Co-operatives munguva yePashure-Kukura: Kugadzira Co-operative Economics
Yakagadziriswa naSonja Novkovic naTom Webb
London: Zed Books, 2014, 312 pp.
Ongororo naEric Laursen
Maco-operatives — kwete kungoita zvenhando — mabhizimusi makuru. Ivo vari munyika zana, vane nhengo dzinopfuura mamiriyoni 100, uye vanopa mamwe mamiriyoni 800 emabasa. MaCo-ops anotengesa hafu yezvigadzirwa zvekurima zvepasi rose, uye 100 miriyoni vanhu vari munyika 120 vanoenda kumasangano echikwereti nekuda kwebhangi uye nemari masevhisi. Maco-operatives ehutano anoshandira vanhu vanosvika miriyoni zana munyika dzinopfuura makumi mashanu. MuU.S. moga, mamwe 87 co-op anopa anopfuura mamiriyoni maviri emabasa; muKenya, 100 muzana yevanhu vanowana chokurarama nacho kubva kumubatanidzwa, zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga.
Hupfumi hwemubatanidzwa hwakakura, asi kazhinji hauonekwe munhau dzemakambani, uko kusingatariswe kana uko ma-co-ops anozivikanwa zvakanyanya kana zvishoma semabhizinesi, vachisiya nzira yavo yakasarudzika yekutonga nekuzvimisira zvinangwa. Zvakadaro zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti ma-co-ops akasimba kupfuura akajairwa, mabhizinesi ane vagovani panguva yedambudziko rehupfumi. Basa mumakambani akawedzera ne8 muzana muItaly kubva muna 2007 kusvika muna 2011—nguva apo mabasa, iro bedzi indasitiri yakawedzera mabasa, yakawedzera ne3.2 muzana chete.
Maco-operatives anodarika "kune kana / kana kwepamusoro-pasi manejimendi maringe nelaissez-faire," iyo "kwemazana emakore yakatora vanhu munzira isiriyo," anodaro. Co-operatives munguva yePashure-Kukura, bhuku idzva panotorwa nhamba dziri pamusoro. Vanoshanda zvakanyanya mukusimudzira kuenzana uye magariro akanaka eruzhinji kupfuura nyika yerubatsiro, zviri nani pakugovera zvinhu nemasevhisi pane hupfumi hwecapitalist, uye vanoshanda zvakanyanya pakuronga hupfumi hwenguva refu kupfuura zvese. Iwo anodzorwa munharaunda uye akatarisana, kwete kumhanyirwa nevakuru vepasirese maneja. MaCo-ops haanyanyi kuumba zvikwereti zvinoputika uye kusagadzikana kwemari kunogona kukanganisa hupfumi, kupindura zviri nani kune zvisiri zvezvemari senge hutano hwe ecosystem, uye hazvinei nekukura kusingaregi kuvandudza mararamiro ehupenyu.
Chii chinonzi makorasi? Sonja Novkovic naTom Webb, mapurofesa paSaint Mary’s University muWinona, Minnesota, uye vapepeti vebhuku idzva, havapi tsanangudzo chaiyo, nekuti ma-co-ops anouya nenzira dzakasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Asi ivo vakasiyana nemamwe mabhizinesi mukuti ivo vanovavarira kuzadzisa zvese zvinodiwa nenhengo nenharaunda, kwete zvevagovani chete. Vanogona kuva vevashandi, vatengi, mhuri, kana nhengo dzenharaunda. Vanowanzo fambiswa zvakanyanya nedemocracy kupfuura mabhizinesi ane vagovani.
Kusiyana nemabhizinesi emacapitalist, maco-ops anokoshesa kugara kwenhengo yega yega, kwete kungoyerera kwepurofiti kune vanogovana. "Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso webhizinesi unoratidza kuzara kwemweya wemunhu kwete kungotora chikamu chekuzvimiririra," Novkovic naWebb vanonyora.
Vapepeti, uye vamwe gumi nevatanhatu vevadzidzi uye nhengo dzemubatanidzwa dzakabatsira Co-operatives munguva yePashure-Kukura, vanoda kuona maco-op vachikura uye vachiwanda, vachitora mamwe emabasa emakambani ega uye ehurumende anotonga hupfumi hwakawanda. Kunyange zvazvo vasingashandisi shoko racho, muenzaniso wavanodhirowa uri pedyo zvikuru neuyo Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, mupi wenhau weFrance akatanga kurwisana, akarondedzera anopfuura makore 150 apfuura, uye wakasvika pakuzivikanwa se“mutualism.” Proudhon akafungidzira hupfumi hunoumbwa nevagadziri vadiki vemubatanidzwa, mapoka enharaunda, uye mamwe mapoka anodyidzana, anofambiswa nedemocracy, anogonawo kudyidzana pamatunhu nepasirese kuita mapurojekiti makuru avasingakwanise kuita own. Akafungidzira "bhangi revanhu" raizopa chikwereti kumasangano madiki aya pane kufarira macapitalist makuru uye vanofungidzira.
Proudhon angadai akabvumirana zvizere nemumwe wevakavapa, Vera Negri Zamagni, purofesa wenhoroondo yehupfumi paYunivhesiti yeBologna, kuti "hwaro hwepfungwa chikanganiso" cheMarxist-Leninism yaive "kuti yakavhiringa capitalism nemusika saizvozvo, pfungwa isiriyo. izvo vedzidziso dzecapitalism vamene vakanga vaparira apo vakataura ‘nezvemitemo yesimbi’ yomusika, iyo chaizvoizvo yakanga iri mitemo yecapitalism.” Musika unotangira capitalism uye "chinhu chakakosha kuti hupfumi hufambire mberi," Negri Zamagni anonyora kudaro, "asi musika unogona kuiswa mune akati wandei nzira dzakasiyana, uye nzira ye capitalist ingori imwe yenzira dzinobvira." Proudhon, zvisinei, akaomerera kuti nzanga yakavakirwa pakubatsirana—kunyange iyo yakachengeta misika—yaizofanira kubvisa capitalism nehurumende. Novkovic, Webb, uye vavanoshanda navo havaendi kure zvakadaro.
"Mubvunzo uri pano hausi weku "kubvisa" bhizinesi remacapitalist," Negri Zamagni anopokana - "izvi zvinogona kuenderera mberi nekushanda munzvimbo idzo dzinoratidzwa nehupamhi hwekumisikidza uye michina muzvikamu zvine mari." Isu tinongoda "kudzivirira bhizinesi recapitalist kutora nzvimbo idzo dzezvehupfumi uko kunaka kwehukama hwevanhu uye basa rinoitwa nemunhu chinhu chakakosha." Izvi zvinoreva here kuti iyo yakanyanya-capital-yakawanda chiitiko, zvishoma iyo inofanirwa kufunga nezve "chinhu chevanhu?" Zamagni haataure. Mumwezve anobatsira, Stefano Zamagni, purofesa wezvehupfumi kuBologna, anoratidza kuti maneja e-co-op anogona "kubatwa nemweya wekutevedzera uye pfungwa yekudzikisira uye kushushikana kwemari yekukurudzira chete" kune nhengo dze-co-op - kuvashandura, zvimwe. uye zvakawanda, kuva vashandiwo zvavo.
Isu takaona izvi zvichiitika nguva nenguva: co-op zvishoma nezvishoma inoshanduka kuita yakajairwa, yebhizimusi purofiti sezvo chimiro chayo chekutonga chinova chakanyanya uye nehunyanzvi. Mhinduro, anodaro Negri Zamagni, ndeyekuisa nzira yehutongi hwemakambani - "kubata kwedemocracy" - iyo, sezvingabvira, inosanganisira vasiri nhengo vanokanganisika nezviitiko zve co-op. Asi haambotsananguri mashoko okuti “mubato” kana kuti “mubato,” uyewo haana kujekeswa kumwewo mubhuku. Saka vanyori havambonyatso gadzirisa dambudziko rekuchengetedza ma-co-ops munzira yakatwasuka yedemocracy yakananga uye kuzvidavirira munharaunda.
Kana, nokuda kwechinhu ichocho, nzira yekukudziridza tsika inogona kumira kumanikidziro anoitwa nehupfumi hwehupfumi hwakakura: kushandiswa kwevatengi, social atomization, uye depoliticization inoperekedza dzvinyiriro inoramba ichiwedzera yekuchengetedza mararamiro anogamuchirwa. Kuverenga bhuku iri, vanhu vazhinji vachashamisika kuziva kuti makorasi anoumba chikamu chikuru chehupfumi hwanhasi sezvaanoita. Kana basa ravo riri rekukura kuita chimwe chinhu chinoshandura hupfumi, zvisinei, ivo vanofanirwa kunge vachipfuura kungoita mutsa, nzvimbo dzedemokrasi dzekushanda. Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 hupfumi hwakasimukira, mibatanidzwa, masangano anobatsirana, uye mapato ezvematongerwo enyika akavakirwa kuvashandi akagadzira imwe nzira, tsika yekuvakira kusvika kuguva yaisanganisira nzvimbo dzebasa dzakabatanidzwa, maco-ops, uye mabhenefiti akawanda evashandi nedzimba dzavo. Vanhu vaigara mukati meaya mawebhu ekubatana vaisafanira kunzwa vachivimba nehupfumi hukuru hwehupfumi - kwete zvakanyanya, zvakadaro. Ko maco-ops anhasi ari kugadzira chero chinhu chakadai? Pasina kuziva mhinduro, isu hatigone kuziva pamwe chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pamusoro penzvimbo ye-co-ops muhupfumi hwemazuva ano: kana vachiita basa mukugadzira chido. Chinogonesa capitalism kupfuurira kuunza mhindu huru kugona kwayo kupinza zvishuvo zvitsva muvagari vemo—kudikanwa kunorangarirwa kwechishandiso chazvino uno, zvokutambisa, fashoni, chiridzwa chemari, kana kuti “mararamire” sarudzo. Mishandirapamwe inogona kugonesa vashandi kuwana raramo iri nani munzvimbo ine gutsaruzhinji, asi vashandi ivavo vanorarama zvakasiyana here nevamwe vanhu mune imwe nzira ipi neipi? Vane yakawanda yenguva yekuzorora inodikanwa kutora basa rinoshingaira mukuita zvisarudzo zvenharaunda yavo here? Kana kuti vanoshandisa mihoro yavo kucheka nhamba iri nani muhupfumi hwevatengi? Maco-ops, nemamwe mazwi, kugadzira nzanga itsva, kana kungoita kuti zvive nyore kurarama mune yazvino vhezheni?
Tichifunga nezvehukuru hwehupfumi hwemubatanidzwa, zvakafanirawo kubvunza kuti chii chinoita kuti isanyanya kutonga. Negri Zamagni anotiudza kuti mari yepamusoro inodiwa inoita kuti zviome kuti ma-co-ops akwikwidze mukugadzira, semuenzaniso, nepo mabhizinesi ehurumende nemakambani makuru ane mukana wekuwana mari uye masimba ezvematongerwo enyika anoburitsa kunyangwe iwo maco-ops anogona neimwe nzira kukwikwidza.
Mumwe anobatsira, Neva Goodwin, co-director weGlobal Development and Environment Institute paTufts University, anokurudzira mamwe magadzirirwo angangogadzirisa chiyero: rutsigiro rwakakura rwehurumende rwemaco-ops, chimiro chemutero chinofambira mberi, kuisa pamberi pebudiriro, nekuziva kukosha kwebasa risina kubhadharwa, kuwana mari kubva mune zvematongerwo enyika.
Matanho aya anogona kubatsira kudzoreredza chimwe chinhu che (chishoma) kuzvipira kumagariro uye hupfumi hwehupfumi hwakagamuchirwa neUS muNew Deal uye Great Society eras. Asi izvo zvinogona kunge zviri kubvunza zvakawanda, zvichipihwa kuti nyika nhasi inotongwa zvakanyanya nemari kupfuura nakare kose. Izvo zvakare hazvina kujeka chaizvo kuti izvi zvingasimudzira sei hupfumi basa remaco-ops.
Chii chinoshaikwa kubva Co-operatives munguva yePashure-Kukura ipfungwa ipi neipi yekuti ma-co-ops pachawo anofanirwa kuchinja kana vachizotora chinzvimbo chakakura munharaunda-semuenzaniso, kuwedzera kusanganisirwa kwevanhu vanobva munharaunda dzakatambura, uye kushandisa kugona kwavo kwakasiyana kwekubatana nekukwira, vachichengeta kutonga kwenzvimbo, kutora mapurojekiti akakosha ezvivakwa kubva mumaoko ehurumende kana hupfumi hwemakambani. Kana vakasadaro, asi nhanho yavo yehupfumi inokura, ivo vanowanzozviwana vari mumakwikwi akananga nemumwe. Vachabva vaenda kune imwe nzira yekubatana-kana kukwikwidza zvine hukasha, uye mukuita kudaro, kutora imwe "yekambani" mbiri?
Hapana chimwe cheizvi kutaura kuti ma-co-ops haasi kuita basa rakanaka sezvavari. Novkovic, Webb, uye vatsigiri vavo vanoita nyaya yakasimba yokuti mutsauko pakati pema-co-operatives nekambani yekambani haisi yekushongedza: vanokurudzirwa zvakasiyana uye vanozvibata nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Hupfumi hune huremu hwekubatana huripo hungave hwakaenzana, hune hunhu, uye hune hushamwari. Asi vanondisiya ndisina chokwadi kuti ma-co-ops, kunze kwekunge vatora chinzvimbo chakakura munharaunda uye vachishanda nehana kubvisa chikamu chemakambani, vanogona kuumba zvivakwa zvepost-capitalist, post-state hupfumi hwakavakirwa pakubatsirana.
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Eric Laursen mutori wenhau akazvimirira uye muratidziri ane zvinyorwa zvakabuda mukati Munguva dzino, Huffington Post, uye Z.