Kwakabva: Kudzvova
Mufananidzo nekatz/Shutterstock
Huwandu hwekutyisidzirwa kwekuramwa mabasa muUS huri kuramba huchikwira. Nekumanikidzwa kubva kunhengo kuti vatore danho rakasimba rakananga kubasa, masangano evashandi vakapindura mumakore achangopfuura nekupa kutyisidzira kwakanyanya kwekuramwa. Iri zano ndechimwe chikamu chehurongwa hutsva hunoshanda huri kudzosera masangano kumashure pakuronga uye kurova kana kungotaura kwekufananidzira kusingagone kutsigirwa nekuramwa chaiko?
Kutyisidzira kwekurohwa, kana kwasanganiswa kubvunza kwevashandi izvo zvinogona kugadzirira vashandi kuti vabudirire maitiro ebvunzo, inogona kuva chombo chakakosha chekugadzirisa chiyero chesimba rekirasi kumashure kwevashandi. Kuti vaite izvi vanofanirwa kuve vakavimbika - kune vese vashandi vari kuronga kuramwa mabasa uye kumushandirwi akanangana nekuramwa mabasa.
Chii chinoita kuti kutyisidzira kwekuramwa mabasa kuvimbike?
Hadzisi tyisidziro dzese dzekuramwa mabasa dzinovimbika. Kuti kutyisidzira kwekuramwa mabasa kuve kwechokwadi kunofanirwa kuzadzisa maitiro maviri. Chekutanga, chinofanira kupwisa mushandirwi kwete chete kuti vashandi vakagadzirira kuramwa mabasa asi kuti mari yekuramwa mabasa ichakwira pane kuita chibvumirano chekugadzirisa gakava risati raitika. Chechipiri, kuita kuti mushandirwi abvume, zvinofanirwawo kupwisa ruzhinji rwevashandi kuti kuramwa mabasa kuchabudirira mukuzadzisa zvinangwa zvavo uye kuvanyengetedza kuti vatore chikamu.
Kuramwa mabasa kunotendwa, kungave kunonzi kurwara-kubuda kana kufamba-famba, ndiko kunoonekwa nemushandirwi kungangokonzera kuramwa mabasa kunodhura pane kubvuma zvinodiwa nevashandi kuti vazvidzivirire. Mushandirwi anofanirwawo kuve nechokwadi chekuti ruzhinji rwevashandi rwakaratidza pachena chido chekutora chikamu uye vari kugadzirira nekushingaira kuramwa mabasa.
Kushandisa kubvunza kwevashandi muhukama hwekugadzirwa uye mamiriro ekushanda kunogona kubatsira varongi kuti vanzwisise nzira yekubatana nekuita vamwe vashandi mukurwira kusvika kune huwandu hwevashandi vakagadzirira kutora matanho akabatana. Sokutaura kunoita mudzidzisi webasa Dr. Helena Worthen, “kutyisidzira” kuri mumeso omushandirwi. Saka chirevo chekuti vashandi vacharamwa mabasa chinogona, nehunyanzvi, kutyisidzira kuramwa mabasa, asi kutyisidzira "kwechokwadi" chinhu chinotendwa - chinotendwa - nemushandirwi.
Muchidimbu, kana kutyisidzira kwekurova kuchitendeseka kune mushandirwi zvingaguma nokubvumira kune zvinodiwa nevashandi. Kana vashandi vakaramba maremendi uye kuramwa mabasa, angave mushandirwi akaverengera njodzi iyi kana kuona njodzi dzekuramwa dzadzikira pane mutengo wekuzvidzivirira, sezvakaitika kune vazhinji vevadzidzisi veUS 2018-19. wildcat strikes. Kana vashandi vakaramwa mabasa uye vakasawana chimwe chinhu kunze kweyakambopihwa mvumo yekumisa kuramwa mabasa kwavo, saka kutyisidzira kwavo kwaisava kwechokwadi uye kuramwa kwavo kwakakundwa.
Kunyangwe zvakaoma kuita general, kunzwisisa chinoita kuti kutyisidzira kuvimbike kwakakosha kune rombo rakanaka revashandi vari kuronga nhasi. Kuziva chinoita kuti kutyisidzira kwekuramwa kuve kuvimbika kune chokwadi chekupa zvidzidzo zvakakosha nezve kutangazve kwekurwa kwekirasi muUS nekumwewo, uko zvibvumirano zvekudyidzana, mutemo nemutemo zvinomanikidza kana kudzivirira kushandiswa kwekuramwa sechombo chehunyanzvi.
Kunyangwe kutyisidzira kwekurova kunovimbika kune vashandi zvinoenderana nezvakawanda zvakakosha. Chekutanga, kana vashandi vari mubatanidzwa uye vari kutungamira kuramwa mabasa uye vaine zviwanikwa uye rutsigiro rwekutsungirira kurwa kwakaoma uye kwenguva refu. Chechipiri, saJane McAlevey inotaura, vangave vakabatana kana kuti kwete, ruzhinji rwevashandi ruchaita chiito chine chekuita nekuramwa mabasa kana vagutsikana nezvesimba ravo rekutsungirira njodzi dzekurova uye kukunda.
Kutyisidzirwa nekurohwa: kutya uye kusateererwa
Isu tinoziva zvishoma nezve mashandisirwo etyisidziro yekuramwa mabasa uye painovimbika nekuti vangave vakanyanya kufuratirwa kana kutyiwa nevashandirwi nemasangano. Zvizhinji zveUS zvakasara uye ndima yezvidzidzo zvevashandi inofuratira, hainzwisisi, kana kupikisa zvachose kushandiswa kwekutyisidzira sezano.
Zvakadaro, mutengo wekuramwa chaiko ndiwo musimboti wekuratidza kuvimbika kwekutyisidzira. A 1985 kutonga neDare Repamusorosoro reCalifornia rakaona kuti kutyisidzira kwekuramwa mabasa kunotendeseka kunogona kushandura chiyero chesimba kudzivirira kuramwa mabasa kusiri pamutemo kwehurumende kuti kuitike. "Pasina kodzero yekuramwa mabasa, kana kutyisidzira kunotendwa, vashandi vehurumende havana simba rekutaurirana." Dare rakagumisa kuti kutyisidzira kwekuramwa mabasa kunogona “kuenzanisa” simba pakati pevashandi nevashandirwi, zvichikwidza muripo wevashandirwi wekusagadzirisa uye kuderedza zviitiko zvekuramwa mabasa.
Imwe yedzakanakisa ongororo yekuramwa kwakanaka kunoenderana nekutyisidzira kwekuramwa kwakabudiswa muna 1950. Bhuku raJohn Steuben rinozivikanwa zvishoma. Strike Strategy yakayambira kuti vashandirwi vari kugara vachiongorora kuti hurongwa hwekuramwa mabasa hune chokwadi here apo vanenge vari mugadziriro dzekukunda. Kunyange hazvo Steuben ari kutaura nezve kuramwa mabasa, ongororo imwe chete yevatungamiri ndiyo inoshanda pagadziriro dzekuramwa mabasa. Steuben akayambira kuti:
nyatso cherechedza dhigirii rekutora chikamu chenzvimbo uye faira. Kana manejimendi asvika pamhedziso yekuti vashandi havana hunhu, vanoratidza kushaya kufarira, uye kungo "dikitira," zvinokurudzirwa zvikuru kuti vatange kudzoka-ku-basa mafambiro uye mamwe matanho anoenderana nepfungwa yekuti vashandi havana kusimba. kuseri kwemubatanidzwa.
Steuben akatorawo enzaniso pakati pekutyisidzira kwechokwadi nekurova chaiko:
Nenzira imwecheteyo, kutora chikamu kune vanorova kune chimwe chinhu chakapesana pane manejimendi. Kana mushandirwi achiona vashandi vake vachibata zvakasimba mukuramwa mabasa uye kuti pakati pavo pane vanhu vakakosha mubazi rimwe nerimwe, vasingakwanise kushanda nekambani iyi, anobva aziva kusimba kwekuramwa mabasa. Zvakare, apo vashandi vanobatanidzwa nesimba mukuramwa mabasa uye vatungamiriri vakazviona, vanoramwa mabasa vanozvipira kumubatanidzwa uye vanoziva kuti kubvira ipapo zvichienda mberi ramangwana ravo rinotsamira chose chose pamuuyo wokukunda wehondo.
Vashandi vanowana sei simba rinodiwa kuratidza kuvimbika kwekutyisidzira kwavo kuramwa mabasa kune mushandirwi uye kuzviratidza kune vavanoshanda navo? Zvino vozoita sei nazvo?
Simba revashandi vesangano uye rezvimiro
Zvidzidzo zvishoma zviriko zvekutyisidzirwa kwekuramwa mabasa zvinokanganiswa nekuona kwavanoita masangano evashandi, vashandi nevashandirwi kuburikidza nekuona kwakamira kwakaita homo economicus, pfungwa yokuti vanhu vanhu vane mufungo vanoverengera mutengo, fungidziro huru yeupfumi hwecapitalist. Kunze kwekuumbwa uku ndekweAdăscăliței uye Guga's kudzidza yeRomanian Dacia autoworkers' chiitiko chekurova mavanotsanangura kutyisidzira kwakavimbika seye inovimbika kumushandirwi zvichibva pane rekodhi yekuramwa kwekare uye chiitiko chine chekuita nekuramwa, pamwe nekuzvimiririra uye kuvimbika kwemubatanidzwa.
Kuvimbika kwekutyisidzira mhedzisiro yezvavanotsanangura se
'kumiririrwa kwechido chevashandi,' iyo, kana yavhurwa, inowedzera pakuona kana masangano evashandi achibudirira panguva imwe chete (mibatanidzwa inodzivirira zvido zvevashandi), kuzvitonga (kumiririrwa kwakazvimiririra kubva kumushandirwi), uye kuve pamutemo (zvawanikwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nevashandirwi). chinzvimbo uye faira).
Adăscăliței naGuga vakatsvaga kunzwisisa kuti sei dacia vashandi vemotokari vaive nemwero wepamusoro wekuwedzera kwemuhoro kune vamwe vashandi vemuindasitiri vekuRomania. Chikonzero, vanopokanidza, ndechekuti mubatanidzwa wakakwanisa "kugadzirisa kutyisidzira kwawo" nekuwedzera hukasha hwekuunganidza uye vavengi nekutyisidzira - kubva pakuratidzira kuenda kukudzikira kusvika kupfupi, nekukasira kumisa basa - mukati menguva kubvunzurudza kwakabatana kuratidza kuvimbika kwekutyisidzira kwekuramwa mabasa.
Nekuda kwekuti rekodhi yemubatanidzwa yekuramwa mabasa kwakapfuura yakasimbisa kuzvitonga kwayo uye kuve pamutemo, yakawana mwero wepamusoro wesimba remubatanidzwa iro rakashandura kuva danho repamusoro resimba rezvimiro. Izvi zvakaibvumira kushandisa hunyanzvi hwekuita izvo zvakashandura kuita simba rinokanganisa uye zvakaratidza kuvimbika kwekutyisidzira kwavo kuramwa mabasa kune maneja, avo vakabva vabvuma kuwedzerwa mihoro yepamusoro kuti vadzivise kuramwa kunodhura.
Adăscăliței naGuga vanoratidza hukama pakati paWright's pfungwa ye "socialation" uye "structural" simba revashandi. Vashandi vari munzvimbo dzakaiswa zvine hungwaru muchirimwa, kambani, kana kupatsanurwa kwevashandi pasi rose - nekudaro vaine simba rekuita - vanogona kutyisidzira kukanganisa mushandirwi. Simba rekubatana uye rekugadzira rine mhinduro kune mumwe nemumwe. Kubatana kubva kumatunhu ane hukama nenharaunda dziri kunze kwenzvimbo yebasa kunowedzera simba rekubatana. Kusanganiswa nehupamhi hwesimba rezvimiro, kutyisidzira kwekuramwa kunowedzera kutendeseka kune vashandi uye kunokwezva kuzvipira kubva kune vaimbove vasina basa. Makwiriro emhando mbiri dzesimba anotyisidzira kukwidza mari yehupfumi neyemagariro ekuramwa kungangoita kumushandi uye zvinokonzeresa mwero wepamusoro wemvumo kudzivirira kuramwa kunodhura.
Chinonyanya kufadza, Adăscăliței naGuga vakaona kuti kunyangwe kuramwa basa kwakakundikana kwakasimudza kuvimbika kwekutyisidzira kunotevera kwevashandi. Mukati mehondo yakatevera mubatanidzwa wakakwanisa kushandisa ruzivo rwekuramwa mabasa kwakambotadza kukwidza kuvimbika kwekutyisidzira kwekuramwa mabasa uye vakazadzisa zvinangwa zvavo zvemihoro yepamusoro uye kumisa kuwedzera kwevashandi. Vakaita izvi nekuenzanisa kusimba kwemaitiro avo kuti vatore mukana wesimba ravo rekuumbwa, nekudaro vachidzamisa simba ravo rekubatana nekuunza vashandi vashoma kana vasina kuzvipira kuburikidza nekuvapwisa nezvevimbiso yekushandisa simba ravo rekuumba.
Kuvhiringa cheni dzepasi rose
Chii chinotyisidzira kukwidza mari yekuramwa mabasa kumushandirwi? Nokuda kweizvi, Perrone asaita simba rechitatu, raanodaidza kuti "kukanganisa kugona" kwevashandi, izvo zvinonyanya kufarirwa pano. "Simba rinokanganisa," Perrone akaratidzira mukuongorora kwake kwekutyisidzira nekurova, "rinobva pachinzvimbo che[vashandi] mukati mehutongi hwehurongwa hwekudyidzana kwehupfumi." Nekuda kwenzvimbo yavo yehungwaru muhupfumi inoratidzwa nekubatana kwakaoma uye kutsamira, kunyangwe vashoma vashandi vanogona kushandisa simba guru rekuvhiringidza nekukanganisa kana kunyima zvinhu zvakakosha kana masevhisi muzvikamu zvakawanda uye kukwevera nyika nevamwe vezvematongerwo enyika mugakava.
Nepo mitengo yekurova ingave shoma kune chero munhu anorova, femu kana chikamu, aya akaomesesa kubatanidza uye kutsamira anoshanda semugumisiro wekuwedzera pane hukuru hwenyika uye kunyangwe hupfumi hwenyika. Mhedzisiro huru inogona kunge isiri pakati pezvikamu, asi pakati pechikamu chimwe chete nehurongwa hwepasi rose. Nechikonzero ichi, Perrone akaona simba rekuvhiringidza sechinhu chakakosha uye chisingaparadzaniswe kubva kune simba rekuita.
Recent basa by Moody, Alimahomed-Wilson naNess uye Vadzvari, Ciccantell naSmith vakaedza kushandisa pfungwa yaPerrone yekuvhiringa simba kuvhunga mapoinzi mune yepasi rose yekutakura zvinhu. Sezvo Vadzvari et al. tsanangura, “simba renzvimbo rinofungwa kuva gurusa kana rava naro kuvhiringidza zvinogona kupfuura mamiriro enzvimbo yebasa. "
Nhasi, iyo yepasi rose yekutakura zvinhu zvekutengesa yave nzira inotonga yekubatana kwakaoma uye kutsamira. Zvichibuda senzira yekuparadza simba revashandi munguva yekupedzisira yehondo, hurongwa hwekugadzirisa zvinhu hwakazovawo nzvimbo yekurwisana kwemapoka iyo vashandi vanofanira kugadzirisa maitiro avo ehurongwa, mazano, mazano uye zvinangwa kuitira kuti vadzore simba reboka ravo.
Sekureva kwaMoody, uhu hutsva hwehunyanzvi hwekuumbwa kwemari hwakaisa huwandu hukuru hwevashandi "vakabatana pamwechete munjodzi dzinofambiswa netekinoroji cheni, ivo vakaronga zvakatenderedza zvikwata zvakakura zvinotarisa makumi uye kunyange mazana ezviuru zvevashandi munzvimbo dzisina magumo." Maindasitiri, kutakura zvinhu, kutaurirana, IT uye masumbu ezvifambiso akamisikidzwa kunzvimbo dzine hungwaru dzenzvimbo zvinovakanganisa kubva pakubviswa nekutamiswa. Uye sezvavanoramba vachikura uye vachiwedzera kuvimba nemafemu nemasekete ari pasi nepamusoro pemvura, vari kuramba vachinyanya kuvhiringwa nevashandi vane huwandu hwakanyanya hwesangano nemasimba masimba.
Vashandi vane mazinga akakwirira ezvinzvimbo uye masimba anovhiringa vanogona kumanikidza kuwana muchitoro chimwe chete kana femu pasina kushandisa kuramwa mabasa, vachitora mvumo kubva kuvashandirwi kuti vatenge runyararo rwevashandi uye kudzivirira kukanganisa. Zvisinei, panzvimbo pokushandisa simba ravo renzvimbo uye rinovhiringidza nokuda kwezvido zvavo, vashandi vakadaro vangashandisa simba ravo senzira yeboka revashandi rose zvaro.
Vashandi vari munzvimbo dzakakosha dzakadzika munzvimbo dzakasimba, indasitiri kana cheni yezvinhu zvepasirese, kune rumwe rutivi, vanogona kuramba kuve "aristocracy yevashandi" nekushandura simba ravo renzvimbo rinoshandiswa kuwana pfuma pashopfloor kuita simba rinokanganisa rinotyisidzira. mashandiro chaiwo echikamu chepasi rose chakakosha, hukama hwekugadzira uye capitalism pachayo kubatsira vashandi pamwe nechero cheni. SaOlney anotiyeuchidza, International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) pane dzimwe nguva yakamboita basa iri rakamirira vashandi pasi- nepamusoro penyika yose.
Kuzadzisa zvinodiwa pasina kuramwa
Kuongorora mapoinzi, simba renzvimbo uye simba rinokanganisa rinova chinhu chakakosha pakuona kuvimbika kwekutyisidzira. Vashandi vane mazinga akakwirira emasimba ekugadzirisa zvine hungwaru ari panzvimbo yakachingwa panguva imwe cheteyo vane huwandu hwepamusoro hwekutyisidzira simba rinokanganisa. Maererano naJohn T. Dunlop, vashandi vakadaro “Strategic power” nokuti mu
chero nzira yetekinoroji yekugadzira nekugovera zvinhu nesevhisi, kune vamwe vashandi vane [a] nzvimbo huru yehurongwa kupfuura vamwe; kureva kuti, vashandi ava vanokwanisa kudzima, kuvhiringa, kana kutsausa mashandiro zviri nyore kupfuura vamwe… Izwi rokuti hurongwa … harina kufanana nounyanzvi. Zvinoreva sheer bargaining simba nekuda kwenzvimbo uye chinzvimbo mukuita kugadzirwa.
Perrone akawanikwa kuti masimba echinzvimbo chevashandi anodyidzana nemari yemuhoro nekuda kwekusagadzikana uku kunovabvumira kuita zvavanoda pasina kuramwa mabasa. Sokutsanangura kwaakaita, “mapoka anoita seanokwanisa kuwana mihoro mikuru pazvikonzero zvake, pasina chikonzero chokuramwa mabasa.” Nemamwe mashoko, tyisidziro yekuramwa mabasa inobudirira nokuti simba revashandi rokuvhiringidza rinotarisirwa kukwidza mari yokusabhadhara, zvichiita kuti tyisidziro yacho ivimbike kumushandirwi.
Muchidimbu, simba rekugadzirisa rine hukama hwakanaka kune simba rinokanganisa . Nyanzvi dzezvidzidzo zvevashandi uye nzira dzemubatanidzwa dzinowanzofarira kutarisa kushoma pasimba resangano asi kashoma kutaura nezvesimba renzvimbo, tisingarevi zvinokonzeresa zvesimba rinokanganisa izvo zvakakosha kwairi.
Chii chakaita kuti Mutungamiriri weAssociation of Flight Attendants, Sara Nelson, atyisidzire kutanga kuramwa mabasa kwakagumisa kuvharika kwehurumende muna 2019 zvakanyanya ndechekuti zvakakurudzirwa nechinangwa chekushandisa simba rinokanganisa revashandi vendege kukanganisa US uye hupfumi hwenyika. . Zvakafanana hazvigone kutaurwa nezve 2015 United Steelworkers yekunatsa oiri yekurova iyo yakashandisa simba rekuvhiringidza rakangokwana kukanganisa hupfumi hweUS kubvisa izvo zvaidiwa uku ichideredza kutapukira kwekuvhiringidzika kwepasirese.
Mhedzisiro yepfungwa yaPerrone yekuvhiringa simba ndeyekuti ishanduko yehurongwa, kunyangwe shanduko. Sezvo Womack anotiyeuchidza:
Mashandiro akanyatsobatanidzwa, kana akabatanidza kumira kwehunyanzvi muhurongwa hwakakodzera panguva yakakodzera, anogona kushandura chimiro chese chesimba; Neunyanzvi vashandi vanogona kushandura mitemo yezvemitemo, yetsika, neyezvehupfumi… Kunze kwekunge sangano revashandi rikashandisa simba rehunyanzvi revashandi, simba raro guru ikozvino, harizowana simba rezvematongerwo enyika rekumanikidza shanduko yemutemo, izvo zvikumbiro zvehunhu zvinozokodzera.
Simba ringangove rekuvhiringidza iripo yepasirese Logistics supply chain nekuda kwekubatana kwayo kwakaoma uye kutsamira kwakakwira zvakanyanya. Choke mapoinzi anogona kukonzeresa kukanganisa kwakapararira kana chitoro chimwe chete kana femu ikaburitsa yekupinza, yapera yakanaka, kana sevhisi yakakosha kumafemu nezvikamu, kana kurudzi rwese kana hupfumi hwenyika. Zvikamu zvakaita sekutakura zvinhu, zvekufambisa, oiri uye gasi, simbi, isingawanzo kucherwa zvicherwa zvepasi uye kugadzirisa uye zvivakwa zveIT zvinogona kupa kunyange vashandi vane yakaderera kana ine mwero simba resangano simba rakakwana uye rinokanganisa kugadzira "zvisingatarisike zvekutengesa cheni." Nekudaro, mhedzisiro yesimba rinokanganisa rakadaro ingangove shoma kana boka revashandi repasi rose rikasagadziriswa zvakakwana. Vashandi kune imwe nzvimbo muchikamu chepasi rose chebasa vanofanira kuva nesimba rakakwana resangano uye renzvimbo kuti varambe vachitenderera uye kuwedzera kukanganisa.
Tipping the balance
Hurukuro yekutyisidzira kwekuramwa mabasa senzira inofanirwa kusiyaniswa kubva mukutyisidzira kwekufananidzira kurova uko kunoitwa zvishoma kana gadziriro yekutyisidzira kukanganisa. Nguva zhinji, masangano anotungamirwa nevashandi uye masangano asina kurongeka zvisina kurongeka anoburitsa mavhoti ari pamutemo kuti aramwe kubva kumusoro, kwete chete nenzvimbo yekutanga yakaziviswa asiwo nguva yayo. Kusaratidza pachena kuzvipira kubva kuhukuru hwevashandi, kuvimbisa kusakanganisa mashandiro akajairika, kushaikwa kwekuda kutenderedza kuramwa mabasa pamwe nekutengesa uye homwe yekuramwa mabasa yakakwana, kutyisidzira kwekuramwa mabasa uku hakuna chokwadi. Ingave yakapihwa kumanikidza kubva pasi kuti iwedzere kupisa pamushandirwi kana kuti kutsigira kune mamwe maonero ekupokana kurwiswa kwevashandirwi, kutyisidzira kwekuramwa mabasa kwakadaro kune mhedzisiro yekusaronga vashandi.
Zvinofananidzira kutyisidzira kwekuramwa mabasa nekugadzirira kushoma kwekuramwa mabasa sekuronga vashandi munzvimbo yese yebasa, zvishoma nezvishoma kukwira kwehunyanzvi kuyedza simba revashandi, kuwedzera zvisungo zvekuramwa mabasa uye kubatanidza vashandi munzvimbo dzese dzevashandirwi kana cheni yekugovera, de-fang uye kudzikisira rova sezano. Kana mushandirwi achidana bluff yavo, kuramwa kwacho kunoitika panguva yayakafanotemerwa, uye kuramwa uku kunopera pasina chawawana - kana zvakanyanya, kukundwa - hutungamiriri hwakazvidza kuramwa kwacho sechombo chehunyanzvi chekurwira kirasi.
Kana izvo zvikaitika, vashandi vanozviwana vabatwa zvakanyanya mukubata kwekondirakiti yemubatanidzwa. Mubatanidzwa uyu unova sangano renyanzvi dziri kutaurirana kuti zvibvumirane kuseri kwemagonhi akavharwa apo mapurisa ari kuita chibvumirano. Mukuita kudaro, vashandi vanorasikirwa neunyanzvi hunokosha hwekuzvironga kuti vazvigadzirire ivo pachavo kumutambo unotevera mukurwa.
Nzira yekubuda muchibvumirano chemubatanidzwa musungo ndeyekushandisa kubvunza kwevashandi muhukama hwekugadzirwa uye mamiriro ekushanda kuzivisa kuronga kunoburitsa kutyisidzira kwekuramwa kana kuramwa kwakasimba. Kutyisidzira kwekuramwa mabasa kwakadai kungabudirira kunyangwe mushandirwi akaziva simba revashandi kana kuti nekuti vakaverengera zvisizvo uye vashandi vanoramwa mabasa, kugadzirwa kunomira, chikamu kana kunyange hupfumi hwenyika hwakanganiswa, uye mushandirwi anomanikidzwa kubvuma.
Kana izvi zvikaitika, kutyisidzira kwekuramwa kwakanaka kunopa chiyero chesimba mukufarira kwevashandi, inoshandisa zvichangobva kuhwina sepokutangira kusimbisa kurwa uye zvinokurudzira vamwe kutenderera kurwira kunzvimbo dzavo dzebasa. Panguva iyoyo, kuramwa mabasa kunodzoserwa panzvimbo yaro muhurongwa hwekurwa kwevashandi.
Robert Ovetz, Ph.D. mudzidzisi wepayunivhesiti ane ngozi muPolitical Science. Ndiye zvakare munyori we Kana Vashandi Vakapfura Kumashure: Kupokana kweKirasi kubva 1877 kusvika 1921 (Brill, 2018 uye Haymarket, 2019), uye Bhuku Ongorora Mupepeti weChinyorwa cheBasa neSosaiti.
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