Mazaya echando eHimalaya ari kuderera, zvibereko zvekurima zviri kuderera, mazuva akaoma akawedzera, uye maitiro emonsoons ave asingatarisirwi. India iri kuramba ichiona mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze โ(Jairam Ramesh, Aimbova Gurukota reZvakatipoteredza & Sango, Hurumende yeIndia).
India ndiyo imwe yenyika dziri panjodzi zvakanyanya pasi rose mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye zvakare inyika izere nekupokana. Kukura kwehupfumi kwave kuri kukurumidza 8 kusvika 10 muzana, asi migwagwa yaro iri kuparara. Mukesh Ambani, murume wechina akapfuma pasirese, achangopedza kuvaka bhiriyoni imwe yemadhora, 1-floor skyscraper muMumbai kwaunogona kuona, kure kure, nzvimbo yakadzika yeRafiq Nagar, isina mvura yakachena, isina kutakura marara, kwete. simba remagetsi, uye kwete chimbuzi chimwe chete kana chimbudzi chevanhu vanopfuura 27 10,000 vanogara muzvitangwena, avo vanoita tsvina pachena pachena. Chiverengero chavagari vapasi cheMumbai chinosvika mamiriyoni 14 musha wevanopfuura mamirioni manomwe vanogara muzvitangwena uye boka riri kuwedzera reboka repakati iro rakakura senhamba yose yeUnited States. Zvakadaro, maIndia 7 miriyoni anorarama nemari isingasviki madhora maviri pazuva, asi, vapfumi veuber vane mambure anokosha madhora miriyoni imwe nemazana maviri, zvakangofanana neGDP yeIndia yemadhora miriyoni imwe nemazana mashanu.
Kupokana kwakasiyana-siyana mukati meIndia kunosanganisira chokwadi chinoshamisa chokuti kune mhou dzakawanda dzinobudisa gasi kudarika nzvimbo dzakawanda pasi pano. Kune mhou dzinoda kusvika mamiriyoni 300 dzinopaza, dzobota, uye dzinobudisa methane yakawanda, gasi regreenhouse rinobata kupisa mumhepo kakapetwa ka20 kupfuura carbon dioxide. Kutaura zvazviri, nhamba yose yezvipfuwo zveIndia mamiriyoni 500โkusanganisira makwai nembudziโinoparira kuwedzera kudziya kwepasi kupfuura motokari dzose dzinovharirwa nemhuka mumigwagwa yokuIndia.
Zvichakadaro, India iri kuyedza kubata nenjodzi huru kune huwandu hwayo huri kuwedzera-kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Mukuru anoona nezvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze munyika, Meera Mehrishi, anoti: โNyika yedu iri kukanganiswa nekusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Takave nemamiriro ekunze asina kunaka muIndia. Mamonsoon aimbouya munaChikunguru atanga kuuya munaGunyana. Varimi ava vave kuomerwa nekuti vari kuramba vachidyara panguva yavanoona semwaka wemvura zhinji. Tiri kurasikirwa negoho redu. Ichave nemhedzisiro yakakura pakuchengetedzeka kwechikafu munyika" (Betwa Sharma, "Kukurukurirana naIndia Mukuru weKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze Negotiator," International Herald Tribune, Global Edition, India, Zvita 3, 2012).
Mhedzisiro yeKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze kuIndia
Maererano neChidzidzo cheUnited Nations Environment Programme, kudziya kwepasi kuchakanganisa mahombekombe makuru eIndia nekukwira kwemvura yemugungwa, zvichikonzera njodzi yezvakatipoteredza. Kukwira kwemvura yegungwa kwakatonyudza zvitsuwa zviviri muSunderbnas uye zvimwe zvitsuwa gumi nemaviri munzvimbo iyi zviri munjodzi. MuRuwa rweKendrapara, paBay of Bengal, misha yese munharaunda yemahombekombe iri kunyangarika.
Zvichakadaro, sezvo mwero wemvura unokwira mumhenderekedzo yegungwa yeIndia, kusanaya kwemvura kwepakati penyika kunodzoka pamwero unonetsa. Gore rino rapfuura, India yakasangana nekusanaya kwemvura kukuru kwechipiri mumakore mana. Munyika yose mvura yakanaya yakanga iri pasi peavhareji ne20 muzana. Chinotyisa zvikuru, zvisinei, yakanga iri โtswanda yezvokudyaโ yeIndia yePunjab uko yakanga yakashata zvikuruโkunaya kwakanga kuri pasi peavhareji ne70 muzana. โโฆdambudziko ririkunyanya kukura,โ sekureva kwaHarjeet Singh, murongi wezvemitemo yemamiriro ekunze pasi rose kuActionAid, Robert S. Eshelman (โIndia's Drought Highlights Challenges of Climate Change Adaptation,โ Scientific American, Nyamavhuvhu 3, 2012).
Bato rekurima reIndia ndiro musimboti wenzanga yeIndia ku60 muzana yevanhu. Kusanaya kwemvura hakungopisa zvirimwa zvaoma, asi nemvura shoma pane yakajairika, magetsi emagetsi anotambura zvakare. Dzimwe nguva, vanhu bhiriyoni 1.2 vaive vasina magetsi, vachiona kudzimwa kukuru kwemagetsi munhoroondo, izvo zvakare zvinokanganisa kushandiswa kwevarimi kwemapombi emagetsi kutapa mvura yepasi kuti vadiridze mafuro avo asina mvura. Saka, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inouya denderedzwa rakazara kubva mukudzima kwemagetsi kusvika kukushomeka kwezviyo.
Kunze kwemamonsoon, kuwanikwa kwemvura kwakakosha kunobva mumazaya echando, sezvakataurwa munyaya yakanyorwa naDaniel Glick, "Zviratidzo Kubva Panyika: The Big Thaw," National Geographic, September 2004: โMazaya echando ari muGarthwal Himalaya kuIndia ari kunyura nokukurumidza zvokuti vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuti mazaya echando akawanda ari nechepakati nokumabvazuva kweHimalaya anogona kutozotsakatika panosvika 2035.โ Chinyorwa ichi chakashoropodzwa nekunyanyisa kunyungudika kweHimalayan glaciers. Zvisinei, zviitiko zvinotevera zvinogona kutungamirira kukuongororazve kukomba kwechinetso. Makore masere gare gare, kune humbowo hwakawanda hunoratidza kuti mazaya echando eHimalaya ari mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
Sekureva kwaDP Dobhal, nyanzvi yezvematombo echando neWadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Center for Glaciology, kudziya kwepasi โโฆkunoratidza kushushikana kuri kuuya pasi rose, paine zvinokonzeresa zvakanyanya kuIndia nevavakidzani vayo. Zviuru zvemazaya echando akazadza makiromita 1,500 XNUMX eHimalayas anoumba nhoroondo yekuchengetedza mvura yeSouth Asia, ichidyisa nzizi dzinopfuura gumi nembiri uye kuchengetedza bhiriyoni revanhu zasi kwerwizi. Kudzokera kwavo kuri pachena kunotyisidzira kutakura zvinhu zvose kubva pamvura yekunwa yedunhu kusvika pakurima kusvika kuzvirwere nemafashamoโ (Somini Sengupta, โGlaciers in Retreat,โ NY Times, Chikunguru 17, 2007).
Zvakadaro, vanoramba shanduko yemamiriro ekunze enyika vakanyunyuta paongororo ichangobva kuitika yedunhu reTibetan inonzi GRACE sehumbowo hwekuti kudziya kwepasirese/kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze hakuna kushambadzwa saka vanoramba vanoti GRACE (iyo Gravity Recovery uye Climate Experiment satellite) inoratidza kuti altitude glaciers ari kungorasikirwa neaizi pachikamu chimwe chete chegumi cheyero yaimbofungidzirwa uye kuti mazaya echando ari paTibetan plateau ari kukura. Kubva ipapo, zvakaratidzwa kuti ongororo ye GRACE ine painogumira zvakanyanya โ semuenzaniso, GRACE haigone kusiyanisa pakati peaizi nemvura yemvura, saka, chando chakanyunguduka kubva kumazaya echando chinoyerera mumadziva echando chakaverengwa zvisiri izvo sechando chechando. Kupfuura izvi-uye kusanganisira zvimwe zvipimo mukururamisa kwa GRACE-kune humbowo hwakawanda hwekuti mazaya echando ari mudunhu reTibet ari kuderera nekukurumidza-chaizvoizvo, pamwero unotyisa unokurumidza kukurumidza.
Humwe humbowo hwekuderera hunowanikwa kuseri kwenzvimbo yeTibetan. Vesainzi vekuChina vakayera kurasikirwa kunosvika zvikamu makumi manomwe kubva muzana zvemazaya echando anopa nzizi dzakakosha mune zveupfumi dzakaita seLancang River (Danube yekuMabvazuva) uye vakayera kuderera kwemazaya echando makumi masere anopa Rwizi rweYellow neRwizi rwaYangtze, urwo rwakananga. uye nenzira isina kunanga inokonzeresa 70 muzana yegross chigadzirwa cheChina. Zvakakosha, mvura yekudiridza mukurima muIndia (80 muzana) neChina (20 muzana) inotsamira pamakomo echando.
Mubvunzo wekuti vanhu vanopfuura bhirioni imwe vachaitira mvura nechikafu wakarembera pamusoro petarisiro yekuchinja kukuru kwemamiriro ekunze. Zvichakadaro, shongwe yemvura yeAsia inonyunguduka nekupisa kusingaonekwi nevanhu vemazuva ano.
Chirongwa Chekuita Chenyika Pamusoro Pekushanduka Kwemamiriro ekunze
India iri kutora nyaya yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze zvakanyanya uye nyika inoziva zvizere nezve anthropogenic sosi. Makore mashoma apfuura, Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change yakatora chirongwa chakayerwa, chine musoro, uye chine musoro chekugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Ndima yekutanga yeNational Action Plan yeNational Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) inoburitsa pachena chinangwa chakakomba chehurumende: "India yakatarisana nedambudziko rekusimudzira hupfumi hwayo nekukurumidza ichitarisana nekutyisidzira kwepasirese kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kutyisidzirwa uku kunobva mukuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse mumhepo inogadzirwa neanthropogenically kuburikidza nekukura kwenguva refu uye kwakasimba kwemaindasitiri uye mararamiro ekushandisa zvakanyanya munyika dzakabudiriraโฆ maitiro anofanira kubva pachiratidzo chepasi rose chakafemerwa nechirevo chehungwaru chaMahatma Gandhi โ 'Nyika ine zvakakwana. zvinhu zvokugutsa zvinodiwa nevanhu, asi hazvimbofi zvakakwanira kugutsa makaro evanhu.โ
Panyaya iyi, mutungamiriri wehurumende yeIndia akakumbira vapfumi kuita zvinhu nenzira yokuzvininipisa. Zvinoratidza kuti Mukesh Ambani haana kuwana meseji.
NAPCC yeIndia inopa "mamishinari" kuti nyika iite: National Solar Mission, National Mission yeEnhance Energy Efficiency, National Mission for Sustainable Habitat, National Water Mission, National Mission yekusimudzira Himalayan Ecosystem, National Mission. yeGreen India, National Mission yeSustainable Agriculture, uye National Mission pane Strategic Knowledge yeClimate Change.
Sekureva kweBloomberg New Energy Finance, kubva muna 2011, India yakatsaurira madhora bhiriyoni gumi kune simba regirinhi uye nyika ine kukurumidza kukurumidza kukura kwepasirese (pamwe ne10 muzana) yegirinhi simba. Tichienzanisa, $52 bhiriyoni yekusimudzira pasuru ya787 yaisanganisira mari inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi matatu nemasere emadhora mumashandisirwo ehurumende uye ingangoita mabhiriyoni makumi maviri emadhora ekurudziro yemutero yesimba rinogonekazve mumakore gumi anotevera. Nekudaro, pahwaro hwemaapuro-ku-maapuro, India iri kushandisa zvakapetwa chiyero cheUS, nepo hupfumi hweIndia hungori chikamu chimwe chete mugumi chehukuru hweUS.
Hutungamiri hwekambani yeIndia hwatenga nyaya yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye bumbiro reIndia nderimwe remashoma pasi rose ane zviga zvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Semuenzaniso, makambani epamusoro ari kuwana budiriro yakakosha mukushandurwa kwekabhoni yakaderera. Makabhoni avo muna 2012-zvakavakirwa paCarbon Disclosure Leadership Index (โCDLIโ)โakaratidza kuvandudzwa kunoshamisa. Mienzaniso yekubudirira kwekambani inosanganisira: Wipro Ltd. 2012 zvibodzwa zve95 maringe ne86 muna 2011; Mahindra & Mahindra yakawedzera kubva pa53 kusvika pa82; ITC kubva pa64 kusvika pa82. (Wipro ndeimwe yevakuru veIndia vanopa ruzivo rwemichina. Mahindra & Mahindra iIndia inogadzira mota dzepasirese. ITC isangano guru revanhu vekuIndia.)
Uyezve, India yakagadzira "Kuita, Kubudirira, uye Kutengeserana" (PAT), chirongwa chekuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba, iyo inopa kukurudzira uye zvirango zvemakambani makuru anoshandisa simba, uye nyika ine renewable energy portfolio standards.
Hupfumi hweIndia huri pakati pehwuri kukurumidza kukurumidza pasirese - pamwe neChina - uye shanduko yavo kuenda kune yakaderera kabhoni hupfumi kunogadzira mikana mikuru yekukura kwakasimba nekuderera kwekabhoni tekinoroji yekuvandudza zvivakwa zvichipa mukana wekuita tekinoroji yakachena munyika yose. Sekureva kwaDamandeep Singh, director weCDP India, "Tinofara kuratidza kuti India yemakambani ari kuwedzera sei dambudziko rekugadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kune njodzi" ("Carbon Disclosure Leadership: Indian Companies Demostrate Leadership in Tackling Climate Change," the Times of India, Ndira 19, 2013).
Maererano neNatural Resources Defense Council: "India iri kusimukira sesimba rehupfumi uye mutungamiri wepasi rose wezvakatipoteredzaโฆ. India yakaziva kuti kugadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuri muzvido zvayo zvenyika. Nyika iri kutora matanho akasimba ekumanikidza kuburitsa kwayo uye kudzivirira vanhu vayo kubva mukukanganiswa kwemamiriro ekunze. "
National Solar Mission yeIndia yakatodzikisa mutengo wesimba rezuva kubva pa15-16 pakilowatt-awa kusvika pahafu yemutengo mumakore matatu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, India ndiyo ine mutengo wakaderera pasi rose we solar. Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso wakanaka wezvinoitika kana hurumende yenyika ikatarisa kune zvinogonekazve, uye India iri kuvaka imwe yemapurojekiti makuru epasi rose emagetsi emagetsi, ayo achagadzira zviuru makumi maviri zvemagetsi ezuva uye 20,000 MW kubva kumapurazi emhepo pa3,000 maeka muKarmataka.
Nyika iri kusimudzirawo pasi rakagadzikana rakadzikama nekuita masemina nemashoo ekutengeserana, semuenzaniso, Delhi Sustainable Development Summit, 2013, ichava foramu yekupfumisa nharo uye yekukurukurirana kwekutumirwa kwehunyanzvi hwakachena. Hurumende yeIndia yakatangawo chirongwa cheCompensatory Afforestation Programme apo chero kutsauswa kwemasango eruzhinji nekuda kwezvinangwa zvisiri zvemasango kunobhadharwa kuburikidza nekudyara kwemiti kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaparadzwa kana dzisiri dzemasango.
Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze Kunogona Kugadziriswa?
Sekureva kwaProfessor Richard Turco, UCLA Dhipatimendi reAtmospheric neOceanic Sayenzi uye akatanga director weUCLA's Institute of the Environment, hapana kukurumidza, kuri nyore tekinoroji kugadzirisa kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Kune vanotsigira geoengineering, vakadai segiant blimp iro rinopfapfaidza liquefied sulfur dioxide mu stratosphere, kana imwe pfungwa, iyo iri kuvaka makumi emamiriyoni emakemikari mafirita system mumhepo yekusefa kunze carbon dioxide - asi pfungwa idzi dzinokahadzika, pa zvakanakisisa. Kutanga, mhinduro yemamiriro ekunze haina chokwadi, uye ndiani anoziva kana dambudziko idzva ringatsiva dambudziko rekutanga.
Purofesa Turco anoti: โVatsigiri ve geoengineering vakaedza kuita kuti mainjiniya emamiriro okunze anzwike nyore. Hazvisi nyore zvachose. Isu tave kuziva kuti zvivakwa nemhedzisiro ye geoengineered particle layer mu stratosphere zvingave zvisingatarisike zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso, kupfuura fizikisi yekudziya kwepasi inosanganiswa nekubuda kwecarbon dioxide. Kutanga chirongwa chakadaro kungave kupusa โ(Richard Turco, "Hapana Kurumidza, Nyore Tekinoroji Kugadzirisa Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze," UCLA Asia Institute).
Mhinduro yaTurco pakurwisa kudziya kwepasi/kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze ndeiyi: โTinofanira kuderedza kuburitswa kwecarbon. Tinofanira kuisa mari-nguva yakawanda mune mamwe masimba emagetsi ane mashoma kabhoni tsoka. "
India inogona kuverengerwa senyika ichiri kusimukira, asi kuzvipira kwayo kwekudyara mune mamwe masimba emagetsi kunodarika kuzvipira kwenyika dzakakura dzakasimukira, seUnited States. Nekudaro, nguva dzingangove dzichichinja: Kutaura kweMutungamiri Obama kwekutanga kwaifanira kunge kwakaita kuti pasi redu rakatarisana nesaggy ripenye zvishoma. MaDemocrats zvino anotarisira "kufambiswa nemaune asi kwehasha mushandirapamwe wakavakirwa pakushandiswa kwemasimba ake ekutungamira kunzvenga kupikisa kweCongress" (Richard W. Stevenson naJohn M. Broder, "Kutaura Kunopa Zvinangwa Zvemamiriro ekunze Center Stage," the New York Times, Ndira 21, 2013). Uye, zvinonyanya kukosha, "Iyo yepakati ichave chiito neEnvironmental Protection Agency kudzikamisazve kuburitswa kwemagetsi ekupisa marasha pasi pemitemo ichiri kunyorwa ...." Zvidyarwa zvekupisa marasha pasi rose ndizvo zvinonyanya kukonzera carbon dioxide.
National Resources Defense Council director wemamiriro ekunze uye mweya wakachena, Dan Lashof, anoti kuburitswa kwezvirimwa zvinopiswa nemarasha kunogona kudzikiswa nezvikamu zvinopfuura makumi maviri neshanu muzana muna 25.
Tichienda mberi, kana nhamba mbiri (America) uye nhamba yechitatu (India) emitters yepasi rose GHGs vakanyatsotora zvirongwa zvekuderedza greenhouse magasi, tariro yezvakatipoteredza uye yakachena nharaunda yepasi rose inopenya. Nekudaro, zvisinei nemhedzisiro iyi, chokwadi ndechekuti: nyika dzese dzemaindasitiri, kunyanya India neChina, dziri kuramba dzichishandisa marasha zvakanyanya, izvo, maererano neUS Energy Information Administration, inoverengera makumi mana muzana ezvese zvinobuda uye zvinotarisirwa kuzvidavirira. kweinoda kusvika hafu yehutsi hwepasi rose mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu anotevera. Mumwe anofanirwa kushamisika kana iyo pasi inogona kubata izvi pasina mhedzisiro isingadzoke kana nzvimbo yekunongedza yekusadzoka.
Sekureva kweIEA, India inotarisirwa kuve mutengi mukuru wepasi rose wemarasha panosvika 2017, iyo, muchidimbu, inoramba kuedza kwayo kudzoreredzwa. Mubvunzo unoramba uripo: Ndekupi chikumbiro cheshanduko huru yepasirese kubva kumafuta ezvicherwa kuenda kune zvinogadzirwazve zvakasvibira nekukurumidza sezvinobvira vanhu? Iyo tekinoroji inowanikwa nyore, asi kuda kwezvematongerwo enyika hakusi. Nechekare, makomo eAndes arasikirwa nehafu yemazaya echando, zvichityisidzira mvura yevanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni zana uye ichi chiratidzo chemaitiro emamiriro ekunze pasi rose. Kugadziriswa uku kunofanirwa kutevedzera zano raProfessor Richard Turco rekutanga shanduko huru yepasirese kubva kumafuta ezvicherwa kuenda kune anovandudza, izvo zvinokonzeresa hombe, yakanaka yekukura kwehupfumi kutenderera, shanduko yegirinhi inoshandisa mamirioni, nekudaro kugadzirisa matambudziko emabasa uye mamiriro ekunze.
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Robert Hunziker munyori akazvimirira anogara muCalifornia.