Ichi chaive chiroto cherudyi chaikwikwidzana nemufananidzo waBarbara
Bush naNancy Reagan vachizivisa kuti vadikani paNational Coming Out Day, kana kuti
Kenneth Starr achizvipembedza seMuchuchisi akakosha nekuti akange afamba kiromita iyoyo achipinda
Mabvi aMonica. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakatonyanya kuipa. Izvi zvaive pamusoro peiyo iconographic
mienzaniso yehujaya hweAmerica, iwo maparagoni ekugadzirira uye patriarchy: Mukomana
Scouts.Pana March 2, 1998 Dare Repamusorosoro reNew Jersey rakatonga kuti Mukomana wacho
Scouts of America (BSA) yakatyora mutemo wehurumende wekurwisa rusarura nekudzinga James.
Dale - Eagle Scout inorumbidzwa zvikuru nemakore gumi nerimwe ekuongorora uye mabheji makumi matatu ekukodzera.
kumashure kwake โ kubva kusangano muna 1990 mushure mekunge zita rake rabuda mubepanhau se
sachigaro weLesbian/Gay Alliance yeRutgers University. Mutongi wevatongi vatatu
akapidigura mutongo wa1995 wakaitwa nemutongi wedare reNJ District Court Patrick J. McGann waitsigira mutemo uyu.
Sarudzo yeBSA yekumisa hukama hwaDale nemaScouts, vachiti
"[t] pano hapana humbowo pamberi pedu, hune simba kana neimwe nzira, hunotsigira
mhedziso yekuti gay Scoutmaster, nekuda kwekuti ingochani, haana
kusimba kwehunhu kunyatsotarisira, kana kupa maBSA's
pfungwa dzekubatsira kuvakomana vadiki." Vakataurawo izvozvo, nekuti BSA inotora basa
nhengo munyika yose uye nokuti dzinosangana munzvimbo dzavose dzakadai sezvikoro nemachechi
vaive, semahotera kana maresitorendi, pekugara veruzhinji uye zvichiteera
mitemo yenyika inorwisa kusarura. Hazvina maturo kutaura, BSA iri kukwidza chisarudzo.Iyo yakakwirira yekukunda kweNew Jersey yakaderedzwa mazuva makumi maviri chete gare gare
apo Dare Repamusorosoro reCalifornia rakatonga kuti maBoy Scouts eAmerica anogona kusabvisa
ngochani, vanodavira kuti Mwari haazivikanwi, uye vasingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari kubva pazvinzvimbo zvavo nokuti ndezvavo
nhengo yeboka iyo isingafukidzwe nekodzero dzehurumende dzehurumende kana
mitemo yekurwisa rusarura. Sarudzo dzaive mumatare maviri akasiyana. Timothy Curren aive nayo
akaunza mhosva, achiti akarambwa zvisiri pamutemo sepwere nemaScouts mukati
1981 apo Scoutmaster wake paakaziva kuti aive ngochani. Sutu yechipiri yeCalifornia yakaunzwa nayo
Michael naWilliam Randall avo vakadziviswa kubva kuOrange County Cub Scout den muna 1990
apoโpazera ramakore mapfumbamweโvakaramba kuzivisa kutenda muna Mwari.Imwe yemibvunzo yepamutemo yepakati munyaya dzese yakatenderera
zvakatenderedza chimiro cheBoy Scouts of America seboka rakazvimirira renhengo rine
kodzero yekusiya vakomana vasingaenderane nezvavanoda. Dare Repamusorosoro reCalifornia
Sarudzo yakabvumirana yaive yekuti BSA raive bhizinesi rakazvimirira rine kodzero yekurambidza
nhengo. Iri rakanga riri gwara idzva reDare Repamusorosoro reHurumende iro munguva pfupi yapfuura
yapfuura yakanga yatonga kuti Boys Clubs uye kirabhu yenyika yakazvimirira yaive, chokwadi, bhizinesi
zvivako nekuti zvivakwa zvavo nemapurogiramu zvakavhurika kune veruzhinji. Ichi chitsva
nhungamiro yakajekeswa mumifungo yakaparadzana neVatongi vaviri vakati vaizodaro
kurudzira Dare kuti riregedze mitongo yaro yepakutanga pamusoro peBoys Club nekirabhu yenyika
uye kupfupisa tsananguro ye "bhizinesi masangano," uye nekuwedzera iyo
kukwanisa kwevanhu kushandisa mutemo unopikisa kusarura uye mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu kutsvaga kugadziriswa
pasi perubriki ye "poruzhinji accommodation."Nenzira iyi, mutongo weDare wepro-BSA unofambirana nemutemo
kufuratira mirau nezvakatongwa zvinobata nyaya dzakadai sechisimbiso
chiito uye mitemo inodzivirira vatorwa zviri pamutemo-nekudaro kuita chiono cheimwe
yakazvimiririra, inorambidza nzanga yaizobvumira (pasi pechiratidziro chekududzirwa kwakadzama
"rusununguko rwekubatana" nharo) zvido zvemunhu uye rusaruro kutora
kutanga pamusoro pechiono chakazaruka chekodzero dzakaenzana uye kuwanika. (Zvinofadza, iyo
mitongo yakaita pfungwa yekutaura kuti nepo California mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu usina kuvhara
mitemo yenhengo dzeScouts, BSA yakanga isina "kusununguka kusabvisa vakomana kubva
kuva nhengo pahwaro hwerudzi, kana dzimwe zvikonzero zvinofungirwa nebumbiro remutemo, ne
kusava nemhosva," sezvo mimwe mitemo, kusanganisira mitemo yeFederal tax inopa chimiro chekusabhadhara mutero,
ingashanda.)Kusiyana neizvi, Dare Repamusorosoro reNew Jersey rakapokana kuti nekuti
Boy Scouts vane nhengo dzinopfuura mamirioni mashanu munyika yese (uye vanopfuura mamirioni makumi mapfumbamwe kubva pazviri
rakaumbwa muna 1910), rinogara richishandisa zvivakwa zveveruzhinji sezvikoro nemachechi, uye
nechisimba kutora nhengo neterevhizheni neredhiyo PSAs izvo zvavanogona kutsanangurwa se
pokugara veruzhinji. Ichitaura nezvemutemo wenyaya yeNew Jersey-yakawanda kubva pakati pe-1960s apo
rusaruraganda rwakanga rwuri kurwiswa zvinobudirira munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, the
Dare Redzimhosva harina kuwana chikonzero nei BSA ichifanira kupinda muchikamu chea
"private club kana bhizinesi."Iyo BSA yakapindura kuti maitiro ayo enhengo uye marongero haaite
"ratidza kukoka kwakasununguka uye kusingarambidzwe kunharaunda yese kuti vabatane
"sangano," uye nhengo iyoyo "inongotenderwa kune avo vanoda
uye anokwanisa kunzwisisa uye kurarama maererano neScout Oath uye Scout Law." Vakanongedzawo
kumitemo yeBSA inoramba zviri pachena nhengo yehungochani muScouts. A 1978
chirevo chegwaro chisina kuburitswa pachena, asi chakaendeswa kukomiti yepamusoro
nhengo, vakataura kuti, "munhu anozviti ingochani angadaro
kusasarudzwa kuve mutungamiri anozvipira scout, kunyoreswa senhengo yeyuniti, kana kuve
anoshanda senyanzvi kana asiri nyanzvi."Imwe Position Statement ya1993 yakati: โThe Boy Scouts of America
haibvunzi vangangove nhengo nezve zvavanoda pabonde, uye hatitarise pa
kuita zvepabonde nevakomana vatova maScouts. Chokwadi ndechekuti Scouting inoshanda
vana vasina ruzivo, kana kufarira, zvido zvepabonde. Tinobvumira vechidiki kuti
rudo sevana uye unakirwe neScouting uye nekusiyana kwayo pasina kubuda ivo mu
zvematongerwe enyika zvezuva racho.โ Asi, vakawedzera kuti: โBoy Scouts of America nguva dzose
yakaratidza kariro idzo mhuri dzeScouting dzakava nazvo kusangano. Isu hatidaro
tenda kuti ngochani dzinopa muenzaniso unoenderana nezvinotarisirwa izvi.
Saizvozvo, isu hatibvumire kunyoreswa kwevanoita zveungochani senhengo kana se
vatungamiri veBSA. "Nharo idzi dzakambotsikwa neNJ Appellate Court
vakanga vasarudza kuti BSA inzvimbo yevoruzhinji, asi vatongi vakati kwavari
zvakanaka. Boy Scouts of America vaikakavadzana vachiti vainyimwa zvavo
"freedom of expressive association" nekusakwanisa kusarura
ngochani; kuti shoko ravo rinokosha retsika nerenzanga raizosvibiswa kana kuti kuderedzwa
nekuda kwekuvapo kwengochani vakomana nevarume. Kunze kwePosition Statement, iyo BSA
akacherechedza kuti, maererano nemhiko yavo, maScouts aifanira kunge "akatwasuka mutsika" uye
โkuchenaโโzvose zvakanga zvisingawirirani nokuva ngochani.Matauriro edare reAppellate Court aitaura nemoyo murefu
uye zvinoshamisa zvinopinza. Tichicherechedza zvakare kuti nenhengo yenyika inopfuura mamiriyoni mashanu,
iyo BSA yakanga isingaite meseji imwe yemagariro kana tsika. Uyezve vaiti kubva ipapo
Icho "ichokwadi chisingapokane kuti boka reBSA" rinoratidza
chinangwa' hachisi chokushora ungochani [uye] chikonzero chayo hachisi chokupa a
ruzhinji forum yenhengo dzayo kuti dzitsigire zvakanakira heterosexuality uye
'huipi' hwemararamiro eungochani" "rusununguko rwavo rwekutaura
kushamwaridzanaโ kwakanga kusiri kudziviswa
mirairo yeScouting movement-kutendeseka, chokwadi, hutungamiri,
kuvimbika - "munzira dzakawanda dzinoenderana nezvinangwa zvinotsvakwa kuva
yakaitwa neLAD" (New Jersey's anti-rusarura mutemo).Paaitaura nezveanopokana nengochani Position Statement, dare rakadaro
hutsinye chaihwo. Nekuti Chirevo ichi chakanyorwa muna 1993-pakati pekuwanda kwemasutu
vachipesana neBSA nengochani - ivo vakati "hazvisi zvisizvo kuona
idzi Position Statements sedanho rekutonga rinotorwa neBSA pane kudaro
kutaura kwekutenda kwakakosha maererano nechinangwa chayo." Mushure mekupomera BSA ye
kufumurwa zviri nyore kwehunhu, Dare Repamusorosoro rakazotevera mutongo wepakutanga
naMutongi Patrick J. McGann, umo akakakavadzana kuti James Dale aive "anoshanda
sodomite" (kunyangwe akabvumawo kuti sezvo New Jersey yakanga isina mutemo wesodomy, izvi
chaiva chiitiko chepamutemo) uye "akataura tsika yeJudhio-chiKristu inoshora sodomi se
'chakaipa chakakomba'." Yakanga iri-mupfungwa yaMcGann-izvi
"zvisizvo" izvo zvakaita kuti James Dale asave "akachena" uye kwete
"tsika dzakananga." Kuburikidza nemutemo uye mitauro zvishoma ruoko Rukudzo
Dare rakati Dale akadzingwa muScouts nekuti aive "akapika
ngochani" kwete nekuti aive "anoshingaira sodomite" uye kuti ungochani
per se yaive, muchokwadi, isina kwayakarerekera mutsika uye isingapesani netsika dzeScouts
zvirevo.Parizvino ndipo apo mutongo weNew Jersey Appellate Court
rinova gwaro rinokatyamadza remutemo neremagariro. Chisarudzo hachisi chete chinodiwa uye
kushinga kudzoreredza kusarura kuri pachena kweBSA uye dambudziko rakananga kune
kupararira homophobia iyo yakadzika midzi muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, asi idzokororo huru ye
kuti ungochani, urume, uye tsika zvinofungwa sei. Chisarudzo chekuti,
nepo zvichikakavadzana mumashoko akajeka emutemo, zvinotakura zvirevo zvakawanda.Asi izvi zvinorehwa (pamwe nemutongo weDare) ndizvo
akafukidzwa nenharo yekutanga: Ishe Robert Baden-Powell, muvambi weScouts, aive
ngochani uye anoshinha nevana. Tom Jeal's Mukomana-Munhu, a
1990 biography, inodonongodza kukwezva kwaBaden-Powell kune, uye pamwe zvine chekuita ne,
kuyaruka vakomana, uyewo kufarira kwake mushwi mukomana mapikicha uye zvinodiwa kuti Scouts mu
kutarisirwa kwake kunofanira kugeza kunze asina kupfeka. Nhasi Baden-Powell angadai akaita gumi repamusoro pa
Sex Offenders Registry list.Asi hungochani hwaBaden-Powell inyaya yekusekesa
zvichienzaniswa nenyaya yekuti kunyangwe zvakataurwa neDare Repamusorosoro reNew Jersey, Mukomana
Scouts of America ndeyechokwadi: ungochani hauenderane zvachose
nhoroondo, zvinoreva, uye chinangwa cheScouting sezvazvave zvichinzwisiswa kusvika zvino. Sei
zvingadaro here? Sezvakaumbwa uye kurongwa naIshe Baden-Powell muna 1907,
Basa reScouting rakanga riri rekuita kuti vakomana vave nehunhu, vanoda nyika, uye vatano. Pasi zvakanyanya
benign rhetoric inokurudzira maScouts kuti "abatsire vamwe," "taura chokwadi,"
uye "iva netsitsi kumhuka," Baden-Powell's Scouting nheyo dzakatariswa
kuteerera kuchiremera, kuita โbasa rako kuna Mwari neNyika,โ uye โkuva
akachena mukufunga, mushoko, uye muchiito." Scouting - iyo Baden-Powell aidaidzira sea
"fekitari yehunhu" - yaive rejimendi yekudzidzisa zvakanyanya kuchengetedza,
chiKristu chenyika chaitsigira urudzi hunodzivirira, kusashivirira kwemarudzi, uye zvepabonde
zvirambidzo. Kuongorora kwaizobuda varume chaivo vaizochengeta chimiro-quo, uye kwete
denha mipimo yakatekeshera munzanga. Pakatanga Hondo Yenyika I, Scouting yakaonekwa seyo
kuberekera masoja akanaka.Sezvo Hondo Yenyika II yakatanga Baden-Powell's anonyangadza ezvematongerwo enyika uye
mafungire emarudzi, ayo anozivisa nhoroondo yeScouting asi akapatsanurwa zvakajeka kubva pazviri se
zvakanaka, zvakatonyanya kuoneka. Muna 1937 Baden-Powell aive nechido chesangano reku scouting
kutanga hukama hwepamutemo nemapoka evechidiki aHitler. Muna 1939 akanyora mudhayari yake:
"Rara wakarara. Verenga Mein Kampf. Ibhuku rakanaka, rine mazano akanaka pamusoro
dzidzo, utano, propaganda, sangano nezvimweโnezvinangwa zvisingadiwi naHitler
azvidzidzise.Nepo maBoy Scouts nhasi haasiri neo-Nazi boka, kana
semauto sezvavaive munguva yakapfuura, mazhinji emazano ekutanga aBaden-Powell achiri
kuramba - kunyanya avo vanozivisa kuti "varume chaivo" vanogadzirwa sei mu
fekitari yehunhu. The Scout's "basa kuna Mwari" rinotsanangurwa, kunyange ikozvino, ne
yakanyanya kutetepa yetsika. (Kunyangwe muCalifornia inotsunga kuve nhengo yeBSA.)
Murayiro wokuva โvakachena mukufunga, shoko, uye chiitoโ wakaratidzira vavambi vawo
kudzvinyirira maonero ezvepabonde (kusanganisira kushushikana nekumisa bonyora pakati
Scouts) uye vakabvumira chete kusangana pabonde kwevanhukadzi muwanano.Maonero akadai achiri pamwoyo weBSA inopokana
ungochani. Mutsamba yavo ya1990 vachidzinga Dale musangano ravaiti ndiye
"akatyora chibvumirano chemhiko yeScout kuti arambe 'akatwasuka mutsika'
uye chisungo chiri pasi pemutemo weScout kuti nhengo dzirambe 'dzakachena'." Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, iyo
Boy Scouts ndeyekugadzira varume chaivo, uye ngochani havasi "varume chaivo"
netsanangudzo yavo.Kupikisa kweDare kuBSA yekupokana nengochani hakuna
nezvekodzero dzeungochani, asi chiratidzo chehondo huru yetsika pamusoro pekuti sei
nzanga inotsanangura hurume. Ndichiri kudzidziswa mumitemo yemutemo ye "public
pekugara" uye "rusarura" mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro
inomiririra kurwiswa kure neVakomana Scouts patent yavo pakupa iyo chete
"varume chaivo" kubva kufekitari yehunhu. "Moral straight" uye
"kuchena" mazwi ekodhi anosimbisa tsika dzechirume,
tsika dzinogamuchirwa nevanhu vashoma uye vashoma.Mukubatana nechikumbiro ichi chekutsanangura patsva urume, Appellate
Mutongo wedare unopikisawo pfungwa yagara ichizivikanwa uye ichiri kunetsa yekuti ngochani
injodzi kuvana. Dare redzimhosva rinopomera mutongi McGann mhosva yekusimudza zvisizvo
"Kutya kwakashata uye kusingataurwe kuti vatungamiriri vengochani vanozokonzeresa muviri kana
kukuvadzwa mupfungwa kune mascouts." Vanopindura kuti "mafungiro akadaro, akafanorongwa
stereotypical generalizations, pane chokwadi, haigone kushandiswa se "shorthand
zviyero" panzvimbo yezvikonzero zviri pamutemo zvinopembedza kuchengetedzwa kweFirst Amendment
ndiwo mubvunzo unorembera pamusoro penyaya yese. Mhosva yekushungurudza vana ndeye
mukati mekuti homophobia inovakwa sei munharaunda yedu, uye chero dambudziko pairi
kugamuchirwa uye zvakakodzera. Sezvineiwo, ishanduko yakawana kuvimbika zvakanyanya kubva ipapo
ngochani vanga vachirwira kodzero dzavo dzechivanhu, uye imwe iyo Ishe
Baden-Powell haana kumbobvira asangana nazvo muhupenyu hwake.Mundima dzavo dzekupedzisira Vatongi veKukwidzwa vanotaura mhirizhonga
iyo inoputika hunyengeri husinganzwisisike hweBSA: "Semaonero edu, kune a
patent kusawirirana mune pfungwa yekuti ngochani Scout mutungamiri anochengeta yake
'chakavanzika' chakavanzika chinogona kuramba chiri muScouting uye uyo anoomerera kumitemo yeScout by
kuva akatendeseka uye kushinga zvakakwana kuzivisa ungochani hwake hunofanira kudzingwa." By
kungofungidzira-kufungidzira-kuti ungochani ndeyomuzvarirwo uye isina kwayakarerekera mutsika,
Dare Repamusorosoro reNew Jersey rakaronga zvakare mashandiro anoita nyika: ungochani
iye zvino "akachena," vana vanogona kuwana rubatsiro kubva kune gay Scoutmasters, uye kubuda
kuva akatendeseka uye kutaura chokwadi.Baden-Powell's character fekitori-nepfungwa dzayo dzakaora
chezvinoreva kuva netsika, kutaura chokwadi, uye kutendesekaโiri munzira inononoka zvikuru
pakupedzisira kuvhara; inzira yave nemakore ichiitika. Iye BSA
kuda kuenderera mberi nekutsanangura "varume chaivo" inguva yekupedzisira yekubatirira uye
kurudzira tsika dzechinyakare, dzakashata. Mumakore anotevera zvinoita sekunge Baden-Powell's
kukwezva kuHitler Youth uye Mein Kampf-kungosemesa.