Pakupera kwaChikumi 2015, Dare Repamusorosoro richasarudza kuti Bumbiro reMitemo reU. Kunyange zvazvo kuroorana kwengochani iri nyaya yehondo yetsika, mikana yakanaka yekuti Dare riwedzere kodzero dzewanano kune ngochani nengochani.
Kuti tinzwisise zvichaitwa neDare Repamusorosoro, nzira yekuputsika mumutemo webumbiro yakarongeka. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti Bumbiro reMitemo haritauri chinhu pamusoro pewanano, uye nyaya zhinji dziri pamberi peDare dzakaoma zvekuti mitongo mikuru inoda kuongororwa zvakanyanya, dzimwe nguva ichisvika pamapeji zana mushure mekunge Vatongi vasvitsa mifungo yavo inowirirana uye inopikisana.
Nyaya yewanano yengochani inoshandisa dzidziso dzakawanda dzebumbiro remitemo. Kutanga, iyo Equal Protection Clause yegumi nechina Amendment. Chechipiri, kodzero yakakosha yekuroora, inonyanya kuzivikanwa neDare Repamusorosoro muna 1967, payakabvisa mitemo inorambidza kuroorana kwemarudzi. Chibvumirano ichi ndicho chinowanzotaurwa "kodzero dzenyika," zvichibvumira nyika kuti dzitonge pazvinhu zvisina kunyorwa muBumbiro reMitemo.
Kana Dare rogadzirisa nyaya yedziviriro yakaenzana, rinosarudza kubva pamienzaniso mitatu inoturikira yakagadzirwa nevatongi isingaonekwi muBumbiro reMitemo asi iyo inobatsira matare kushandisa zviga zvisina kujeka zviri mugwaro iroro. Muenzaniso unonyanya kukoshesa hurumende ndeye "rational basis review." Pasi pechiyero ichocho, mutemo wehurumende unogona kusiyanisa pakati pemapoka akasiyana (vapfumi nevarombo, semuenzaniso) chero bedzi ichigona kutaura chero chikonzero chine musoro chekuita kudaro. Kazhinji kazhinji, chikonzero chipi nechipi chichakwana. Izvi zvinobvumira hurumende kudzika mitemo pamhando dzakasiyana-siyana-kusanganisira mutemo wehupfumi-pasina kupindira kwematare kunze kwekunge mitemo yacho isina musoro uye haigoni kupembedzwa nenzira ipi zvayo. Hurumende kazhinji inokunda pasi peiyo rational basis standard. Muyero wakaderera wekuongorora ndewe "kuongorora kwepakati," kunonyanya kushandiswa kana hurumende ichiita rusarura pahwaro hwekuti murume nemukadzi. Kuongorora kwepakati kunoda kuti hurumende itaure chishuwo chakakosha kururamisa musiyano. Hurumende inowanzorasikirwa nekuongorora kwepakati. Chiyero chakaomesesa chekuongorora chehurumende "kunyatsoongorora," zvinoda hurumende kuti itaure chikonzero chinomanikidza chekururamisa rusarura. Mhosva dzerusarura dzerudzi nedzenyika dzinoshandiswa pakuongorora zvakanyanya, zvakadanwa nekuti hurumende inonyatso ongorora chikonzero chehurumende kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti zvakakodzera kururamisa rusarura. Hurumende inenge ichigara ichirasikirwa nekuongororwa kwakasimba.
Dare rinocherechedzawo dzimwe โkodzero dzinokosha,โ kusanganisira kodzero yokuroora kana kuroorwa, isina kutaurwa muBumbiro reMitemo. Sokutaura kwakaita Dare muna 1996, โSarudzo pamusoro pewanano, upenyu hwemhuri, uye kurerwa kwevana ndedzimwe dzekodzero dzesangano iri Dare rakati โdzinokosha zvikuru munzanga yedu, kodzero dzinochengetedzwa neFourteenth Amendment inopikisa kubvuta kusingakodzeri kweHurumende, kusaremekedza. , kana kusaremekedza'.โ
Iyo Windsor Precedent
Pamwe pacho, Dare richagadzirisa nyaya yewanano yengochani nekushandisa dziviriro yakaenzana uye dzidziso dzekodzero dzakakosha. Ichashanda zvakare nyaya ichangoburwa, United States v. Windsor, iyo muna 2013 yakaparadza Defence of Marriage Act, mutemo wemubatanidzwa waitsanangura wanano nenzira dzechikadzi nechinangwa chekutarisa kuti vakaroora vanowana riini mabhenefiti. In Windsor, vachinyorera ruzhinji rwe5-4, Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akaongorora hutongi hweroorano hweDare, achiti, โMitemo yehurumende inotsanangura nekudzora wanano, hongu, inofanira kuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu dziri mubumbiro remutemo, asi, zvichienderana nevimbiso idzodzo, kudzora hukama hwepamba. inzvimbo yave ichionekwa kwenguva refu sedunhu reUnited States chete.โ Mutongo iwoyo unoratidza dambudziko reDare Repamusorosoro panyaya yewanano yengochani. Nepo mirau yewanano ichifanirwa kugutsa mipimo yebumbiro remitemo, roorano yagara iri chisikwa chehurumende.
In Windsor, Justice Kennedy akacherechedza kuti, "Chivimbiso cheBumbiro reMitemo chekuenzana chinofanira kunge chichireva kuti chido chekongiresi chisina kujeka chekukuvadza boka risingafarirwi mune zvematongerwo enyika haigoni kururamisa kubatwa kwakasiyana kweboka iroro. Mukusarudza kana mutemo uchiparirwa nechikara chisina kufanira kana kuti donzo, rusaruro rwounhu husina kujairika zvikurukuru runoda kurangarirwa kwokungwarira.โ Richirova DOMA, Dare rakagumisa kuti, โchinangwa chikuru uye zvinodiwa nemutemo uyu kuzvidza vanhu vari muwanano yengochani zviri pamutemo. Izvi zvinoda kuti Dare ribate, sezvarinoita izvozvi, kuti DOMA haisi pamutemo sekunyima rusununguko rwemunhu akadzivirirwa neFifth Amendment yeBumbiro. Dare iri Windsor haana kutaura pachena kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinocherechedza kodzero yekuroorana kwengochani. Asi, kubvira pakunyora uku, maererano neLambda Legal, โmitongo 44 munyaya 44 yakabva kumatare ehurumende akasiyana-siyana 27 ayo akabata mitemo ye27 inoti yairambidza varume vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokuroorana kuroora kana kuti kuita kuti michato yavo ionekwe kuva isingabvumiraniswi nebumbiro remutemo kana kuti iyo yakarambidza varume vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokuroorana kuroora kana kuti kuita kuti michato yavo ibvumidzwe kuva isiri yomutemo akapinda mumirayiro isina kukwana kana kuti yakazara pamusoro pavo.โ Mukuita izvi, matare aya akanyorera Windsor's kufunga. Kuchinja kwezviitiko uku kwanga kusingafungidzirwe makore gumi apfuura, apo nyika nenyika yakadzika mitemo uye mareferendamu eruzhinji akaita kuti zvisave pamutemo kuti ngochani nengochani varoore. Shanduko inokurumidza mumaitiro eruzhinji, uye Dare Repamusorosoro kufunga kunofambira mberi mukati Windsor zvakaita kuti gungwa richinje.
Nharo Dzinokwikwidzana
Nyaya dzichangobva kuitika dzemubatanidzwa dzinoratidza nzira iyo vatongi vakagadzirisa nayo nyaya iyi. Vamwe vatongi vanoti kurambidzwa kwewanano yengondi imwe chete hakugone kutariswa zvakanyanya pasi peEqual Protection Clause nekuti wanano ikodzero yakakosha isingagone kudziviswa pasina kufarira kunomanikidza. Vamwe vatongi vanoshandisa iyo yakawedzera deferential mwero wekudzokorora - zvine musoro - mukusarudza kuti, kunyangwe kuroora kwengochani isingakonzere bvunzo inomanikidza yekufarira, hurumende haigone kutaura chero hwaro hune musoro hwekurambidzwa kwewanano yeungochani.
Panyaya iyo Dare Repamusorosoro rakabvuma kunzwa, DeBoer v. Snyder, Mutongi Jeffrey Sutton weSixth Circuit Court of Appeals muCincinnati muna Mbudzi 2014 akabvisa maitiro ekunyora mutongo wekutanga wekupikisa kuroora kwengochani. Mutongi Sutton, akagadzwa pabhenji neMutungamiri George W. Bush, akatambira chirevo che โkubereka zvine hungwaruโ icho chinomira sechikonzero chakakomba mukufarira kurambidzwa kwewanano yengochani. Mutongi Sutton akagumisa kuti hurumende inokwanisa kutsigira michato yengochani nengochani nekuti inoda kukurudzira kuberekana zvine musoro. Dare rakati, "[O] handigoni kunzwisisa kuti sei vagari vemo vangafunga kuti chinhu chekutanga chine musoro chenzanga chero ipi zvayo kudiwa kwekugadzirisa hukama hwevarume nevakadzi uye mikana yakasiyana yekubereka nayo." Imwe nzira yekutevera chinangwa ichi ndeyekukurudzira vakaroorana kuti vapinde muukama husingagumi kuburikidza nerubatsiro uye zvimwe zvakanaka uye kuvarambidza kupedza hukama hwakadaro kuburikidza neidzi nedzimwe nzira. Vanhu vangasada kurudziro yehurumende kuita zvepabonde. Uye vangasada kurudziro yehurumende kuparadzira mhuka. Asi vangangoda kurudziro yehurumende kuti vagadzire nekuchengetedza hukama hwakagadzikana mukati umo vana vanogona kubudirira. Haisi mitemo yenzanga kana kuti nyaya iyi mitemo yechitendero chimwe chete, asi mitemo yezvakasikwa (yokuti varume nevakadzi vanozadzisana biologically), iyo yakagadzira zvakakosha. Uye hurumende kazhinji hadzifungidzirwe pasi peConstitution yekuisa pamberi pekugadzirisa kwadzinoita nyaya dzakadai. "
Mutongi Sutton mumiriri ane mukurumbira akambonyorera vatongi vaviri veDare Repamusorosoro uye akapikisa nyaya gumi nembiri mudare iroro. Asi maonero ake munyaya yewanano yengochani yaive yekunze. Vanenge mutongi wega wega wedare redzimhosva kuti atonge nyaya iyi sezvo Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga kuti Windsor yabvisa zvirambidzo zvekuroorana kwevangochani, pamwe zvakanyanya, Richard Posner weSeventh Circuit Court of Appeals muChicago, akatora demo kumakakatanwa echinyakare achida. kurambidzwa kwewanano munaGunyana 12. Mutongi Posner akaongorora gakava rinozivikanwa rekuti, mukurambidza kuroora kwengochani, hurumende inogona kusarudza panzvimbo pekukurudzira kuberekana zvine mutsindo pakati pevakaroora kana kuroorwa kuti vaone kuti vana vavo vanorerwa mudzimba dzakagadzikana dzemurume nemukadzi. .
Anosanozivikanwa anochengetedza uye anogadzwa naReagan, Mutongi Posner anozivikanwa nekunyora kwake kwakajeka kunowanzo kunzvenga pamutemo. Achipfupikisa chimiro cheHurumende yeIndiana munyaya yacho, Mutongi Posner akanyora, kuti: โChikonzero bedzi chomutemo weroorano weIndiana, gakava rehurumende rinopfuurira, kuedza kupinza vatano yokubereka nayo usingazivi muhurumende yapamutemo umo baba vokubereka vanodikanirwa kuva mubereki. mutoro. Nyika inoziva kuti vamwe kana ngochani dzakawanda dzinoda kupinda muwanano dzengochani, asi inotaura kuti vanhu vazhinji vanoda kupinda muhukama hunorambwa nehurumende kumanikidza kana kuchengetedza (ushamwari hunova muenzaniso unozivikanwa).
Hurumende haina chido mukucherechedza nekudzivirira muchato wengochani, Indiana inopokana, nekuti kuita ungochani hakugone kuguma nekuzvara kusingatarisirwe. Mutongi Posner akadzora chinzvimbo cheIndiana. Akataura kuti โkukurudzira wanano hakurevi kumanikidza vanababa kuti vatarisire vana vavasingafungiri . . . pane kusimudzira kugara zvakanaka kwevana nokukurudzira vabereki kuti vazvipire kuukama hwakasimba hwavanenge vachirera vana pamwe chete.โ Mukuwedzera, โkana kupinza bonde rokubereka muwanano chiri chikonzero bedzi chokuti Indiana inobvuma roorano, nyika yaisazobvumira munhu asingabereki kuroora. Zvamazvirokwazvo kwaizoita kuti marezinesi eroorano apere apo mumwe wavaroorani (kubereka paroorano) akava asingabereki nemhaka yezera kana kuti hosha.โ
Vachipindura, nyika yakapa zvikonzero zvisingabvumidze kuroora kana kuroorwa, kusanganisira nharo yekuti "munyaya yevazhinji vasina mbereko, murume kana mukadzi mumwe chete ndiye asingabereki, uye ... ngozi yokuti mukwanyina anobereka atsvake munhu akabereka womumwe murume wokubereka naye uye muuyo wacho waizova โukama huzhinji hungabereka vana vasingazivi.โโ Iyi nharo yakavhiringidza Mutongi Posner, uyo akanyora, kuti: โChokwadi, kunyange zvazvo mutezo wakaorera womumwe murume. vakaroorana vasina mbereko vangasarudza kuberekera vaviri vacho mwana kupfurikidza nokumuberekera mwana kana kuti (kana nhengo inobereka ari mukadzi) bhengi rembeu, kana kuti kurera, kana kuti kurambana.
Asi chisingabviri zvikuru ndechokuti mutezo wakabereka, kunyange zvazvo uchishuva mwana wokubereka, ungava nevatano yokubereka nomumwe munhu uye ipapo kusiya mwana wachoโuko kuri kutya kwehurumende kwokunyepedzera.โ Kuwedzera kunyomba zvikonzero zveIndiana zvekurambidza kuroora kwevangochani, Mutongi Posner akarondedzera kuchinjana panguva yekupokana nemuromo. Hauoni mafungire okutonga seaya mazuva ose: โPakukakavadzana kwomuromo gweta rehurumende rakabvunzwa kana 'mutemo weIndiana uri wokurera vana zvinobudirira,' uye sezvo 'munobvuma kuti varume nevakadzi vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano vanogona kurera vana nenzira inobudirira, nei vasingafaniri kudaro. kurambidzwa kubviswe here kwavari?โ Gweta rakapindura kuti โfungidziro ndeyokuti nevaroorani vane mitezo yakasiyana pane mufungo muduku zvikuru unopiwa panguva yechiito chevatano, dzimwe nguva, kuti kana vacheche vangava muuyo here.โ Nemamwe mashoko, Indianaโs hurumende inofunga kuti vakaroorana vakarurama vanowanzove vasina hanya pabonde, vachibereka vana vasingadiwi nemotokari, uye saka vanofanira kumanikidzirwa (nenzira yekukurudzira hurumende yewanano kuburikidza nemusanganiswa wetsvimbo nemakarotsi) kuti varoore, asi kuti ngochani vakaroorana, vasingakwanisi. vanofanira kubereka vana vanodiwa kana kuti vasingadiwi, vabereki vomuenzanisoโvagari vemo zvomenemeneโsaka havafaniri kuroora. Vechikadzi vanodhakwa uye vane pamuviri, vachibereka vana vasingadiwi; mubayiro wavo ndowokubvumirwa kuroora. Ngochani vakaroorana havabereki vana vasingadiwi; mubayiro wavo ndewokunyimwa kodzero yekuroora. Enda unoona."
Munyaya imwecheteyo, Mutongi Posner akabvarurawo zvikonzero zveHurumende yeWisconsin pakurambidzwa kwewanano yeungochani. Hurumende yakapokana, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuti โkuganhurira roorano kuvanhu vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano itsika uye tsika hwaro hwakasimba hwokuganhurira kodzero dzapamutemo.โ Asi nharo iyoyo inofuratira mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro wa1967 Kuda v. Virginia zvinopesana nemitemo yakagara iripo inorambidza kuroorana kwemarudzi akasiyana.
Achiwedzerazve kufunga kwake kwepamutemo, Mutongi Posner akanyora, kuti: โWisconsin anoonesa kuti tsika dzakawanda dzinoremekedzwa dzinoratidzika kuva dzinotsamira pagamuchidzanwa cheteโmunhu angatotaura pagamuchidzanwa risina mufungo. Sei varume vachipfeka tayi? Sei vanhu vachikwazisana (nekudaro vachiparadzira utachiona) kana kupa peki padama (ditto) pakukwazisa shamwari? Sei Mutungamiriri paKutenda achisiya huturu hwematoki (mbiri kubva kune anopfuura mamirioni makumi mana ematurkeys akaurayiwa nekuda kwechisvusvuro chekutenda) kubva pabanga rebhucha? Asi tsika idzi, nepo kune dzinokurumidza kuita sedzisina maturo, hadzina kukuvadza. Kana pasina rubatsiro rwemagariro evanhu runopiwa netsika uye iyo yakanyorwa mumutemo uye inosarura vanhu vakati wandei uye ichivakuvadza kupfuura kungovagumbura chete, haisi kungova anachronism isingakuvadzi; iko kutyora mutemo wakaenzana wekudzivirira, semu kuda [v. Virginia]. "
Dare Repamusorosoro Richatonga Sei?
Panyaya yekuti Dare Repamusorosoro richanzwa Chitubu ichi, Nyika yeMichigan yakaisa chinzvimbo chayo mugwaro rechikumbiro chayo ichikumbira Dare kuti rinzwe nyaya iyi. Kunyangwe hazvo Dare rakati kuroora ikodzero yakakosha isingarambidzwe pasina chikonzero chinomanikidza, nyika yakapokana kuti, kusiyana nekuroorana kwengochani, kuroorana kwengochani hakuna "kudzika midzi munhoroondo yenyika yedu." Nyika yakatiwo "wanano inyaya inosiirwa vavhoti padanho rehurumende." Mukuwedzera, "Tsanangudzo yewanano yave iripo kwemazana emakore haina njere kana kuti yakavakirwa paanimus." Hurumende yakawedzera kuti โKune mufungo kusimudzira roorano munzvimbo umo vana vanobva muzvarirwoโmubatanidzwa womurume nomukadzi.โ Uye, vachidzokorora kushushikana kwakasimudzwa neanochengetedza Justice Samuel Alito mukupokana kwake muWindsor, vavhoti vane kodzero yekufamba zvishoma nezvishoma panyaya iyi vasati vawana kunzwisisa kuzere kwe "kukanganisa kwenguva refu" kwewanano yeungochani.
Sarudzo dzeruzhinji dzave kuda kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo muchato wengochani. Kunyange hazvo vatongi veSupreme Court vachiti sarudzo idzi hadzisi hutungamiriri hwematongero adzinoita nyaya, Dare rinoziva mafambiro ekurerekera masangano akadai. Zvimwe zvevamwe veJustice vanofanira kungwarira kuwira padivi risiri iro renhoroondo. Kana vanhu vakawanda vekuAmerica vave kuda kuroorana kwengochani, uye kana chizvarwa chinotevera chevanhu vekuAmerica chichienderera mberi nemaitiro aya, ko Dare redzimhosva ringatariswe sei makore makumi mashanu kubva zvino? Uye kana ngochani zhinji nengochani dzakatora mukana wekodzero yavo yekuroora, chii chingaitika kumibatanidzwa yavo kana Dare rati nyika dzinogona kuvarambidza?
Iyi mibvunzo yakakosha, asi mikana yakanaka yekuti Dare ripe michato yengochani chidhindo chekubvumidza. Dare rakakamurwa pakati pevashanu vanochengetedza uye vana vakasununguka. Zvingashamisa vatariri veDare kana mumwe wevamiriri veDemocratic - Justice Breyer, Ginsburg, Sotomayor kana Kagan - akavhota pamwe nevanochengetedza panyaya iyi. Kana mavhoti avo epamberi pamusoro pekodzero dzengochani ari chero chiratidzo, tinogona zvakare kuva nechokwadi chekuti vanokwana vaviri vanochengetedza, Justices Scalia naThomas, havazotsigira kuenzana kwewanano. Muna 2003, Justice Scalia kunyanya akashandisa mutauro wakashata uchipokana nekodzero yebumbiro remitemo yetsika dzepabonde dzengochani, uye mukupokana kwake munyaya iyoyo, Lawrence v. Texas, akafanotaura kuti ruzhinji ruchatonga munyaya iyi rwaizotungamirira kukodzero yepamutemo yekuroorana kwengochani.
Vanochengetedza paDare havatarisirwi kuvhota pamwe chete munyaya yemuchato iri kuuya. Justice Kennedy, anogadzwa kuReagan anovhota nekuvimbika nevanochengetedza pazvinhu zvakawanda, ndiye ane mhosva yekutonga kwekodzero dzengochani paDare mumakore makumi maviri apfuura. Muna 20, akanyora ruzhinji sarudzo yakarova State of Colorado bumbiro remitemo pamusoro pekuwedzera kodzero dzevanhu kune ngochani nengochani. Muna 1996, akanyora mutongo akabata kuti nyika haigoni kurambidza sodomy, achipidigura Supreme Court mutongo kubva 2003. Uye muna 1987, Justice Kennedy akanyora vakawanda chisarudzo Windsor, achirova pasi Defence of Marriage Act. Kana akatsigira vanochengetedza nyaya yewanano yengochani, Justice Kennedy anotofanira kusvetuka nepakati mukusiyanisa nyaya dzake dzekare dzengochani.
Stephen Bergstein igweta rinorwira kodzero dzevanhu kuchamhembe kweNew York.