Tmuma1960s uye kusvika runyararo rwaziviswa muna 1975, Hondo yeVietnam yaive kumashure kwaitsanangura zvese zvaiitika muUnited States. Eisenhower manejimendi akange atumira pedyo ne900 vanachipangamazano kuSouth Vietnam kuti vadzivise zvakaonekwa neUS seyaigona kutorwa nemakomunisti neNorth Vietnamese. Pakazosvika 1963, Mutungamiri Kennedy akanga atumira 16,000 mauto eAmerica. Howard Zinn, mukati Nhoroondo Yevanhu yeUnited States, inoti: โKubva muna 1964 kusvika muna 1972, nyika yakapfuma uye ine simba zvikurusa munhoroondo yenyika yakaita nhamburiko huru yehondo, iine zvose zvishoma mabhomba eatomu, kuti ikunde bato rokumukira nyika munyika duku, ine vanhu vashomaโuye yakakundikanaโฆ. Mukati mehondo, muUnited States makava nesangano gurusa rokurwisana nehondo rakanga ramboitwa norudzi.โ
Pakupera kwehondo, kurasikirwa kwamativi ose kwakanga kuri kukuru. United States yakatambura zvishoma nevarume 58,159 vakafa, 303,635 vakakuvara, uye 1,719 vakashaya. Hurumende yeSouth Vietnam yakashuma 220,357 vakafa uye 1,170,000 vakakuvara. National Liberation Front muNorth Vietnam yakashuma 1,176,000 vakafa kana kuti vakashaika uye vashoma ve600,000 vakakuvadzwa. Vakafa vanhuwo zvavo vaikatyamadza: mamiriyoni maviri muNorth Vietnam uye vanopfuura miriyoni nehafu muSouth Vietnam.
Bato rakakurumbira kurwisa hondo rakatanga mukutanga ma1960 nemapoka erunyararo ezvitendero enyika akadai seFellowship of Reconciliation, American Friends Service Committee, uye Catholic Worker Movement. Zvakabva zvapararira kumapoka ezvematongerwo enyika evechidiki akadai seVadzidzi veDemocratic Society (SDS), rimwe remapoka ekutanga eNew Left, yakarongwa muna 1960 nekunyorwa kwemanifesto yayo, "Port Huron Statement."
United States yakakurumidza kuona kubuda kwakaipisisa kwemhirizhonga yeruzhinji kubva pamhirizhonga yevashandi uye kurohwa kwema1920s. Kunokatyamadza zvikurusa kwakanga kuri kupondwa kwaMedgar Evers, John Kennedy, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, uye Robert Kennedy. Pakati pa1964 na1969 pakanga paine mhirizhonga inosvika makumi manomwe neshanu ine chekuita nemakwikwi munyika yose mumaguta akakura seLos Angeles neNew York uye madiki seYork, Pennsylvania nePlainfield, New Jersey. Mushure mekupondwa kwaMambo, pakaita mhirizhonga mumaguta makumi matanhatu. Pakazara pakanga paine vanhu vangangosvika zana nemakumi maviri vakafa, nehuwandu hwekuchengetedza vanopfuura zviuru zvitatu vakakuvara, vanopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu vakasungwa, uye mabhiriyoni mukukuvadzwa. Vanenge vese vanhu vakaurayiwa, vakakuvadzwa, kana kusungwa vaive veAfrican American.
Muna 1966, Bato reBlack Panther rakaumbwa kuitira kuti riteedzere mamwe mauto ehukasha muzita reBlack Power movement. Kupondwa kwakavanzika nemapurisa kwevashandi vekodzero dzevanhu, vese Vatema nevachena, uye kwenhengo dzemapoka eBlack Power, kwaingoitika.
Kuvamba muma1960โnemvumo yepiritsi rokudzora kubereka neFederal Drug Administrationโfungu rechipiri reboka revakadzi rakatanga. Kweanoda kusvika hafu yezana ramakore, vezvechikadzi vakaratidza kushaikwa kwekudzora kubereka semhinganidzo huru kurusununguko rwevakadzi, pabonde, uye hupfumi uye rusununguko. Piritsi raiparadzanisa bonde kubva pakubereka, kuroorana, uye mhuri. Muna 1961 vanachiremba vakanyora 400,000 1.2 mishonga. Kwapera gore, vakadzi vane mamiriyoni e3.6 vakanga vachiitora. Makore matatu gare gare nhamba iyoyo yakakwira kusvika kuvakadzi mamiriyoni XNUMX.
Pakupera kwema1960, hutsinye hwechikadzi hwakawedzera ongororo yehterosexuality โ ongororo yakajairika muzvinyorwa zvemapoka echingochani-kunzwisisa kudzvinyirirwa kwevakadzi. Mapoka akaita seRedstockings neCell 16 aiwanzotora ongororo yeMarxist yevakadzi seboka retsika rakasiyana uye seboka revanhu vakadzvinyirirwa. Kufanana nevanopikisa uye varwiri vemasimba evashandi mukutanga kwezana remakore uye vatsigiri veBlack Power munguva pfupi yapfuura, vakadzi vane utsinye vakanga vasingafariri kugadzirisa hurongwa hwavaifunga kuti hune huwori, asi pakuitsiva neiyo yaive yakarurama uye yakaenzana. Pasi peamburera yeWomen's Liberation Front (WLF), mapoka ane hunyanzvi hwevakadzi akatanga kuita kuratidzira kwepamusoro-soro, kusanganisira Gunyana 1968 "No More Miss America!" kuratidzira muAtlantic City, New Jersey.
Zvematongerwo enyika zvinofambira mberi zvekupera kwema1960 zvaisanganisira musimboti wekuti vanhu vaive nekuzvitonga kuzere uye kutonga pamusoro pemuviri wavo. Izvi zvaisanganisira kusununguka pachisimba, kudzora kubereka, kukwanisa kuita zvepabonde vachibvumirana, uye rusununguko rwokushandisa zvinodhaka. Kufanana nezvakawanda zvekupikisa, mameseji ezvematongerwo enyika akaiswa mumamiriro ezvepabonde. Kukurudzira kuramba kunyorwa, vaimbi Joan Baez nehanzvadzi yake Mimi Farina vakakumbira posita yakanyorwa kuti โVasikana Vanoti Hongu kune Vakomana Vanoti Kwete.โ
PaNyamavhuvhu 1968 Democratic National Convention muChicago, meya weDemocratic Conservative Richard Daley akatumira mapurisa zviuru makumi maviri nezvitatu kuti vatarise zviuru gumi zvevaratidziri vehondo. Mhirizhonga inotyisa yakaitika apo mapurisa airidza utsi hunokachidza uye kurova varatidziri vaive nerunyararo. Kuferefeta kuri pamutemo kwehurumende kwemhirizhonga yeConvention kwakadana "mhirizhonga yemapurisa." Yakatorwa mufirimu, mhirizhonga iyi yakanyanyisa zvekuti yakashorwa pasi rose, kunyangwe sarudzo dzemuUS dzakaratidza rutsigiro rwakapararira kumapurisa. Muna Gumiguru 23,000, SDS yakapasa chisungo chakanzi "Sarudzo Dzisingarevi Shit, Vota Pane Simba Riri, Simba Redu Mumugwagwa."
Varatidziri mumugwagwa weNYC muna 1969-mufananidzo naDiana Davies
Stonewall Inn musi waChikumi 28, 1969-mufananidzo kubva kuNY Daily News Vadzidzi veGLF nevatsigiri vanoratidza uye vanogara muNYU's Weinstein Hall muna 1970-mufananidzo naDiana Davies |
Kutevera mienzaniso iyi, kusununguka kweungochani kwakava mubvunzo wezvematongerwo enyika. Mukutanga kwa1969, Carl Wittman, mwanakomana wenhengo dzeBato reCommunist uye anobatsira ku "Port Huron Statement," akanyora "Gay Manifesto." Rakava gwaro rinotsanangura sangano idzva. Mukupedzisa, Wittman anonyora "An Outline of Imperatives for Gay Liberation":
1. Zvisunungure: buda kwose kwose; tanga kuzvidzivirira uye basa rezvematongerwo enyika; tanga masangano ekupikisa munharaunda
2. Batidza dzimwe ngochani: taura nguva dzose; nzwisisa, regerera, bvuma
3. Sunungura ungochani mumunhu wese: tichange tichiwana manyemwe kubva kune vanhu vari kutyisidzirwa: iva munyoro, uye ramba uchitaura & kuita zvakasununguka.
4. Tave tichitamba mutambo kwenguva yakareba, saka isu tiri vatambi vekupedzisira. Zvino isu tinogona kutanga kuva, uye ichave yakanaka show
Musanganiswa waWittman wekuvaka nharaunda, nhaurirano inovaka, kuda kwakanaka, kuvimba, uye kunakidzwa yaive musanganiswa weNew Left kuronga, kutamba kweungochani, uye kuraira kwakakosha: kubuda. Kune vasununguko vengochani, kubuda โ izwi risingawanzo shandiswa pamberi paro โ chaive chiitiko chakaomarara, cheruzhinji uye kutyora kwakasimba nekare. Nepo mapoka engochani aipikisa kuti ngochani dzinogona kuwana chengetedzo nekusimudzira kuvanzika, Gay Liberation yakapokana kuti chengetedzo uye rusununguko zvinongowanikwa nekugara, kunetsa, uye nekushandura nharaunda yeruzhinji.
Kuramba kwenyama yaive nzira ine musoro yekuita mune ino mamiriro. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 1968, vanhu vakapfeka zvipfeko uye vanhu vemumigwagwa muSan Francisco's Tenderloin District vakarwa nemapurisa kwemazuva maviri paCompton Cafeteria mushure mekunge maneja adaidzira mapurisa kuti adzinge vamwe vatengi vane ruzha. Kwapera gore, mumaawa ekutanga eMugovera, Chikumi 28, mapurisa akaita mhirizhonga paStonewall Inn pa53 Christopher Street muGreenwich Village. Vakadzinga vatengesi ndokusunga vamwe vashandi. Mhomho yevanhu vakaungana uye kunetsana nemapurisa kwakabva kwaitika. Kunyange zvazvo bhawa rakanga ravharwa, mhomho yakaungana zvakare uye chiitiko chakadzokororwa, pasina mhirizhonga, neMugovera manheru. Mushure mokudzikama, kwakava nekutsutsumwa kukuru nemhirizhonga manheru eChitatu chaitevera. Zviitiko zvepaStonewall zvaisave mhirizhonga, asi zvakaramba zvichinetsana mumigwagwa zvechisimba, dzimwe nguva zvechisimba, kuramba. Tsika yemauto ezvematongerwo enyika yaionekwa muzvinyorwa zvakaita sekuti "Gay Power" uye "Vanoda Kuti Tirwire Nyika Yedu [Asi] Vanopindira Kodzero Dzedu."
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rengochani raishanda muNew York panguva iyoyo raiva Mattachine. Vakaona Stonewall uye zviitiko zvezvematongerwo enyika zvakazotevera sekubvakacha kwekubva muhurongwa hwavo hwezvematongerwo enyika. Sekureva kwaDavid Carter, muna Chikumi 28, Mattachine akange atoshanda nemapurisa kumisa kumwe kuratidzira. Vakatoisa chikwangwani pabhawa rakavharwa: โIsu ngochani tinoteterera vanhu vedu kuti vabatsirewo kuchengetedza runyararo uye mufambiro wakanyarara mumigwagwa yomumusha.โ Maererano naDonn Teal, pane imwe yemisangano yekupedzisira yeMattachine isati yasvika, Jim Fouratt, nhengo yechidiki, akaomerera kuti "Vose vanodzvinyirirwa vanofanira kubatana. Hurongwa uhu hunotichengeta tose tisina simba nekutichengeta takaparadzana. "
Kutevera Stonewall, mubatanidzwa wenhengo dzisina kugutsikana dzeMattachine dzakasangana nehondo, pro-Black Power, New Left yakadana musangano musi waChikunguru 24, 1969 nerupepeti rwaiti: โUnofunga kuti ngochani dziri kumukira here? Unobheja dhongi rako rinotapira isu tiri."
Kuchinja kukuru kwekutaura uku kwairatidza zvehukasha-hunopikisa, mahara-kune-zvose, nhaurirano inotungamirwa nekubvumirana. Mukati makabuda Gay Liberation Front (GLF), iyo yakatora zita rayo kubva kuWomenโs Liberation Front, iyo yakatorawo zita rayo kubva kuVietnamese National Liberation Front. Zvizhinji zvechinyakare anarchist kupfuura leftist, kushaikwa kweGLF kwechimiro uye kupesana kwemazano kwairatidza kufara kwehungwaru, magariro, zvepabonde, uye zvematongerwo enyika zvenguva iyoyo. Teal anotora nhengo imwe ichiti "GLF inzira yakawanda kupfuura sangano." Asi yakanga iri muitiro une simba wakabereka miuyo. Mukati megore, zvinyorwa zveTeal, GLF yakange iine masero gumi nemapfumbamwe kana mapoka ekuita, mapoka gumi nemaviri ekusimudzira pfungwa, boka rinoenderera mberi rekudzidza, musangano wevarume vese, dare remakurukota revakadzi, mapoka matatu ekugara munharaunda, nhevedzano yemitambo yenharaunda yakabudirira, uye bepanhau. Huya kunze! Kudhindwa kwacho kwakava muenzaniso wemapepanhau akawanda ane simba e LGBT munharaunda, kusanganisira yeMichigan Ngochani Liberator, Philadelphia's Gay Alternative, San Francisco's Gay Sunshineuye Boston Fag Rag uye Gay Nharaunda Nhau. Mazana emapoka akazvimirira eGLF akarongwa pamakoreji emakoreji uye mumaguta munyika yose.
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Michael Bronski mudzidzisi mukuru muWomen's and Gender Studies paDartmouth College. Mabhuku ake anosanganisira A Queer History yeUnited States (yakatorwa pano), vhoriyamu yekutanga muReVisioning American History series kubva kuBeacon Press.
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