadzisa chinangwa chekudziya kwepasirese 1.5 deg C, zvichibva zvawedzera mukana wenjodzi yemamiriro ekunze nekutyisa kwakaipisisa kupfuura zvatiri kuona.
Uye pakupedzisira vanotsigira chinangwa chehupenyu "hunogutsa" hweruzhinji rwevanhu vanogara muSouth yepasirese, mukusiyana nemwero wepamusoro wevazhinji muNorth yepasirese, pachinzvimbo chekuda nekugadzira nzira yekuenda kunzvimbo yepamusoro. -ye-ye-sainzi tarisiro yehupenyu / mhando yehupenyu inogoneka kune vese vana muhupenyu hwavo.[9, 10]
Uku kushoropodza kuderera kune zvakakosha kuhurongwa uye zano reGlobal Green New Deal (GGND). Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, nepo degrowthers zvine hungwaru kupokana kudzikisa kushandiswa kwesimba musimba rinoparadza simba reU.S., mukuchinja kune simba rinodzokororwa, ivo zvakare vanoti kushandiswa kwesimba repasi rose kunofanirwa kudzika nedanho rakakura pamakumi emakore ari kuuya.[8, 11, 12] Kana ichiwedzera kuziviswa neiyo ecosocialist ajenda, GGND ichave nekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika, kugadzirwa kwemhepo/solar simba zvivakwa zvinotsiva mafuta efossil, kudzoreredza kwechisikigo ecosystem, agro-ecologies, green infrastructure nezvimwe.
Vachembera vanotadza kuziva mutsauko wakakosha pakati pekubata kwakanyanya kwesimba resolar rinogadzira mhepo/solar simba uye fossil mafuta emagetsi ekupa nekuda kwekusanzwisisa kwavo thermodynamics, kunyanya pfungwa ye entropy mukutora kwavo Georgescu-Roegen's (G-R. ) hunyengeri hunonzi mutemo wechina, unosanganisa masisitimu akavhurika uye akavharika zvine chekuita nesimba uye kutamiswa kwevanhu vakawanda; nzvimbo yePasi haina kuvharwa asi kuti yakavhurika kune simba rinopinda nekubuda. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mutemo wechina weG-R wakarambwa makore anopfuura makumi matatu apfuura kunyangwe nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzinotungamira dzakaziva kuti mwaranzi yezuva iri kuuya inogona kuve simba rebudiriro yepasi rose.[13] Simba rezuva / remhepo rakakwana repasi rose, rakakura kudarika rinoshandiswa pasi rose, rinogona kubvisa hurombo hwemagetsi hunosimudza tarisiro yehupenyu hwepasi rose kusvika kune yepamusoro-soro yepasirese, apo ichigadzira kukwanisa kuderedza mamiriro ekunze uye kugadzirisa. Kupfuurirazve, uku kugovazve kwesimba rekupa kunogona kugonesa kupera kwechokwadi kwekucherwa kwemugodhi kuburikidza nekudzokorodza uye zvemaindasitiri ecologies.[14]
Zero chaiyo, kwete "net zero," ndiyo chete nzira inogoneka yekusangana ne1.5 deg C kudziya kwechinangwa chakagadzwa neIPCC, mune inoenderera mberi ichiitika ecosocialist GND nekuvaka kugona kwevashandi vepasi rose nevadyidzani vayo (nharaunda dzemuno, ecofeminist vakadzi masangano uye vanhu vese vakadzvinyirirwa pasirese) kukanganisa hurongwa hwehumambo hweMIC uye kukunda mauto efossil capital nemidziyo yayo yezvematongerwo enyika muhurumende. Panguva imwecheteyo "girini" capital inofanira kupikiswa nekuvaka hutongi hwepasi rose hunodiwa kune zvakatipoteredza, mushandi uye kuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda.
Extractivism idambudziko chairo rinofanirwa kutarisana nemhepo / solar shanduko yekumisa mafuta ezvicherwa, kugadzira hurongwa hwakarurama hunochengetedza kodzero uye hutano hwevanhu vepasirese pasirese, pamwe nevashandi nenharaunda dzakakanganiswa. Pane mikana yakakosha yeramangwana yekumisa migodhi mushanduko iyi, kureva kudzokorodza zvinhu zvakakura zvesimbi zvino zvakaiswa mufossil mafuta uye zvivakwa zvemauto, kutsiva zvinhu zvakajairika kune zvisingawanzo (semuenzaniso, mabhatiri anoshandisa NaS, Fe / mhepo nezvimwewo), kusimudzira kufambisa kwevanhu panzvimbo yekuvimba nekugadzira mazana emamiriyoni emotokari dzemagetsi. Ikozvino kune yakakosha kuchengetedza kwesimba mukudzoreredza simbi pane kuchera maore avo:
"yakadzokororwa simbi yealuminium (semuenzaniso, mumhando yemagaba), inogona kungocheneswa nekunyungudutswazve, kuchengetedza 94% yesimba raizodiwa kugadzira aluminium kubva mumatombo ... yesimbi, idzo dzinowanzova nyore kudzokorodza uye neimwe nzira dzinowanzoda kugadzirwa nemigodhi ine simba rakawanda uye kugadzirwa kwesimbi. Semuyenzaniso, simba rekuchengetedza kubva ku beryllium recycling i80%, lead 75%, iron nesimbi 72%, uye cadmium 50%.[15]
Sezvo simba rinowanikwazve richikura pasi rose kushandisa simba iri kudzokorora kunoderedza zvakanyanya kuburitswa kwegreenhouse pamwe nemugodhi. Mikana iyi inosimbisa kudiwa kweshanduko yesimba rinowanikwazve ichiwedzera kuziviswa neiyo ecosocialist ajenda, kunyanya kuparadzwa kwepasirese uye kutonga kwemagariro ekugadzira nekushandisa.
Mupepa redu richangoburwa richiratidza shanduko ye zero chaiyo, tinogumisa kuti nekupera kwemarasha / gasi rechisikigo rinoshandiswa mumakore gumi, uye nemafuta akajairwa mumakore makumi maviri, simba repasi rose remhepo / rezuva richishandisa tekinoroji iripo inogona kugadzirwa. zvakakwana kupedza hurombo hwesimba muSouth yepasi rose, uye kupa kudzikamisa kwemamiriro ekunze kunoshanda uye kugadzirisa.[14] Kurumidza kudzoreredza zvisikwa zvipenyu uye kuchinjira kune agroecologies / kurima patsva kwakakosha uye kunozobatsira mukuderedza mamiriro ekunze asi kuchaganhurwa nekudziya kwemangwana kusvika kune 1.5 deg C chinangwa nekuda kwekudzikisira kugona uye kuzara kweivhu kabhoni pool. Nekudaro, Direct Air Capture yecarbon dioxide uye chengetedzo yekusingaperi mucrust ingangodiwa kuzadzisa ichi chinangwa chekudziya.
Munhaurirano inokakavara inotarisana nematambudziko aripo ayo akatarisana nevanhu, John Bellamy Foster anodaro. โkuti tinoda hupfumi hwakarongwa nehutongi hwegutsaruzhinji hunosimbisa mhinduro dzisina simba shoma uye hunoderedza marara nekuparadzwa; kuti nyika inofanira kuenda kunhanho dzakaenzana pamunhu mumwe nomumwe ekushandiswa kwesimba, kumwe kunenge pamwero weItaly nhasi (kubvumira nyika dzine urombo kuwana.)[16]
Ndinobvumirana nezano iri, kana "zvigadziriswa-pasi-simba" zvinoreva kusangana nevanhu uye zvisikwa zvidikanwi chaizvo nemasimba mashoma anodiwa. Kupfuurirazve, fungidziro yedu pachedu yekushandiswa kwesimba rinodikanwa pamunhu wega wega kupedza hurombo hwepasi rose iri padyo neiyo Italy yekutanga kushandiswa kwesimba pamunhu, angangoita 3 kusvika 3.4 kW pamunhu, nedanho rekupedzisira rinoverengerwa kubva kune pre-denda simba data. ye2019, tichiona kuderera kwegumi muzana muna 10.[3, 14, 17] Ziva kuti Italy iri pachinhanho che6 kune tarisiro yehupenyu hwenyika dzepasi.[18] Tichifunga huwandu hwevanhu hunosvika mabhiriyoni mapfumbamwe uye kuwedzera kwesimba rekushandisa zvakanaka kwe9%, tinoronga chinangwa chepasi rose chekushandiswa kwesimba rekushandisa kwegore ra30 chinoenderana nedanho remagetsi re2050 TW, zvakafanana nezvino. Zvisinei, simba rekuwedzera rinozodiwa pakugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze uye kugadzirisa pamwe chete nekusangana nemamwe matambudziko achawedzera chinangwa ichi kuti chisapfuura 19 nguva yezinga razvino, kureva, 1.5 TW. [14]
Foster inoenderera mberi:
โSaka, basa raHickel (pamwe chete neraAndreas Malm nevamwe) rinotaurwa nezvaro muchikamu 3 chakaburitswa cheIPCC. Yechitanhatu Ongororo sezvinoratidzira bviro yezvirongwa zvesimba rakaderera, zvinoonekwa setariro huru zvino yokuramba iri pasi pewedzero iri pasi pe1.5ยฐC muavhareji yeavhareji yepasi pose, uye sokugovera zvibvumikiso pamusoro pokusatsiga kwecapitalism.โ[19]
uye,
"Tariro yechokwadi chete mumakore ari mberi, 'Mitigation Report' yakabudiswa, inzira dzisina simba shoma, dzinogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba ne40 muzana, panguva imwe chete ichivandudza mamiriro evanhu."[20]
Nekudaro, pane kudzikisira ne40 muzana, kuwana kuenzana kwepasirese padanho rekutanga rekushandisa simba reItaly sevatsigiri veFoster zvichaguma ne "kuvandudza mamiriro evanhu" nekubvisa hurombo hwepasi rose mumakumi mashoma anotevera ezana rino ramakore, tichisangana neiyo 1.5 deg. C chinangwa chekudziya chinoda simba rakawanda kupfuura razvino sezvakakurukurwa kare.
Sezvo GDP yakanyatsoshoropodzwa nevanodzikisira sechiyero chehupfumi hwakasimba, nepo tichiziva kukanganisa kukuru kwehupfumi hweGDP hunodzorwa nefossil capital, iyo GDP level pachayo haingove chiratidzo chekukura kusingafadzirwe kwehupfumi. Kuongorora kwehutano kunodiwa. Izvo zvikamu zvehupfumi zvinokonzeresa GDP zvinobatsira mukukura kwehupfumi hunodiwa pakugadzirisa zvinodiwa nevanhu uye zvisikwa kana kuti vari kusimudzira kutyisidzira kuri kuwedzera kwenjodzi yemamiriro ekunze uye kuparara kwemamiriro ekunze? Zvakadaro, zvakakosha kuti tizive kuti kubatanidza kukura kwehupfumi kubva kune zvakaipa pasi pekugadzirwa kwemari muGGND kunozongoitika muchidimbu kunze kwekunge shanduko yakasimba yezvemagariro ecosocialist yaitika. Nekudaro hazvishamise kuti kupatsanura muhupfumi hwecapitalist kwave kusvika pari zvino zvakanyanyisa.[21]
Kune akati wandei mienzaniso ye degrowth yakaderera-simba kudzikisira mamiriro.[22] Iwo anoratidzirwa neGDP yakaderera, hapana tekinoroji yakaipa yekuburitsa kunze kwekusimudzira zvitoro zvekabhoni yevhu, uye kudzikiswa kwepasi rose mukushandiswa kwesimba. Tinokakavara kuti kana ikashandiswa vaizosiya nyika yeSouth neurombo hwesimba, uye nyika ine simba risina kukwana pasi rose rekugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze uye kugadzirisa, kuisa pangozi kuputsa 1.5 deg C yekudziya chinangwa. Kusiyana neizvi, mamiriro edu ezvinhu angave ane mwero kusvika pakakwirira GDP, kugadzira yakakwira mhepo yepasi rose / simba rezuva, uye kana simba rakakwana remhepo / rezuva riri panzvimbo iyo inogona kuitika yekunangana kwemhepo kubatwa kwekabhoni dhaidhiyo / kuchengetedzwa kwekusingaperi mucrust. [14]
Foster anonyatso ratidza mutoro wechikwereti chezvakatipoteredza.
"Uyezve, mutoro munguva yedu unofanirwa kuiswa zvakanyanya kune nyika dzakapfuma, sezvo dziri idzo dzakashandisa yakawanda yepasi rose kabhoni bhajeti, iine hupfumi hwepamusoro pamunhu, huwandu hwepamusoro pamunhu wekushandisa simba, yakanyanya kabhoni. tsoka pamunhu, uye zvakare kutonga yakawanda yetekinoroji. Iyo yakakosha capitalist system muGlobal North ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera kuwanda kwekabhoni dioxide yakaunganidzwa mumhepo kubva kuRevolution Revolution. Nhasi, kuwanda kwepasi rose kabhoni dhayokisaidhi kuburitswa kwakanangidzirwa mumazana mashoma emakambani epasi rose uye mari yemauto. Kwose ikoku kunosimbisa kuti nyika dzakapfuma dzecapitalist dziri pakati pegadziriro yenyika dzine mungava wezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yenyika yose.โ[23]
Ecosocialist GGND ine mukana wekufambisa nzira yekuenda electrified solar communism muzana remakore rechi21,[24, 6, 25] ari Solarcommunicene. [26] Foster naClark vakatumidza iyo post-Capitalinian (nyika inotongwa nekukura kwemari) zera iro Communian.[27]
Notes
[1] Matt Huber 2021, Mararamiro Ezvakatipoteredza Haambofi Akakunda Vashandi, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/08/lifestyle-environmentalism-will-neveโฆ.
[2] Matt Huber 2021, Climate Doom Haizoponesa Nyika, https://www.jacobinmag.com/ 2021/07/working-class-vision-climate-change-green-new-deal.
[3] Peter Schwartzman naDavid Schwartzman 2019, Nyika Haisi Kutengeswa: Nzira Inobuda muFossil Capitalism kune Imwe Nyika Iyo Ichiri Kugoneka.. Singapore: World Scientific.
[4] George Monbiot 2019, Dambudziko iCapitalism, https://www.monbiot.com /2019/04/30/ dambudziko-riri-capitalism.
[5] Giorgos Kallis 2019, Socialism Pasina Kukura. Capitalism Nature Socialism 30 (3): p.192.
[6] p.42, David Schwartzman naSalvatore Engel Di Mauro 2019, Mhinduro kuna Giorgios Kallis 'Notions of Socialism uye Kukura, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 30 (3): 40-51.
[7] Giorgos Kallis 2019, Capitalism, Socialism, Degrowth: A Rejoinder. Capitalism Nature Socialism 30 (3): 266-272.
[8] Jason Hickel 2020, Mhinduro kuna Pollin naChomsky: Tinoda Green New Deal pasina kukura, https://www.jasonhickel.org/blog/2020/10/19/we-need-a-green-new-deal-wiโฆ.
[9] David Schwartzman 2020, A Critique of Degrowth: an Ecosocialist Alternative, http://www.globalecosocialistnetwork.net/2020/12/17/a-critique-of-degroโฆ.
[10] David Schwartzman 2021, Cuba uye Degrowth?, http://www.globalecosocialistnetwork.net/2021/07/13/cuba-and-degrowth/.
[11] Riccardo Mastini et al. 2020, Kuti Green New Deal Ishande, Inofanira Kuramba "Kukura", https://inthesetimes.com/article/green-new-deal-decarbonization-economiโฆ.
[12] Juan Bordera naFernando Prieto 2021, IPCC inoona kuderera sekiyi yekuderedza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze (Shanduro yeGoogle kubva kuSpanish), https://ctxt.es/es/20210801/Politica/36900 /IPCC-cambio-climatico-colapso-medioambiental-decrecimiento.htm.
[13] E.g., Robert Ayres 1998, Eco-thermodynamics: economics uye mutemo wechipiri. Ecological Economics 26: 189-209.
[14] Peter Schwartzman naDavid Schwartzman 2021, Ko iyo 1.5 โ yekudziya chinangwa inogona kusangana mukushanduka kwepasirese kune 100% simba rinogoneka? AIMS Energy 9 (6): 1170-1191, doi:10.3934/energy.2021054.
15] AGI nd, American Geoscience Institute. Kudzokororazve kunochengetedza simba sei? https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/how-does-recyclโฆ, ichangobva kutaurwa: 2019.
[16] John Bellamy Foster et al. 2021, Kupesana neDoomsday Scenarios: Chii Chinofanira Kuitwa Ikozvino? Kudzokorora Kwemwedzi 73 (7): p. 10.
[17] Data zvinyorwa zveItaly: BP 2021, p.10; https://worldpopulationreview.com.
[18] UNDP ye2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy.
[19] John Bellamy Foster nevamwe. 2021. p.12.
[20] John Bellamy Foster et al. 2021. p.14.
[21] Jason Hickel 2018, Sei kukura kusingagoni kuve kwakasvibira, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/09/12/why-growth-cant-be-green/.
[22] E.g., Arnulf Grubler et al. 2018, Iyo yakaderera simba inodiwa mamiriro ekuzadzisa iyo 1.5 โ ยฐ C tarisiro uye inoenderera mberi zvinangwa zvekusimudzira pasina husina kunaka hwekuburitsa matekinoroji. Natural Energy 3:515-527; Lorenz T. Keyรer naManfred Lenzen 2021, 1.5โยฐC degrowth scenarios inoratidza kudiwa kwenzira itsva dzekudzikisa. Naiwe Comm. 12: 2676, doi.:10.1038/s41467-021-22884-9.
[23] John Bellamy Foster nevamwe. 2021. p.14-15.
[24] David Schwartzman 1996, Solar Communism. Science & Society 60 (3): 307-331.
[25}Matt Huber 2020, Electric Communism: Iko Kuenderera Kukosha Kwesimba kuChimurenga. Mu: Lenin150 (Samizdat), Hjalmar Jorge Joffre-Eichhorn (ed.) Hamburg, Germany: KickAss Books, pp.187-199.
[26] David Schwartzman 2020, Ecosocialist Maonero paGaia 2.0: Iyo Imwe Nyika Iyo Ichiri Kugoneka. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 31 (2): 40-49.
[27] John Bellamy Foster naBrett Clark 2021, The Capitalinian. Kudzokorora Kwemwedzi 73 (4): 1-16.
David W. Schwartzman anonyora pamusoro pesimba rezuva. Ndiye Muzvinafundo Emeritus, Howard University (USA), uye inhengo yeGreen Party yeUSA nemamwe masangano enharaunda. Kunyora kwake kunowanikwa pa Solar Utopia uye Pasi Harisi Kutengeswa mawebhusaiti.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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Ini handina kugutsikana nechinyorwa ichi, kunyanya sezvo chinosanganisira zvisizvo senge kudzikisira mashandisiro esimba kunotungamira kufa kwevanhu vakawanda.
Sezviri pachena, makore makumi maviri nemashanu apfuura patakanga tichishandisa isingasviki hafu yesimba ratiri kushandisa nhasi, munhu wose haana kuguma afa uye hapana chikonzero chokuti munhu wose aizofa kana tikarongazve nzanga yedu nenzira yakabvisa zvikuru idiotic mafomu esimba. kushandiswa. Zvakare kudzokorodza kunobatsira nenzira shoma kana uchinge uchishanda munzvimbo yekukura apo makore makumi maviri nematatu ega ega tinoshandisa zvinhu zvakawanda kupfuura munhoroondo yese yevanhu zvakasanganiswa saka kunyangwe tikadzokorora zvachose zvese isu taizoramba tichipeta kudhirowa kwezvinhu makore makumi maviri nematatu ega ega uye kubviswa. zviri kuitika pari zvino zvave kutovhuvhuta nematanho ese akasimba.