The HMS Courageous i 285-foot, nuclear-powered submarine iyo yakaona basa muBritish Royal Navy kweanenge makumi maviri emakore kutanga mukutanga 2s. Yakabviswa muna 1970 mushure mekunge, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, yatora chikamu muHondo yeFalklands ya1992, yava kugara pachiteshi chengarava cheDevonport muPlymouth, pamhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweEngland, uko vashanyi vanogona kuona mashandiro ayo emukati pasina muripo—chero bedzi vanyoresa kufambira mberi uye vauye nemapasipoti avo nekuda kwe "chengetedzo" zvinangwa. Ndakatora rwendo ini mumwaka we1982 kuti ndione chimwe chinhu chakanyatsojeka. Senyanzvi yandakashanda nemagadzirirwo aWilliam Morris kwemakore anopfuura gumi nemashanu, uye ndakanga ndaudzwa kuti jira rake, rinozivikanwa saRose, rakaonekwa muchikepe. Kwakaratidzika somusiyano unoshamisa, basa romumiriri womuzana ramakore rechi 2014 pangarava yepasi pemvura ine simba renyukireya, uye zvakanditungamirira kugadzira “A Provisional Memorial to Nuclear Disarmament,” rutivi rwechiratidziro chitsva chezvinoitika zvenguva yenyukireya. Kunyangwe ndaitarisira kuona machira aMorris parwendo rwangu rwe Ushingi, zvakangouya sechinhu chinokatyamadza. Pashure pokuburuka pamanera akakwirira kubva kunze kwengarava inofamba nepasi pemvura, takananga mukamuri yevakuru vakuru, umo Rose anofukidza nzvimbo iri yose yakasimirirwa—zvigaro, macheya, kunyange madhiramu edoro. Ndakaudza muperekedzi wacho kuti ndakanga ndauya kuzoona micheka yaMorris uye, asinganetseki, akandiratidza dzimwe nzvimbo dzaaionekwa—maketeni munzvimbo dzevakuru vakuru, mavhavha emamwe mamatiresi avo. Vakanga vakatoshandiswa kuvhara chimwe chezvigaro zvakashandiswa "kutyaira" chikepe. Muchikamu ichi che sub, jira raive kwese kwese. Kwemakumi matatu emakore kutanga kuma1960, Bazi rezvekudzivirirwa reBritain rakapa basa Sanderson, kambani inova muridzi wemhando yeMorris & Co., kuti ipe Rose zvikepe zvayo zvenyukireya. Iwo machira akatoshandiswa muVanguard-class subs, anotakura zvombo zvenyukireya zvine zvombo zveTrident. Vatakuri vezvose zviri zviviri zvombo zvenyukireya nesimba renyukireya, ngarava idzi dzinosanganisira kutya kwese kweatomu apocalypse, tsaona dzinotyisa, uye kusvibiswa kwemwaranzi zvine chekuita nezera renyukireya.
Bindu mumushini
Chero ani zvake anotoziva nezvehupenyu hwaMorris nebasa achanzwisisa kuti sei zvichikatyamadza kuti Royal Navy yashandisa maprints ake mungarava dzepasi penyukireya. Mumwe anozivikanwa kuruboshwe, Morris akatsoropodza zvishuvo zveBritain muma1880s uye akashingairira mushandirapamwe seCommunist, achitaura pakuratidzira nemisangano munyika yose. Akatora chikamu mukuvambwa kwemasangano ekutanga eBritish socialist, akanyora mapepa akawanda emasocialist, uye akanyora bhuku reutopian. News from Nowhere, iyo yakatanga kuteedzerwa mukati Commonweal, bepanhau rechimurenga rechikominisi iro Morris akanga ari mutsigiri waro wezvemari, mupepeti wenhau, uye mupiro waro. Mubhukwana rake, “Art and Socialism,” iye akaenzanisa capitalism nehondo nokubhejera, achiidana gadziriro yo“kupambadza nokuparadza” umo “chipi kana chipi icho munhu anowana anowana kupfurikidza nokurasikirwa kwomumwe munhu” uye achiwedzera kuti "ndezvayo zvinoparadza Art, kureva mufaro wehupenyu." Morris akafunga kuti dhizaini yemukati ine basa rakakosha kuita mukushandurwa kwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Uku kurudziro yezvematongerwo enyika, kuzvipira kune kugona kukuru kwekugadzira, ndiko kuseri kwerakawanda rebasa rake semugadziri uye mhizha, uye zvakare aive kumashure kwekuvambwa, mukutanga kwema1860, kwefemu yakazova magadzirirwo aMorris & Co. Morris jira uye Wallpaper zvinomiririra zvakanyanya schematized yezvisikwa. Icho chimwe chinhu chechiratidzo cheutopian zvakare-zvinomera zvinogara zviri mushizha, kazhinji kacho maruva, nemichero yazvo inowanikwa yakawanda, yakaibva pakunhonga. Hapana basa remunhu rinoonekwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nemusiyano wakanyanya nemukati mechikepe chepasi pemvura, inzvimbo yesimbi yakasimba kwazvo yakagadzirirwa kugara kwakarongeka uye kwakarongeka. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, magadzirirwo aMorris ndiyo chete nzvimbo iyo zvisikwa, zvisinei zvakashongedzwa, zvinomiririrwa pane chero chiyero chakakosha. Inoshandiswa kupfavisa ruzivo rwekugara mukati memuchina, jira rinopa kuzorora, kuunza zvemumba, zvakajairika, uye zvinopfuura kadiki keBritishness - kusvika pakuti inongoonekwa munzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nevakuru nevamwe vashandi vakuru. Ivo chete ndivo vanowana kunzwa uku kutonhorera kubata kwemba. Sezvineiwo, iyi nyaya yekupedzisira yaive dambudziko Morris aizviziva zvake.
Kuomerera kwake pamhando uye kunaka kwaireva kuti mutengo weMorris & Co. zvigadzirwa zvaive zvakapfuura nzira dzevashandi ve19th-century. Morris ainyatsoziva izvi, saka tirade yake inozivikanwa (mushure mekubata nemutengi akaoma) nezve "kushumira kune humbozha hwevapfumi." Semumwe wevakanyanya kuoma matepi ehurombo hwekunaka kwevashandi, akaziva kuti pakanga pasina mhinduro kudambudziko iri mukati mecapitalism. Mushonga bedzi wakanga uri wokuparadza gadziriro yakanga iripo ndokuumba nzanga yechikomunisti kuti itsive. Mukupindura kune zvese izvi, "A Provisional Memorial to Nuclear Disarmament" inoisa jira raMorris mune imwe nyukireya, imwe yakakurudzirwa nebasa reBritish Marxist munyori wenhoroondo EP Thompson, uyo akaburitsa nhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika. William Morris: Rudo kuChimurenga muna 1955 yakazogadziridzwa nekuitsikisazve mu1970s, apo Thompson aive nyanzvi inotungamira muCampaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Iyo yekumisikidza inoratidzira gumi neshanu ekare ejekiseni skrini - kwete kusiyana neayo anowanikwa mumawadhi evakuru pane nyukireya dzepasi pemvura. Iwo machira akajeka William Morris machira, asi mazhinji akapendwa dema kana dzimwe nguva yero, mavara anowanzo kugoverwa nevaratidziri kubva kune radiation yambiro zviratidzo. Iwo akapendwa pendi matema anotonga, achiyeuchidza kuratidzira kweanarchist kana Modernist dema pendi. Kuri kuseri kwezviratidziro uko madhindiro aMorris anova mupenyu uye anosanganiswa nezviratidzo, masirogani, uye zviratidzo zveanti-nuclear movement. Pakutanga zvinoratidzika zvakajeka izvo muoni ari kutarisa kubva kudivi rino: mifananidzo yekuratidzira inotarisa didactic, seboka rehurukuro dzakarongwa kana zvikwangwani. Asi magadzirirwo aMorris anobuda kuburikidza neakapendirwa anti-nuclear mifananidzo, achigadzira isina kugadzikana pikicha nzvimbo iyo iyo pateni nemufananidzo wakapendwa hazvibatanidzike kana kupatsanurwa Pahwindo, apo mifananidzo yaiwanzova ephemeral, inoda chiedza chakafananidzirwa, ikozvino yakapendwa, yakagadziriswa, yakamira nenguva. Iwo masirogani nezviratidzo zvinotakura nhoroondo yekunetsekana, asi zvino zvingaite sezviri kutaurwa. Zvichida machira eMorris, zvakare, muchimiro chawo chazvino-akagadzirwa, anogona kuita seakajairwa zvakanyanya uye asina chirevo. Asi "akabatanidzwa" nemachira eMorris, masirogani akapendwa nezviratidzo zvinogona kuverengwa patsva. Uye nhaurirano inoshanda nenzira mbiri — masirogani nezviratidzo zvinochema, zvichimutsidzira zvezvematongerwo enyika zvemachira eMorris.
Basa iri rinonzi "A Provisional Memorial to Nuclear Disarmament." “Nenguva pfupi” nekuti hurumende yeBritain yeConservative yafunga kuenderera mberi nekumisikidza chizvarwa chitsva cheTrident nyukireya dzepasi pemvura dzakashongedzerwa zvombo zvenyukireya. Uye munguva pfupi yapfuura, yakasimbisa kuti ichaenderera mberi neHinkley Point, yekutanga chiteshi chemagetsi enyukireya kuvakwa muBritain kwemakumi maviri emakore. Seboka, zvidzitiro zveichi “chirangaridzo chechinguvana” chinoratidzika sokufora kwokuratidzira, nezvikwangwani zvinoroverana kana kuti zvakaungana zvakabatana—chiyeuchidzo chokugona kwounyanzvi kudzokorora chokwadi sorutivi rwehondo yezvamatongerwe enyika yenyika isina nyukireya. Zvakadaro chirangaridzo ichi ndechenguva, uye ndinotarisira kuwedzera kwachiri mune ramangwana. Chiratidziro chinoongorora kuti tekinoroji yenyukireya yakakanganisa sei kududzira pfungwa dzakaita sematura, ndangariro, ruzivo, uye nguva muhunyanzvi. Iyo artwork inotumirwa neArts Catalyst uye zvakare inoratidzwa mukati The Nuclear Culture Source Book, rakanyorwa naEle Carpenter, rakabudiswa neBlack Dog Publishing pamwe chete neBildmuseet uye Arts Catalyst, uye yakatanga pamwe chete nePerpetual Uncertainty.
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David Mabb inyanzvi inoshanda nemagadzirirwo aWilliam Morris. Iye muverengi mune zvehunyanzvi paGoldsmiths, University of London. Chinyorwa chemunyori: Chinyorwa ichi chakavakirwa pabepa richaburitswa muChinyorwa chaWilliam Morris Zvidzidzo muna 2017.