In Kubvumbi 2008 Josette Sheeran, mukuru mukuru weUN World Food Programme, akataura pachena nezvetsunami yakanyarara, “inotyisidzira kuisa vanhu vanopfuura miriyoni zana mumakondinendi ose munzara…. Ichi ndicho chiso chitsva yenzara—mamiriyoni evanhu vakanga vasiri muboka renzara yokukurumidzira mwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura asi iye zvino varipo.” Mitengo yakakwira nokukurumidza pazviyo, mupunga, uye chibage, izvo zviri zvokudya zvikuru zvevarombo, zvichiita 100 muzana yezvokudya zvecalorie munyika dzeAsia dzine mari shoma, hafu yemacalorie ose muAfrica iri kumaodzanyemba kweSahara, uye zvishoma zvishoma muchiLatin. America. Munhamba huru yeidzi nyika dzine urombo, umo vanhu vanorarama nemacalorie asingasviki 63 2,200 pazuva, zvokudya zvinotengwa kunze kwenyika zvinoumba chikamu chikuru chezvokudya zvavo zvokuti mitengo yakakwira uye yamuro yezvokudya shoma zvinoreva nzara. MuAmerica vanhu vekuAmerica muna 2005 vakashandisa mari isingasviki chikamu chimwe chete muzvinomwe zvemari yavanowana pakudya (kubva pachikamu chimwe chete muzvina cheavhareji yemari muma1960, kusanganisira chikafu chakadyiwa kunze). Zvisinei, munyika dzine urombo, zvokudya zvinotora inopfuura hafu yeindekisi yemitengo yevatengi; munzvimbo dzakaita seBangladesh neNigeria, vanopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu.
Mukutanga kwa2008 purezidhendi weWorld Bank, Robert Zoellick, akayambira kuti kune nyika dzinosvika makumi matatu nenhatu dziri munjodzi yekusagadzikana kwevanhu nekuda kwekukwira kwemitengo yezvekudya. Kutarisa kune zvakakonzera dambudziko iri uye mhinduro dzinonzi dzine zvakawanda zvekutiudza pamusoro pezvisina kunaka nemhando yehupfumi yemakumi emakore apfuura.
Chekutanga, sezvakataurwa, bhizinesi rekurima pasi rose rakarongeka kuti riwedzere purofiti uye hapana purofiti mukupa chikafu kune vane nzara kunze kwekunge mumwe munhu akubhadharira kuti uzviite. Chechipiri, bhizimusi rekurima rine kurudziro yekutora ivhu iro rakapa varombo chikafu ichiisa mukugadzira zvirimwa kunze kwenyika kuti zvitengese kune vakapfuma muGlobal North uye kune vepakati mune inonzi "misika iri kusimukira." Chokwadi isu tinogona kupupurira kuwedzera kukuru mukugadzirwa kwebhizimusi rekurima. Chechitatu, chiri mukuda kweagribusiness transnational kuderedza makwikwi kubva kune vamwe vanogadzira, kusanganisira varimi vari munyika dzine urombo vasina simba rehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika. Aya masangano epasi rose anokunda hurumende dzadzo kudzika mitemo nemaitiro akanaka achirasikirwa neruzhinji rwepasi rose rinovavarira kurarama nekugadzira chikafu. Chechina, kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri ekugadzirwa kwechikafu kwakagadzira maitiro asina kunaka ekushandisa sezvo chikafu chinogadzirwa chiri kushomeka mukukosha kwekudya.
Pasi rose, chikafu chikamu chakanyanyonangana zvakanyanya kupfuura zvingafungwa nemunhu. Huwandu hushoma hwemabhizimusi makuru anotonga chikamu chimwe nechimwe cheindasitiri, kubva kune vatengesi vezvekudya vakaita saWal-Mart, Ahold (iyo femu yechiDutch iyo muUnited States ine maGiant Supermarkets, Stop & Shop, nevamwe), hofori yeFrance Carrefour (iyo inoshanda. muEurope, Brazil, Argentina, South America, North Africa neAsia), kuUK's Tesco neGermany Metro Group, iyo yakafanana pasi rose. Vatengesi vakuru vezvekudya vashanu vekuUS vaive ne24 muzana yemusika muna 1997, 46 muzana muna 2004, uye vangangopfuura hafu yemusika nhasi. Retail concentration yakakwira zvakanyanya muEurope uye vepamusoro grocery vari kutarisa kugovera pasi rose.
Pakati pevagadziri vezvokudya zve oligopolistic ndiNestle-mugadziri weShredded Wheat, Taster's Choice (muArgentina kofi yayo iEcco; muUruguay, El Chana; muGreece, Loumidis, zvichingodaro pasi rose). Rondedzero inoenderera mberi, sezvainoita kune hofori dzechikafu dzakaita seUnilever. Kunyangwe makambani atinofunga semaponi ekunyepedzera sePepsiCo ane mamwe akawanda anozivikanwa mhando, seKFC, Taco Bell, uye Pizza Hut.
Kufambisa pasi cheni yekugovera kuvagadziri vanotenga nekugadzirisa zvinobuda papurazi uye zvipfuyo hofori dzeCargill, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), Tyson, pamwe nemakambani embeu nemakemikari anotonga kutengeswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene nefetereza — Monsanto, Dow, DuPont. . Funga nezvaCargill. Ndiyo kambani hombe inochengeterwa pachivande muUS, kambani yechitatu hombe yechikafu muEurope neUS, pamwe nehombe muSouth America neAsia, uye mutengesi mukuru wezviyo pasi rose.
Zvinodarika zvikamu makumi masere kubva muzana zvechibage chinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kubva kuUnited States zvinobatwa nemafemu matatu uye zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvesoya bhinzi zvinobatwa nemafemu matatu mamwe chetewo. Muna 80 vatakuri venyama yemombe hurusa 1990 (Tyson, Cargill, Swift, uye National Beef Packing) vaiva pakati pavo 4 muzana yokuuraya kwezuva nezuva; muna 72, 2005 muzana. Muna Chikunguru 83.5 mutakuri wemombe wekuBrazil JBS Swift akamirira US Department of Justice mvumo kutenga National Beef Packing neSmithfield Foods nyama yemombe. Bill Bullard weboka remombe reMontana, achitaura pamberi peSeneti Subcommittee pamusoro peAntitrust, Competition Policy uye Kodzero dzeVatengi, akaudza vezvemitemo kuti mhedzisiro yakadaro inopedza kukwikwidza kutenga nyama yemombe muUS uye, nekudaro, mutengo unobhadharwa nemutengi wenyama yemombe. supermarket yaizokura. Nguruve yakarongedza kusungirirwa ne2008 yemafemu akafanana ari pamusoro 3 aive ne4 muzana yehuwandu hwezuva nezuva muna 34, asi 1989 muzana muna 64.
Makambani makuru akadai seADM anogona kukwidziridza chinzvimbo chavo chesimba kuti vamanikidzire mafemu madiki kuti atengese nemitengo yakanaka. Inogona kupa hurongwa hwayo hwekugovera uye kugona kwayo kuita patent uye zvimwe zviwanikwa zvekudyidzana nevagadziri mune mamwe makwikwi emusika zvikamu, zvichivabatsira kukura mukutsinhana kwechikamu chakakosha chemari. Kudyidzana kwehungwaru pakati peADM neNovartis kudyidzana kwakasimba, mune iyi nyaya ine zvirimwa zvakagadziridzwa. Mbeu yakagadziridzwa yamutsa kushushikana pamusoro pemhedzisiro yehutano hwenguva refu, kukanganisa mukusiyana kwezvirimwa, uye mutengo wemhando yekurima iyo yavakagadzirirwa. Asi genetic modified zvakare chikamu chezano rekuda kuwedzera kukosha kwevarimi.
Mbeu yechivanhu haingoburitse zvirimwa chete, asi kuti mbeu zhinji dzemhando imwe chete dzinogona kushandiswa. Makambani anouchika mbeu anoshanda nesimba kudzivirira varimi kubereka mbeu kuti vazodyara gore rinotevera. Mhinduro yavakauya nayo: mhodzi yehybrid, isingabereke hybrid imwe chete. Chizvarwa chechipiri chinorasikirwa negoho uye chinoshanduka-shanduka, saka varimi vanofanira kutenga mbeu itsva gore negore. Mazano aya haashande pazvirimwa zvese uye mbeu yehybrid haina kunaka nguva dzose. Mbeu yakagadziridzwa kuti ibudise chirimwa, asi kwete kumera, inopa chimwe chinhu chine chinangwa chemakambani. Mbeu yeBioengineered ine DNA inotevedzwa iyo inobvumira kuziva kwakabva chirimwa uye inobvumira kutevedzwa kwechibvumirano chakajairika umo murimi anosaina kodzero dzese dzepfuma kuchizvarwa chinotevera. Kana varimi vangodzika nemugwagwa uyu, kudzokera kumashure kunonetsa.
Kumisikidzwa kwembeu kunogona kuve nyaya yakakomba munyika dzichiri kusimukira uko kunogona kusanganisira kutengesa zvinhu zvinoenderana nekurima kwemaindasitiri, izvo kazhinji zvisina kufanira kuvarimi vadiki. Semuyenzaniso, zvigadzirwa zvemakambani embeu zvakashambadzwa zvakanaka uye zvinoparadzirwa zvine hukasha kazhinji hazvishande semhando dzembeu dzechinyakare, dzinogona kunge dzakachipa uye dzinoshivirira mamiriro enzvimbo. Asi mbeu dzepasi dzinosundirwa kuvarimi. Mukupikisa Oxfam yakaita shoo dzembeu munyika dzine urombo uye yakapa mazano nemapoka evakadzi (vakadzi ndivo varimi vazhinji munyika zhinji), mamwe mapoka evarimi, nemasangano akazvimirira. Pamwero mukuru zvirongwa zvakadaro zvinogona kuita musiyano mukuru.
Tyake inotisvitsa pakurima chaiko uye mabatirwo anogamuchirwa nevarimi uye marongero ehurumende ekumanikidza zvekurima muGlobal South. Chinonyanya kujeka ndechekushandiswa kwemitero inoshandiswa kune zvekurima, kugadzira chikafu, uye kubata hove apo Global South inokwanisa kukwikwidza zvinobudirira nevagadziri vepakati. Mimwe yemitengo yekudzivirira ndeye 100 muzana uye inovhara zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana sechokoreti, nyama, uye mukaka. Nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakagara dzichitarisana nekukwira kwemitero, kuitira kuti, semuenzaniso, kofi, iyo isina kubudiswa muNorth, inobvumirwa nyore nyore, asi kofi mumagaba inotarisana nemitero yakakwirira kudzivirira vagadziri veNorthern-based vane hukama hwakakomba hwezvematongerwo enyika nehurumende dzavo ( 40 muzana yekofi inotengeswa nemakambani mana chete uye 4 muzana yakagochwa nemakambani matatu chete). Mitengo yekofi, sezvizhinji zvekurima, haichinji uye kana zvinhu zvitsva zvauya pamusika vagadziri vakura vanotarisana nekudzikira kwemitengo, izvo zvinoshungurudza varimi vadiki. Huwandu hwemutengo wesupermarket unoenda kune vanogadzira chikamu chidiki chemutengo wekupedzisira. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika kune zvakawanda zvekurima. Somuenzaniso, kana ari mabhanana, nyika dzinorimwa dzinowana zvikamu gumi nezviviri kubva muzana uye vashandi vanorima 45 muzana chete pamutengo wekutengesa.
Chokwadi, vashandi vekumaruwa vanotambira mari vanowanzo kanganwa munhaurirano dzechikafu, sezvinoita vasina minda veGlobal South vanotengesa simba ravo rekushanda nepavanogona napo munzvimbo yakawandisa yevashandi. Vashandi ava vanoda chaizvo ivhu ravo. MuBrazil, somuenzaniso, pasinei zvapo nezvizvarwa zvavezvamatongerwe enyika vachivimbisa kuvandudzwa kwevhu, 1.6 muzana yevaridzi vevhu vanodzora inenge hafu yevhu rinorimika (46.8 muzana). Zvitatu kubva muzana zvine zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu. Muchokwadi ichi sangano reLandless Peasants Movement (MST) rakatora murunyararo ivhu risingashandiswe ndokuvamba mapurazi emishandirapamwe. Yakahwina mazita epamusoro pechikamu chetatu chemiriyoni yemhuri. Chokwadi, kune sangano repasi rose remhando yekurima yakasiyana kubva kumhando yemakambani, zvichiratidza kunetsana kwepamberi pakati pevarimi vevarimi nebhizimusi rekurima, pakati pevagadziri vadiki nevagadziri vezvekudya vemunyika, uye pakati pehurumende dzeSouth. uye Maodzanyemba.
Kuti zvitumirwe nevepakati pemakambani makuru, zvinhu zvekurima zvinofanirwa kuenzaniswa uye kubudiswa muhuwandu. Izvi zvinofarira vagadziri vakakura muGlobal South neNorth. Kurudziro yekugadzira zvirimwa zvishomanana kunze kwenyika inodzvanyirira varimi vadiki vasina mari. Maitiro ekunyanya hunyanzvi anokonzeresa kutengwa kwechikafu chakachipa, chinopihwa rubatsiro, izvo zvine njodzi kune vanogadzira chikafu chemuno — kuwedzera hurombo hwekumaruwa nekusaenzana, zvichiwedzera kudiwa kwerubatsiro rwekunze. Zvisinei, rubatsiro rwakadaro haruna kukwana. Pamari chikamu chidiki cherutsigiro rwezvekurima nyika dzakapfuma dzinopa makambani adzo ezvekurima kuti agadzire chikafu chinorasirwa pamisika yenyika dzine urombo.
Nyika dzakapfuma dzinochengetedza kurima kwadzo kubva kune vanogadzira vanogadzira muGlobal South kunyangwe vachipa rubatsiro kumisa kumwe kukuvadzwa kwemitemo yavo. Semuyenzaniso, US inopa rubatsiro kusub-Saharan Africa, asi inopa kakapetwa katatu kuvagadziri vayo vedonje vepamba, vanenge zviuru gumi vavo, zvikuru mabhizinesi makuru. Izvi zvinoderedza mutengo wedonje pasi rose, zvichideredza mihoro yevarimi vedonje vane mamiriyoni gumi vanobudirira zvikuru muWest Africa. Vagadziri vekuUS vasingakwanise kukwikwidza pasina idzi rubatsiro rwakakura mumisika yedonje yepasi rose. Mitemo inopokana yakadaro inoitika nemhaka yezvido zvinokwikwidzana misiyano yakakomba pamusoro pokuti kurukurirano dzezvinetso zvenyika yose dzinoitirwa kupi. Nezvekudya, mune imwe seti yenzvimbo, United Nations uye maforamu epasi rose anotsigirwa nemasangano ari muhurongwa hweUN, pane chibvumirano chekuti kodzero yekudya haikonike. Pane chibvumirano chekuti vanhu vese nguva dzese vanofanirwa kuwana chikafu chakakwana, chinovaka muviri kuchengetedza hutano uye kuita basa. Idzi inzvimbo umo kutaura kwekubatana kwepamusoro kunowedzerwa kuzvisarudzo uye zvirongwa zveshanduko. Zvakaenderana neforamu dzakadai masangano anodzora nyika dzepasi rose ane simba zvakanyanya, akadai seInternational Monetary Fund neWorld Trade Organisation, ayo anoisa nekusimbisa zvinodiwa munyika dzisina kusimba kuti dzienderane nehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika uye kushambadzira kwemabasa ehurumende.
Nepo zvekurima zvaive zviri pamutemo chikamu cheGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade muna 1947 (GATT), muma1950 United States yakahwina dziviriro yevagadziri vayo vekurima mukuregeredza zvisungo zveGATT. Nyika dzeEU dzakabatsirikanawo. Vakakwanisa kuwedzera hurongwa hwekugadzira pasina muganhu pane rubatsiro rwakapiwa. Muzana ramakore idzva kwakava nenhamburiko yokutanga yakakomba pakugadzirisa kusaruramisira kwakakomba kwehurumende yokurima yaifarira nyika dzakapfuma kukuvadziko yeMaodzanyemba. Zvekurima zvine chikamu che70 percent chevanhu vari mumatunhu ane hurombo maringe nezvikamu zvina kubva muzana mune dzakapfuma. Sezvo vakamanikidzwa kubvisa uye kubvisa mari yezvirongwa zvebudiriro yekumaruwa nemirairo yeneoliberal, tarisiro yekuti musika wakasununguka uchatsiva "kupindira kwehurumende kusingashande" yakaodzwa mwoyo. Sekune dzimwe nzvimbo, sekupihwa kwemvura kune varombo, pakanga pasina chikonzero chekuti makambani akazvimirira abatsire vanhu vasingakwanise kubhadhara mitengo yemusika.
Kuchinja kubva pakurima zvidiki kumisika yemuno kuenda kune zvekurima kune kunze kwenyika kunofadza avo vane mari. Kurimwa kweminda iyi, zvisinei, hakuna kuunza mabasa akakwana kuti aenderane nezvinodiwa nevarimi venzvimbo vakatamiswa. Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu chakakosha cheagribusiness purofiti inoyerera kunze kwenyika. "Kushanda zvakanaka" muhupfumi hwevashandi hunosiya vanhu vazhinji vatonyanya. MuMexico mushure meNAFTA, somuenzaniso, varimi vanopfuura miriyoni vakarasikirwa nemararamiro avo sezvo nyika yakava mutengesi mukuru wechibage.
Nyika dzakapfuma dziri kuramba dzichipa mari inodarika bhiriyoni remadhora pazuva murubatsiro rwemunyika. Rubatsiro rwakazara kuvarimi vari munyika dzichiri kusimukira i3 muzana yemari yakananga kuvarimi venyika dzakapfuma. Maonero enyika yose angasava nechokwadi nedzimwe rubatsiro dzinobvumira kuti zvokudya zvitakurwe madaro marefu. Inogona kubvunza mutengo mumafuta asingadzoreki efossil uye kuverenga mitengo yekudziya kwepasi iri kubhadharwa mukurasikirwa kwekurima kwekurima kubva mafashama nekusanaya kwemvura. Ichaverengera mutengo kumamiriyoni evaAfrica kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze zvine chekuita nekushomeka kwemvura uye kukanganisa kwekuchengetedza chikafu. Kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAfrica panosvika gore ra2020 zvinonzi goho rekurima kunonaya mvura rinogona kudzikira nechikamu che50 percent zvichikonzerwa nekusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Nhaka yenyika dzakapfuma ikozvino yakabatsira mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze inoita chiseko chekudaidzira kuti China neIndia dzideredze kabhoni pamwe nenyika dzakapfuma. Zvakafanana nekuenda mushure memutambo wemabiko, asi uchipihwa kofi uye dhizeti chete, wozoudzwa kuti unofanira kubhadhara chikamu chako chebhiri pakudya kwese.
Mamwe marongero enyika dzakapfuma, akadai sekubatsira mafuta ebiofuel, anogona kuita 75 muzana yekukwira kwemitengo yezvekudya, maererano neongororo yakadzvinyirirwa (uye yadeuka) yeWorld Bank. Huwandu hweveruzhinji hweBush hutongi hwekuti ethanol yakawedzera mitengo yechikafu nezvikamu zvitatu kubva muzana. Kuongorora kwakawanda kwaiva pedyo nekwaLester Brown: “Tiri kuona kutanga kweimwe yenhamo huru munhau. United States, munhamburiko isina kururama yokuderedza kushaikwa kwayo kweoiri kupfurikidza nokuchinja zviyo kuva mafuta emotokari, iri kuparira kusachengeteka kwezvokudya munyika yose pamwero usina kumboonekwa kare.” Bhiri reUS 3 Energy Bill rakaraira kuwedzera kashanu mukugadzirwa kwebiofuel panosvika 2007 (izvo zvinozoda kusendeka parutivi hafu yechibage kuita izvi). Kugadzirwa kweEthanol kwaiita senge mhinduro iri nani kune vezvematongerwo enyika veUS pane mutemo wekuwedzera gasi mileage. Yakave nemukana wakawedzerwa wekuda kudiwa nevavhoti mumatunhu anorimwa chibage uye kuunganidza mipiro mikuru kubva kumabhizimusi ezvekurima kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwainzi "ruchamisa nzvimbo" yezvitsva izvi zvemafuta.
Archer Daniels Midland ndiye akanyanya kuwana rubatsiro rwemubatanidzwa ethanol subsidy uye akabatsira mukuita kuti mutemo upasiswe nekupa mamirioni emadhora "mumari yakapfava" kumaRepublicans nemaDemocrats, vachifarira wekutanga nembiri-kusvika-imwe muganho. Mukutenderera kwesarudzo dzemuna 1992, kusimbisa rubatsiro rwayo rwe ethanol, ADM ndiyo yaive mupi mukuru kuRepublican Party. Iyo Gingrich inotungamirwa nenhoroondo yekudzoreredza kweImba yeVamiriri, kwenguva refu mukutonga kweDemocratic Party, yaive nechekuita neADM bankrolling Gingrich's GOPAC, sangano risingabatsiri rakabhadhara kufamba nendege, tsamba, uye kunyora kutaura, pakati pezvimwe mari. Mukudzoka kambani yakaita zvakanaka apo maRepublicans akatsvaira kutonga. Libertarian Cato Institute yakazivisa ADM "mugamuchiri ane mukurumbira wehutano hwemakambani munhoroondo ichangoburwa yeUS." Pakaita mhere mhere ye ethanol subsidy pork barrel giveaway yakatyisidzira kukanzura chirongwa ichi, ADM yakanzi yakabhanga kupona kwayo. Mutengo wekudzoka kwekudyara uku muvagadziri vemitemo yehurumende wanga wakanyanya. Pakati pa1980 na1997 ADM yakawana mari inodarika mabhiriyoni gumi emadhora kubva kuzvikwereti zvemitero. Sokunyora kwakaita James Bovard weCato: “Gwaro rehurumende harina kurongedzerwa kungo‘enzanisa nzvimbo yekutamba,’ kana kuti kunyange kurerekera nhandare mukufarira ethanol. Pane kudaro, chirongwa chacho hachina chimwe chinhu kunze kwekutenga nzvimbo yese yekutamba uye kupa zita racho zvakananga kune vanogadzira ethanol. Ethanol, kusvika pakushandiswa kwepeturu, mubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika. "
Kwemakore, pese pavanogadzira muGlobal South vachityisidzira zvido zveUS, Washington yakapindira kuchengetedza yayo, ingave iri Louisiana catfish indasitiri inoudza Congress kuti isabvisa Vietnamese catfish (kuisa panjodzi raramo ye15,000 mhuri dzeVietnamese dzakaisa mari yekuchengetedza hupenyu hwavo. kutenga matanga anoyangarara anodiwa pakugadzira) kana vapfuri venyuchi vekuUS vachirambidza huchi hweArgentina kupinda munyika (Argentina yave nyika inotungamira mukutengesera uchi kunze kwenyika) kana varimi vemichero vemudzimba vachida kuti Washington idzore mutero wekutengesa kubva kunze kwenyika mapear emumagaba kubva kuSouth Africa (zvichityora African Growth and Opportunity Act). Panguva imwe cheteyo chirongwa cherubatsiro cheUS chakakura zvakanyanya, izvo zvave kukanganisa mikana yevarimi vazhinji vekuGlobal South kuti vakwikwidze. Muna 2007-8, apo dambudziko rekudya pasi rose rakatanga senjodzi huru kune 100 miriyoni varombo pasi rese uye nemitengo yezvekudya yakakwira zvakanyanya, US Congress yakapasisa izvo zvakanzi neNew York Times "zvinonyadzisa" bhiri repapurazi, chinyorwa. vanyori vachizivisa kuti, "Bhiri iri ibasa rinonyangadza rinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekurima kukuru." Vacherekedza kuti bhiri iri raisanganisira mafaro akajairwa senge mazororo emutero kune vanofuya mabhiza emujaho - achisundwa nemutungamiri vashoma veSeneti Mitch McConnell (R-KY) - ichidhura mabhiriyoni mazana matatu emadhora panguva iyo mari yepurazi yakakwira ne300 muzana.
Pasi rose vanhu vekuEurope nevekuAmerica vakamanikidza misika yemuno yakavhurika kukurima kwavo kunopihwa rubatsiro zvakanyanya zvichiita kuti hupenyu hunyanye kushuvira kuvagadziri veko. IAmerican Farm Bureau yanga ichidaidzira zvirango zvekutengeserana kuChina kunze kwekunge yavhura misika yayo kune zvekuAmerica zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Kuvhura misika yeChina kune zvigadzirwa zvemapurazi zvakapihwa mari yakawanda kungave nenjodzi pahuwandu hukuru hwevarimi vanorima chibage negorosi. China yabatana nenyika dzeIBSA — India, Brazil, neSouth Africa — ichida kumisa nzira yekurasira marara kwekurima munyika dzakapfuma, zvichiratidza kuchinja kwehukama hwemasimba muWorld Trade Organisation uye kuita kuti Doha Round imire.
Pane nyaya dzakawanda dzinovhiringika mukukurukurwa kwerubatsiro rwakadai. Zviripachena kuti rubatsiro urwu rwakaenda zvakanyanya kune chikuru bhizinesi rekurima uye harina kuchengetedza mapurazi emhuri madiki muUnited States, ane nhamba iri kuramba ichidzikira.
Kuda mutemo wakajairika we "misika yemahara" mune zvekurima ndeimwe nyaya. Zvinoreva "kubvuma kubviswa kwemabhiriyoni evagadziri vasina kukwikwidza mukati menguva pfupi yenhoroondo yemakumi mashoma emakore," sekunyora kwaSamir Amin. “Chii chichaitika kumabhiriyoni aya evanhu pakati pevarombo, vanozvidyisa nedambudziko guru?” Kuparadzwa kwevarimi vevarimi uye kukuvadzwa kumhuri dzemapurazi dzinogara dzisina kudya kunogadziriswa zvinogona kugadziriswa nekupa mbeu, fetereza, basa rekuwedzera rinoenderana nemamiriro enzvimbo, uye kugadzirisa rusaruro rwuri kurerekera kune bhizinesi rekurima kuitira kudzoreredza mukana wekuchengetedza chikafu.
Wheti nezvedambudziko riripo? Munguva pfupi rubatsiro rwekukurumidzira runodiwa. Sokuyambira kwaManeja weIMF, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, mukupera kwaChikumi, dzimwe nyika dzaive “padanho repamusoro” nekuda kwekukwira kwemitengo yezvekudya nemafuta uko dzaisazokwanisa kupa vanhu vadzo chikafu uye kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwehupfumi hwadzo. Saizvozvovo, Robert Zoellick, purezidhendi weWorld Bank, akaita zvikumbiro zvakafanana zverubatsiro rwechikafu, achiti kutanga kwaChikunguru, "Tiri kupinda munzvimbo ine njodzi" nekuda kwe "njodzi yakapetwa kaviri yemitengo yezvekudya nekutengesa ... [t] kutyisidzira kupinza vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni zana muurombo hukuru.” Muna Chikumi Oxfam inofungidzirwa kuti vanhu mamirioni mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe vaida rubatsiro rwechikafu nemari kuti vararame. Mugwaro pfupi Oxfam inofungidzira kuti $290 bhiriyoni yaidiwa nekukasika kubatsira kugadzirisa dambudziko rechikafu.
Panyaya yekuti rubatsiro runofanira kushandiswa sei pane musiyano mukuru pakati pemaitiro akajairika ekurasa chikafu pamisika yemuno nekuchipa, izvo zvinotowedzera kukanganisa kurima kwenzvimbo, uye kupa mari kuti vanhu vane nzara vatenge chikafu mumisika yemuno, izvo zvinokurudzira zvakanyanya. kugadzirwa, pamwe chete nerubatsiro rwezvivakwa kuti zvirimwa zviendeswe kumusika nekupa rubatsiro rwefetereza nembeu. CARE yakaderedza chikafu chemahara kubva kunyika dzinopa mari izvo vanoti zvinokanganisa tarisiro yekuti nyika dzikwanise kuzvipa chikafu. CARE inotora chinzvimbo chekuti “kutenga kwenzvimbo ibasa rakaoma. Kunzwisisa kukuru kwemisika yemuno uye njodzi dzinogona kuitika uye mhedzisiro isingatarisirwe inodiwa usati watora chikamu mukutenga kwemuno pamwero wakakosha. " Mukufamba kwenguva zvichatora zvinopfuura kupa rubatsiro, izvo zvaizofanira kunge zviri pamwero usingagoneki kufungidzira zvichiitika.
Kunyange paine kushushikana kuriko maererano nerubatsiro rwenyika dzakapfuma, bhizimusi rekurima, sevamwe vezera raro mune mamwe matunhu, riri kufamba kumahombekombe uye nekudyidzana kwepasi rose nzvimbo dzaro dzekugadzira. Agribusiness inotarisa kune savanna yeBrazil uko 250 miriyoni maeka inogona kuunzwa mukugadzirwa kunze kwenyika, neimwe 200 miriyoni maheka muVenezuela, Guyana, nePeru. Imwe nzvimbo inogona kuwanikwa yezvirimwa zvikuru inosanganisira maeka mamiriyoni 100 mune yaichimbova Soviet Union uye maeka mamiriyoni 300 muAfrica iri kumaodzanyemba kweSahara—nyika isinganyanyi kushandiswa nevarimi vanorima. Yakawanda sei acreage inoenda kune vasina nyika uye yakawanda sei kune transnational agribusiness ichave mhedzisiro yekunetsekana. Kupa nyika zvokudya kuchada kugadzirwa kwakawanda munyika dzine urombo uye zvokudya zvishoma zvinotumirwa kwadziri kubva kune dzakapfuma.
Nyaya chaiyo iri kuvaka simba renyika dzese kuti dzizvidye, kupa kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu uye kunonotsa kukura kwekusashanda maguta makuru muGlobal South nekusimudzira mararamiro emaruwa, kuburitsa imwe nzira yebudiriro. Zvinoda kuramba chido chemari yepasi rose chekupatsanurwa kwevashandi kwakakura, izvo zvinoita kuti vanhu vatsamire pamisika yepasirese isina kugadzikana uye zvinoisa hupfumi hwenyika, kunyanya varombo, kuparara kukuru kana mitengo yezvinhu ikakwira zvakanyanya sezvavari kuita iye zvino. Transnational agribusiness uye vanogadzira chikafu mumaindasitiri uye vanogovera mubatanidzwa une simba mukuda kuwedzera hurongwa huripo.
Asi kuchinja kwechokwadi kunobvira uye kunodiwa. Tichifunga nezvehurongwa huripo uye nedambudziko riripo, panodiwa rubatsiro kudzivirira nzara yakapararira. Dambudziko riripo pari zvino injodzi yakaitwa nevanhu yakagadzirwa nehurumende yezvekurima pasi rose yechikafu. Nyika dzakapfuma dzinofanirwa kusimuka uye kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, kuita zvakanaka pane zvakavimbiswa kare uye kutarisana nemitengo yekushandiswa kwemafuta efossil yaakaisa mumhedzisiro yekudziya kwepasi kuGlobal South, kukuvadzwa kwerubatsiro rwe ethanol, uye mitemo yavo yekurima kazhinji. .
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Chinyorwa ichi chakabva pahurukuro yakapiwa pamusangano we“Global Food Crisis” paBrecht Forum, New York City, Chikunguru 12, 2008. Ndinotenda Fred Magdoff nekundiratidza kunowanikwa ruzivo uye nemhinduro dzinobatsira pane zvakapfuura. zvinyorwa zvechinyorwa ichi.