Michael Bronski
The
meseji munhau dzese uye kupepetwa kwenyaya itsva yaMary Daly
hondo muhondo yake inoenderera mberi neBoston College (BC) kudzidzisa makirasi evakadzi vese
zvakajeka: Mukadzi angave ane vavariro dzakanaka, asi zvisiri izvo. The smug,
yekuzvikorokotedza toni yeiyi yekushuma inovhara maitiro akadzama enhoroondo
kuchinjo yenzanga, ukadzi, uye zvematongerwe enyika pamwe chete nounyengeri
ongororo yeBoston College yekuramba ichibatwa zvisina kunaka naMary Daly. Zvinonyengera
kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwakaora kwepfungwa ye "kururamisira." Pamwoyo vazhinji vezvenhau
kufukidzwa kunopfuura kushomeka kwebapiro rekurudyi kunoshandisa Daly's feminism
uye nzira dzekudzidzisa sechiratidzo chekunyanyisa, kupenga kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Iyo inopfuurira
nyaya yeradical feminist Mary Daly vs. Jesuit-run Boston College yava matatu
makumi emakore ekare uye inoramba ichipisa sekare. Muna June 1969 Daly, mubatsiri
purofesa wechitendero nedzidziso yebhaibheri kuBC, akaudzwa kuti kondirakiti yake yaive
isati yamutsiridzwa, kureva kuti akadzingwa basa. Zvakanga zvisingashamisi zvikuru. Apo Daly
aive mudzidzisi ane mukurumbira uye aine maDoctorates muChitendero, Philosophy, uye
Dzidziso yebhaibheri ndiye aivewo munyori weanoremekedzwa zvikuru Chechi uye
Bonde rechipiriโkuongorora kwakadzama kweChechi yeRoma Katurike
misogyny. Rakanga riri bhuku risina kuita kuti BC inochengetedzwa zvikuru
administration happy.
Asi izvi zvaive mukati
kumuka kweVatican II uye zuva rekufa kwevadzidzi vari kuda izwi rekuti sei
mayunivhesiti avo aifambiswa. Mukuratidzira kunonyandura kwetsigiro, vadzidzi 1,500
vakaita kuratidzira vachitsigira Daly. Administration yakabva yapihwa
nechikumbiro chakasainwa nevadzidzi zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu vaida rusununguko rwezvidzidzo paBC
uye kugara kwaDaly. Hapana chakaitika zhizha iroro, asi munaSeptember Daly akanga
akakwidziridzwa kuti abatanidze purofesa uye akapiwa tembiricha. Nokuti BC aiva, panguva iyi
nekufamba kwenguva, tsigiro yaDaly yakabva kuvadzidzi vechirume avo
neshungu dzakanzwa kuti kana Boston College yaifanira kutorwa zvakakomba se
yunivhesiti zvaive zvakakosha kuti ikoshese rusununguko rwekufunga pane chechi
dzidziso uye kubvunza pachena pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika echechi. Zvakatonyanya kukosha kuna Daly
yakanga iri nhau yezvinobudisa nhau munyika iyo, mumudzimu wenguva, yakaratidzirwa
netsitsi uye noungwaru zvose zviri zviviri ukadzi hwake nokumukira kwake
vachipesana nechechi nevakuru vezvidzidzo.
Kubva panguva iyoyo
hukama pakati paDaly nemurume wake, maJesuit mabhosi atowedzera kuipa.
Kugara kwaDaly kwakachengetedza basa rake, asi vakuru veBC vakaramba vaine rukova rwakadzikama
zvekushungurudzwa. Pakati pezviitiko zvakawanda, akaudzwa muna 1975, mushure mekutendeuka
pasi kuti akwidziridzwe kuva purofesa akazara, kuti akange "asina kukosha
mupiro kumunda,โ kunyange zvazvo bhuku rake Kupfuura Mwari Baba
chaiva chinyorwa chaidiwa mumayunivhesiti nemaseminari munyika yose. Muna 1982
Daly akaudzwa mashoko aakataura muhurukuro yavose ari pamari isina kubhadharwa
kusiya kwekusavapo kubva kuBC "kuzadzisa tsanangudzo yekumhura" uye
inogona "kukanganisa zvisungo zvekondirakiti zvaachiri kuchengeta
kuYunivhesiti iyi." The Administration yakatumira vakawanda, vasina kunyoresa
mamonitori kumakirasi ake uye akamubvunza pazvidzidzo zvake. Kunyangwe iye
yakadzidziswa pasi rose, yaive imwe yenhamba yekutanga yezvidzidzo zvevakadzi
muchitendero, kufungidzira uye kushandisa mutauro mutsva wekufunga nezvazvo
feminism uye theology, uye akabudisa mamwe mabhuku matanhatu, Daly haana kumbosimudzirwa.
Kwemakumi matatu emakore apfuura akagamuchira chete chiratidzo chakanyanya
mari yekurarama inokwidza. Mushure memakore anopfuura makumi matatu ekudzidzisa kuBoston College,
Zuva rega rega rinoita $43,275. Maererano neAmerican Association of University
Mapurofesa muhoro wepakati paBC wepurofesa akazara $98,900; an
mubatsiri purofesa $68,400, mubatsiri purofesa $58,600, uye murairidzi
$ 42,400.
The pasi mutsetse
nokuti BC ndechokuti Daly akanga ari mutambudzi, aifarira vanhukadzi, ngochani, uye munyengeri.
Pakaenda BC co-ed muna 1972 Daly akaramba kubvumidza vadzidzi vechirume- vachipokana
mirau yeyunivhesiti-kupinda dzidziso yake yevakadzi uye etsika makirasi,
kunyangwe aifara kuvadzidzisa mumatutorials. Chikonzero chake chaive chekuti
kuvapo kwevarume kwakakanganisa kirasi. Panguva iyo Administration yakaedza
kakawanda kuti vamumanikidze kutevedzera mitemo kana kurega basa ravakapinda
chibvumirano chisina kugadzikana chaasina kuita.
Chazvino
dambudziko rakakonzerwa nechichemo chakaiswa naDuane Naquin munaGunyana
1998 mushure mekunge arambidzwa kupinda mukirasi yeDaly. Naquin akanyunyutawo
rusarura kune arch-conservative Center for Individual Rights (CIR) mu
Washington DC โ iyo isiri purofiti, kambani yezvemitemo yezvido zveveruzhinji ine "basa ndere
kudzoreredza miganho yebumbiro pane zvakakanganisika,
inofarira-boka-yakazara-hurumende." CIR yakatyisidzira BC.
CIR gore uye
hafu yapfuura akanga atungamirira kurwisa kwakabudirira zvikuru pakuita kwechokwadi pa
Yunivhesiti yeTexas. Iyo CIR Mbudzi 24, 1998 tsamba yenhau yakacherechedzwa pasi pe
musoro wenyaya "Against Radical Feminism" iyo "CIR yakamborwa
chirongwa chakasimba chevakadzi chekuisa pasi kodzero dzemunhu uye
mitemo yebumbiro remitemo (senge nzira yakakodzera uye rusununguko rwekutaura) ku
ideological inoraira. Muna 1999 uye mberi, CIR ichapa simba rakawedzerwa uye
zvikwanisiro zvekurwa uku."
Pasina zvachose
kutaura naDaly, Boston College uye CIR vakapinda munhaurirano uye yekupedzisira
akatyisidzira mhosva-pasi peChinyorwa IV-kana Naquin (uyo akanga asina kuzadzisa chimwe che
zvinodiwa zvechikamu chepamusoro cheDaly) haana kubvumirwa kutora
Kirasi yaDaly muFeminist Ethics. BC Administration yakazivisa Daly pa
January 18, 1999 kuti aizofanira kumubvumira mukirasi yake kana kusaina a
gadzirira fomu rekusiya basa. Akaramba akati aizofunga zvekutora
kusiya. Pana February 6, akagamuchira, uye pakarepo akamusaina
tsamba yegore negore yebasa (chigadziriswa kuchibvumirano chake chekugara) ichimupa a
$600 simudza uye zvinooneka kodzero yekudzidzisa ye1999 yekudonha semester.
Iye zvino
Kutonga kuri kuzivisa kuti "chibvumirano chemuromo" chaNdira
18 โ iyo yaanoramba kuti akambopa โ inotungamira kondirakiti yake yaakasaina
February 6. Akamhan'arira kutyora mutemo wedare achipikisa BC-zuva redare
ari Nyamavhuvhu anoteveraโasi rimwe dare rakasarudza kuti BC aigona kumudzinga kana akamudzinga
vakaramba kuteerera mutemo wavo wairambidza mapoka evakomana chete.
BC inodaro
Daly "akasiya basa" uye anoti akadzingwa uye akavharirwa kunze kwake
office. Nekunamatira kune yavo "yokuzvidira pamudyandigere" nyaya BC inodzivirira zvese
mibvunzo yemaitiro akakodzera kana kutyora kondirakiti.
Saka kwenguva
kuva Daly abuda muBC uye apererwa nebasa. Pane zvikonzero zvakati kuti
Daly's-pamwe yenguva pfupi-kudonha kubva munyasha dzedzidzo. Nepo izvi zvese
zvichiratidzwa mumapepanhau echiitiko ichi, zvichida ruvengo
uye kusaruramisira kwenhau dzenhau-zvakakosha mukuhwina kwake 1970
kurwa kwekugara โ ndiko kwachinja mamiriro ake ezvinhu zvino.
Kunyanya
Muenzaniso uri pachena weizvi ndewevezvenhau vanosimbirira kuratidzwa kwaDaly
kunyora uye pedagogy sekusava zvakanyanya kunyanyisa se crackpot. Nhau zhinji
zvitoro zvakacherechedzwa, pasina kudzvinyirirwa glee, kuti Daly aizivikanwa nekugadzira
mazwi matsva (kana sepepa repanzvimbo yakataura zvisizvo "kutaura ari oga
mutauro") uye akapa mienzaniso yakadai se "gynecology," "academentia," uye
"phallocracy." Zvazvaireva ndezvekuti kuita kwakadai kwaiseka kana
akaita kuti pfungwa dzake dzisanzwike. Asi chokwadi ndechekuti zvinenge zvese
vazivi, vezvechitendero, masayendisiti uye nyanzvi dzepfungwa vanotaura zvitsva
nzira dzekuona nyika dzinotanga mutauro mutsva. Marx, Freud, Hannah Arendt,
Bertrand Russell, Paul Tillich, Ayn Rand vese vakapokana nemaitiro aripo e
pfungwa nemashoko matsva nemutauro asi kushandisa kwaDaly zano rakadaro
kungosekwa. Iko kutaurira uye kugadzirisa pamusoro pechishuwo chaDaly che
"yevakadzi chete" nzvimbo yekirasi yaive yakarerekera. Anenge pasi rose, the
pfungwa yemakirasi ebonde rimwe chete inoonekwa seyakaomarara uye yakasarudzika (kana zvisiri
zvine ngozi) zvakadaro kune boka guru rekutsvagisa dzidzo rinoratidza izvozvo
vakadzi vanodzidza zviri nani mumakirasi ebonde chete. Zvidzidzo zviviri zvikuru zvakaburitswa mukati
makore matatu apfuura airatidza kuti vakadzi vekukoreji vakaita zvirinani mune zvebonde chete
makirasi uye bhuku idzva Kutora Vakadzi Serious: Zvidzidzo uye Nhaka dze
Kudzidzisa Vazhinji, rakanyorwa naElizabeth Tidball, rinokwevera pane izvi
zvidzidzo uye zvimwe kuratidza pfungwa imwe chete. Hapana chimwe chezvidzidzo izvi chakamboitika
yakataurwa munhau yenhau pamusoro peDaly's pedagogy kana hondo naBC.
Makirasi e-single-sex anogona kunge asina kukodzera, kana kugoneka, kuBoston College, asi iyo
midhiya yekutaura pamusoro paDaly yaingoratidza mamiriro akarerekera epfungwa dzake
musoro wenyaya.
ichi
kusatarisira uye kurerekera kutaura kunokuvadza zvakanyanya basa raDaly uye
pfungwa, asi zvakatonyanya kukosha zvinoratidza kuti vezvenhau vakadii
yakakwenenzverwa chaizvo zvekuti mipimo ye "rusaruro" yakakwana
off-balance. Hazvina mhosva kuti munhu anonzwa sei nezvekirasi yaDaly "yevakadzi chete".
nzvimbo yakakosha kumuona achirwa neBoston College mune yakakura kwazvo
mamiriro ekurwiswa kwechikadzi, kusunungurwa kwengochani, kodzero dzengochani, affirmative
chiito, uye kodzero dzevanhu dziri kuitika.
Zviri pachena
kuti mirangariro yakakurumbira yechikadzi yakachinja zvikuru pamusoro pematatu apfuura
makumi emakore. Mukupera kwema1960 uye kutanga kwema1970 vanyori vakaita saKate Millett uye.
Robin Morgan vakatorwa zvakanyanya nevezvenhau. Kutsoropodza kwavo kwakanyanya, kazhinji
vakatsoropodzwa, vakanga vachiri kubudiswa uye kukurukurwa. Iye zvino vazhinji veneo-con feminists
saCamille Paglia, Christina Hoff Sommers, naKatie Rophie- zvakanyanya
kudzivirira hudzvinyiriri pane kuedza kuhupidigura โ avo vari vadikani venhau.
Asi izvi ndizvo
kwete chete shanduko yemagariro inobata Daly. Mafungiro chaiwo ezvidzidzo
rusunungukoโhwakakosha zvikuru muchinjo yenzanga yama1960โyakachinja. Ichi chi
kunyanya kumasangano echiKatorike. A New York Times chinyorwa
pakutanga kwegore rino (Kukadzi 5,1999, XNUMX) yakatsanangura nzira iyo komiti yeAmerica
Mabhishopi muna Mbudzi wapfuura, achipindura chirevo cheVatican, akapa zvimiro nemirairo
kuita kuti maYunivhesiti echiKatorike uye Makoreji apindure kuChechi. Izvi
ishanduko huru kubva panguva yepashure pehondo apo dzidzo yeKatorike
masangano akatsamwa achipomerwa kuti akanga akamanikana uye ane pfungwa dzakapfigwa.
Zvitatu zvezvisungo zvakarongwa nemaBhishopu ndezvekuti ese mayunivhesiti
vatungamiri vave "vaKatorike vakatendeka" uye vanotora "mhiko yekuvimbika" kune
the Church; kuti ruzhinji rwezvinzvimbo zve faculty ruzadzwe ne "kutendeka
maCatholic;" uye kuti mapurofesa ose edzidziso yebhaibheri atenderwe neChechi
vakuru.
Vatican
kusimbirira pane orthodoxy dovetails zvakakwana nekurwiswa kweCIR paDaly's
feminism, uye zvose zviri mugwara nehupamhi hwemaitiro ekuchengetedza.
Kwechikamu chikuru vezvenhau vakabvuma kune inotonga inochengetedza
Zeitgeist. Pakave nekuedza kushoma kuisa Daly nedambudziko rake mu
Zvakakomba, zvakapamhama zvenhoroondo mamiriro ekuchinja maitiro nezve feminism,
rusununguko rwezvidzidzo, kana kukanganisa kweVatican pamayunivhesiti echiKatorike. Zvizhinji zve
vezvenhau vakaparura mutsara weBoston College kuti Daly aifanira kuenda nekuda kwake
chido chekudzidzisa makirasi emadzimai ose akanga "asina kunaka."
Jack Dunn,
Mutauriri weBoston College, akabata hunhu hwepamusoro munhau
kufukidzwa nemhepo yehatuteur yakagumbuka, "Tinongotya kuti zvine njodzi
kuregerera kusashivirira. Iwe haugoni kungoita kunze kwerusarura
kana kusashivirira. Kunotsvedza, kune ngozi uye tinoramba
kuzviita. Dai uyu aive murungu professor achiti 'Ini handidi mutema
vadzidzi mukirasi yangu,' zviri pachena kuti taizotora nzvimbo imwe chete. Izvi
[iri]โฆ nyaya imwe chete. Zviri fairness. Ndiko kusvikika."
Hurukuro iyi
ye "rusaruro" ndeyemanyepo uye ine huori, inoparadzanisa Daly kubva kune yakakura chimiro
zve "kururama" kungomuranga. Iyi pfungwa yakatsveyama inonyanya kuoneka mu
kudzokororwa nguva dzose kweBC's proffering yekufananidza kwerudzi rwemuchena
mudzidzisi uye vadzidzi vatema. Enzaniso chaiyo โ kana uchibvumirana naDaly
kana kuti kwete โ mudzidzisi mutema asingasanganisire vadzidzi vechichena kubva mukirasi. Kuti,
hongu, muenzaniso wakaomesesa, wakapihwa iyezvino spirited gakava
nezve kubatsira (uye kuvapo) kwevose vatema girama uye zvikoro zvepamusoro
New York City. Kuumba mubvunzo nenzira iyi kunogona kukurudzira gakava
uye kufunga.
Asi kunze kwe
izvi, nhepfenyuro inoratidzika kuomerera pamubvunzo wetsika we "kururamisira"
inonyatso kuderedzwa kana ukatarisa pane zvavasingakurukure. Apo
kutsigira Boston College kuzviratidza kwayo semhare ye
"kururamisira" uye "kushivirira," vezvenhau havambotauri nezveBoston
Koreji ine, kwemakore 29, yakaramba kubvuma, mari, kana kupa ngochani uye
ngochani dzevadzidzi boka chinzvimbo kana nzvimbo. Uyewo havana kuisa panzvimbo
chero chesangano manzwiro, pfungwa, kana rubatsiro rwezvokurapa nokuda queer
vadzidzi. Zvakanaka? Anoshivirira? Nengozi?
Vezvenhau futi
haambotauri kuti Boston College hutano masevhisi haaburitse kuberekwa
dzora ruzivo, makondomu, kana kupa ruzivo rwepabonde rwakachengetedzeka kunze kwe
kutsigira kuzvidzora.
Kana iwe hauwane
munhau dzinoburitsa mamiriro aMary Daly kuti maJesuit anomhanya
Boston College ine zvimwe zvikoro zvakawanda-zvinonzi seminari-izvo
zvinotarisirwa kusasanganisa vakadzi. Chokwadika, ikoku imhaka yokuti Chechi yeKaturike
nguva dzose uye nechinangwa chakazara kubata vakadzi sevagari vekirasi yechipiri.
Apaโzviri pachenaโndipo pakatangira dambudziko raMary Daly pakutanga,
uye nei akanyora Chechi neBonde rechipiri.
Boston College,
kuva sangano rakazvimirira rinogona kuita chero mitemo nemirau yavanoita
sarudza. Kuve sangano rechitendero ivo vanoregererwa kubva mukupokana-rusarura
mitemo iyo masangano ehurumende anofanirwa kutevedzera. Asi izvi hazvirevi izvozvo
vane rusarura kana kushivirira kana kuti havana ngozi kuvakadzi, queers, kana vanyengeri. The
zvidzidzo zvevezvenhau vachishuma nezvaMary Daly ndizvo zviyero izvo
ivo-nedzimwe nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika-vanotongwa vakatsveta kurudyi. The
Center For Individual Rights uye Vatican zvino yagadza mipimo ye
"kururama," uye nhoroondo dzakaoma dzinodzimwa mukumhanya kurwisa,
pasina nhaurirano ine mufungo kana nuance, chero pfungwa inoonekwa se
"zvakarurama mune zvematongerwo enyika" kana kunze kwekurudyi-sepakati-mukuru.
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