MuFrance, 1792 rakanga riri gore re“chimurenga chechipiri.” Musi wa10 Nyamavhuvhu, Mambo akapidigurwa, zvichigumisa makore matatu e "constitutional monarchy" isina kugadzikana. Kwemwedzi yakati kuti Gungano Remitemo rakanga rakapfigirwa mukupokana naLouis XVI, panguva imwe cheteyo vachirwa hondo nevaAustria nevePrussia vaipinda nechisimba. Mhomho dzeParisian dzakagadzirisa kusawirirana uku nekuita zvakananga, nechisimba muTuileries palace uye kusunga Mambo. Mukupindura, Gungano rakadaidzira sarudzo huru - sarudzo yekutanga muEurope yakaitwa pasi pesarudzo yevarume vakuru. Makore makumi masere aizopfuura chiitwa chisati chadzokororwa.
Sarudzo, dzakaitwa mumavhiki maviri ekutanga aGunyana, dzaive dzemafaro, dzekudadisa dzegutsaruzhinji dzakaratidzwa nemakakatanwa akasiyana-siyana, uye mhedzisiro yacho yaive simbiso inotyisa yezvakaitwa nemhomho yeParis. Vatevedzeri mazana manomwe nemakumi mashanu vakasarudzwa kupinda mu "Convention" vakazvipira zvakanyanya mukuumbwa kweRepublic itsva, kunyangwe munguva pfupi vaizopesana nechisimba.
Nyamavhuvhu 10th yakanga yaunza kwete chete Republic nyowani asi simba idzva: the plebeian Parisians vaizosvika pakuzivikanwa se. sans cullottes. Vakarongwa muSections (makomiti omunharaunda) uye Commune yeParis, mugore raitevera vaizoungana kakawanda kuti vamanikidze “purogiramu yavo yakakurumbira” paKokorodzano inowanzosada. Chirongwa ichocho chaisanganisira kwete chete matanho akaomarara ekurwisa 'vanopikisa-vanochinja' asiwo kutonga kwemitengo uye chiito kune vanochengeta uye vanofungidzira. Kana iyi yaive 'bourgeois revolution', mumwe munhu akanganwa kuudza sans-cullottes.
Mugore rechimurenga chechipiri, manyawi echimurenga akapfachukira mapoka akamiswa uye akafamba nemuzvipingamupinyi zvekare.
Muzvitsuwa zveBritish, ainyanya kutengesa aive Thomas Paine Kodzero dzeMunhu, iyo nekuda kwechimiro chayo chakajeka asi chine simba, mutengo wayo wakachipa uye kuramba kwaPaine kweichazonzi 'kodzero dzepfuma yeuchenjeri', zvakasvika mazana ezviuru, kusanganisira mhizha dzeLondon, vashandi vekumaruwa nevashandi munzvimbo itsva dzeindasitiri. MuChikamu I, chakabudiswa mukutanga kwe1791, Paine akadzivirira Revolution yeFrance uye akabvisa zvakapfuura kumutemo weBritish. “Chikamu chorusununguko chinofarikanywa muEngland,” iye akadaro, “chakangokwana kuita kuti nyika ive nhapwa ine zvibereko zvikuru kupfuura noudzvinyiriri.”
MuChikamu II, chakabudiswa muna Kukadzi 1792, Paine akakudza nharo dzake dzerepublic. Achisimbirira kuti “zvakanakira zvishoma chete zvinogona kubuda kubva mukugadziridza zvishoma,” akanyevera kuti: “Kuchinja kwevashumiri hakuna zvakunobatsira. Mumwe anobuda, mumwe anopinda, uyezve zviyereso zvakafanana, uipi, nouipi zvinoteverwa. Hazvireve kuti ndiani mushumiri. Kukanganisa kuri musystem. ”
Zvinonyanya kukosha muChikamu II, Paine akasundira shanduko yedemocracy munzvimbo yehupfumi. Akaziva kupokanidza kukuru kwokufambira mberi kweEurope: “chikamu chikuru chorudzi rwomunhu, mune dzinonzi nyika dzakabudirira, vari mumugariro wourombo norusuruvaro, wakaderera zvikuru mumugariro womuIndia [weAmerica].” Vakagumisa kuti “apo munyika dzinonzi dzakabudirira, tinoona zera richienda kunzvimbo yebasa uye pwere dzichienda kudanda, chimwe chinhu chinofanira kunge chisina kumira zvakanaka muhurumende.” Uye akapfuurira kukarakadza, muudzame hwakati, icho gare gare chaizozivikanwa seWelfare State: muripo kuvakweguru, vakaremara navabereki vavana vaduku; universal primary eduction nemabasa eruzhinji kupa basa rine pundutso. Zvese izvi "Kwete senyaya yenyasha nenyasha, asi yekururama". Uye zvese zvinopihwa mari nehurongwa hutsva hwemitero inofambira mberi uye kuderedzwa kwemari yemauto. Kutsvaga kwedemocracy kwakanga kwatungamirira Paine kugutsaruzhinji.
Kuti kwakanga kune vateereri vakagadzirira nokuda kwemifungo yaPaine kwakaratidzwa nokukura kunokurumidza kweLondon Corresponding Society, pamwe chete nemitumbi yakafanana muSheffield, Manchester nokumwewo. Yakazvipira kugadziridzo yeparamende uye masimba evarume vepasirese, Masangano Anopindirana ndiwo aive masangano ezvematongerwo enyika eBritain ekutanga, achibhadharisa mari chete pasvondo. Munyori akatanga weLCS, mugadziri weshangu Thomas Hardy, akatsanangura kuti nhengo dzayo dzaimiririra “boka revarume vakakodzera kubatwa zviri nani kupfuura zvavanowanzosangana nazvo kubva kune vaya vanodyiswa, vakapfeka, uye vakapfumiswa nebasa ravo, maindasitiri kana kuti unyanzvi.”
Paine neMasangano Anopindirana vakagadzira danda idzva redemokrasi mune zvematongerwo enyika dzeBritish, rakapesana zvakanyanya uye nehurumende yaPitt's Tory. Yakabatwa pakati pezviviri, iyo yakasununguka Whigs yakazununguka. Fox neboka diki vakamira vachipokana nekurwiswa kwerusununguko rwevanhu uye kukukurwa kuenda kuhondo neFrance, asi zvishoma nezvishoma vakaparadzaniswa. Mukati megore vatungamiriri veWhig, vachisundwa nekutya kwavo chimurenga, vaive vapinda muhushumiri hwaPitt - kwete kekupedzisira maRiberals aipindura dambudziko renyika nekusangana neTory reaction.
Paris ndiyo yakanga iri hova huru, asi migumisiro yacho yakanga iri pasi rose. Kupararira kwechimurenga kwakapararira kuIreland, uko United Irishmen yakanga yaumbwa gore rakapfuura, uye kuScotland uko muna Zvita 1792, Edinburgh Shamwari dzeVanhu vakaronga "gungano guru" rekugadzirisa paramende, rakapindwa nenhume zana nemakumi matanhatu kubva. makumi matatu neshanu mataundi nemisha yekuScotland.
MuCarribbean, iyo koloni yeFrance ine mari yakawanda yeSan Domingue yakabatwa nekumukira kwevaranda kwezvimiro zvisina kumboitika. Pana August 19, murume aizova mutungamiriri waro mukurusa akakumbira, kuti: “Hama neshamwari, ndini Toussaint L’Ouverture, zita rangu zvichida rinozivikanwa kwamuri. ndatsiva. Ini ndinoda rusununguko uye kuenzana kutonga muSan Domingo. Ndinoshanda kuti zvivepo. Batanidzai isu hama, murwe nesu…” Kekutanga, pfungwa dzeEuropean Enlightenment dzakapikiswa simba reEurope.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa e1792, mubvunzo we "kodzero dzevanhu" wakavawo, muchidimbu, mubvunzo we "kodzero dzevakadzi." Musi waKurume 6, Pauline Leon, ane makore makumi maviri nematatu ekuberekwa weParisian chocolate-maker, akaverenga chikumbiro kuLegislative Assembly achida kuumbwa kwemurindi wenyika yevakadzi. Chikumbiro ichi chakasainwa nevakadzi 23 vekuParis, vanosanganisira vabiki, vasona, vatengesi vemusika, madzimai nevanasikana vevagadziri veshangu, vatengesi venyama, magweta uye vanachiremba. Musi wa319 Kurume, Theroigne de Merincourt ane makore makumi matatu ekuzvarwa, murume akabatwa uye akabatwa nedhimoni nevanyori venhoroondo nevanyori, mukutaura kune chimwe chezvikamu zveParis, akatora kudanwa kwekodzero yemukadzi kutakura zvombo munzvimbo yakakura. “Enzanisa zvatiri nezvatinofanira kunge tiri muhurongwa hwemagariro… Dambura ngetani dzedu. Pakupedzisira ndiyo nguva yokuti vakadzi vabude mukusava namaturo kwavo kunonyadzisa, uko kusaziva, rudado nokusaruramisira kwavarume zvakavachengeta vari muuranda kwenguva refu yakadaro.”
Mhiri kwechiteshi, panguva imwe chete, Mary Wollstonecraft akanga achimupedzisa Kuregererwa kwekodzero dzevakadzi, kuwedzera Paine's radical democratic analysis muhukama hwevakadzi. Nehungwaru apo Wollstonecraft aienderera mberi, achinyanya kutarisa nezvekodzero dzevakadzi padzidzo uye asingarevi kuenzana kwezvematongerwo enyika, basa rake rakatambirwa nekutya nemakirasi ane hunhu uye rakaitwa kuti rikanganwike kwechikamu chakanakisa chezana ramakore.
Akagovera mugumo iwoyo nevakawanda vevamiriri veshanduko ve1792, iro raivewo gore rekuita. Iyo Royal Proclamation yaMay, yakanangana nePaine uye Inoenderana Societies, yakaratidza kutanga kwemakore gumi ekudzvinyirirwa ("Pitt's Terror" mune yakakurumbira ngano) zvakanyanya sechero chinhu munhoroondo yeBritish. Mhedzisiro yaive kunyarara kwekupokana kukuru uye kupwanywa kwezvishuwo zvakakurumbira, mukati meiyo nzira yemazuva ano inotungamirwa nevakuru veBritish nyika yakaumbwa, budiriro ine mhedzisiro ichiri kunyanya kwatiri.
Paine pachake haana kumbopukunyuka kusungwa apo munaGunyana akayambuka chiteshi kuti atore chigaro chake semutevedzeri akasarudzwa muConvention. Mutsigiri wekutanga wepasirese wepasirese akataura dambudziko kune vaaimiririra: "Mukuona Humambo hwabviswa uye Republic yamiswa, France yese yakaita ruzha nekupururudza. Asi vamwe vanoombera maoko havanyatsonzwisisa mamiriro avari kusiya kana kuti zvavari kufungidzira… kuwisira pasi chifananidzo kuduku; ndicho chigadziko chinofanira kuputswa kupfuura zvose.”
Mukati meisingasviki gore, Paine aizosungwa nerevolution yaaipemberera. Pakusunungurwa kwake mushure memwedzi gumi neimwe, akadzokera kuChibvumirano kuti adzokorore kuzvipira kwake kune chimurenga ichocho, uye kunyevera vatevedzeri, zvisina kubudirira, pamusoro pekudzikamisa franchise nekukodzera pfuma.
Munguva pfupi, maDemocratic radicals e1792 akatambura kukundwa, kuparadzaniswa, kuiswa mujeri kana kufa. Makirabhu ezvematongerwo enyika evakadzi akarambidzwa munaNovember 1793 uye vanenge vese varwi vevakadzi vakawirwa nekucheneswa uye pendulum swings ye1793-95. Toussaint akafira mujeri reFrance. Vatungamiriri veLCS neEdinburgh Convention vakasungwa uye vamwe vakaendeswa kuBotany Bay. Muna 1798, United Irishmen yakapwanyika neBritish mauto ehondo, pamutengo we30,000 hupenyu hweIrish.
Zvinotora mamwe makore 120 kuti Ireland iwane rusununguko (rusarura) uye kuti vakadzi vahwine vhoti. Kurwisana kwekoloni, kurwisana kwekumaodzanyemba kwepasi rose, kwakatangwa muHaiti, kunoramba kusina kukwana muzuva redu. Hutongi hwejekerere hunoonekwa naPaine hwakazovapo mushure me1945, uye zvisaririra zvaro zvave kubviswa.
Saka zvese izvi zvitambudzo "zvisati zvasvika", zvakatongerwa kukundikana, kutambisa chido uye kushanda nesimba? Vaverengi vanogona kuita pfungwa dzavo pamusoro pazvo.
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