Fkubva muna 1982 kusvika muna 2000, misika yeUS yakaenda pa "bull run" yakareba kupfuura dzose, sezvo mitengo yemugove yakakwira kusvika pakakwirira. Mukupera kwema1990, musanganiswa wezvinhu, izvo zvaisanganisira iyo Federal Reserve kudzikisa mubereko, yakagadzira bhavhu remutengo muhombe muzvitoro zveInternet. Bhabhu rekufungidzira rinoitika kana mutengo uchipfuura zvakanyanya kukosha kweiyo asset. Nhoroondo, mabhubhu akaitika mune zvese kubva kune real estate, masheya, uye njanji kusvika ku tulips, beanie vacheche, uye mabhuku ecomic. Sezvinoita mabubbles ese, zvaitora mari yakawanda kuita kudzoka. Semuyenzaniso, kana iwe wakatenga zana masheya eApple pamadhora gumi pachikamu uye ikakwira kusvika pamadhora makumi maviri, inodhura madhora chiuru kuita purofiti yemadhora zviuru (gumi muzana yekudzoka), asi kana migove iri $100 imwe neimwe uye yakakwira kusvika pamadhora zana negumi, yaizodhura zviuru gumi zvemadhora. kuita $10 purofiti (kudzoka kwegumi kubva muzana) -saka chikamu chepurofiti ishoma uye kurasikirwa kungave kwakanyanya, zvakare. Izvi zvakaita kuti bhubhu reInternet ribude muna Kurume 20.
Pakatanga kuputika kwemusika wemasheya, mhirizhonga yakaitika muhupfumi hukuru, zvichiita kuti mari uye kushandiswa kwemakambani kunyura uye kushaikwa kwemabasa kukwire. Vachipiswa nemusika wemasheya, vanhu vazhinji vakatamira kukutenga dzimba senzira yakachengeteka yekuvaka hupfumi. Ipapo kwakauya kurwiswa kwaSeptember 11, 2001, kuunza kutya uye kuderera kwekushandisa kwevatengi.
Pakazosvika 2002, hupfumi hwatove huchimbengenuka, aimbove Sachigaro weFederal Reserve Alan Greenspan neFed vakadzikisa mubereko kusvika pakudzikira kwekare kwechikamu chimwe chete kudzivirira kudzikira kwakanyanya kwehupfumi. Mari dzemubereko dzakaderera dzinoita kuti mari yakakweretwa idhure kumunhu wese kubva kune vanotenga imba kusvika kumabhanga. Iri gungwa rechikwereti rakanga riri chimwe chinhu chakatungamirira kuchinjo huru muindasitiri yokukweretesa dzimba—kubva “pakutanga kuva muridzi” kuenda ku“kutanga kugovera.” Mubereko wakaderera wairevawo kuti vanotenga dzimba vaigona kutora zvikwereti zvakakura, izvo zvaitsigira kukwira kwemitengo.
Mune yekutanga-kune-yega modhi, mukweretesi wemba - inogona kunge iri yakazvimiririra mortgage kambani, bhangi, thrift, kana kiredhiti mubatanidzwa - inobata imba yemba yenguva yayo, kazhinji makore makumi matatu. Mwedzi woga woga bhangi - kupfupi kune chero muvambi wehomwe - "yakabva" iyo remba inogamuchira mubhadharo unoitwa nemukuru uye mhindu kubva kumuridzi wemba. Kana mutengi akanganisa pane chikwereti, ndiko kuti, anomira kubhadhara pamwedzi, ipapo bhangi rinogona kutora uye kutengesa pfuma inokosha: imba. Tichifunga nezvekukwereta kwakasimba uye hupenyu hurefu hwechikwereti, zvakafanana nemutengi wemba ari kuchata nebhangi.
Mune yekutanga-yekugovera modhi, mabhangi anotengesa chikwereti kune vechitatu mapato, achishandura zvikwereti kuita chinhu senge majeti pabhandi rekutakura. Nekutengesa chikwereti, bhangi rinosunungura mari yaro kuitira kuti rikwanise kutendeuka nekubhadhara mari nyowani. Nokudaro, mabhanga ane chinokurudzira kutengesa (kana "kugovera") zvikwereti zvembavha nekukurumidza, kuitira kuti vakwanise kudzorera mari yekutengesa mamwe zvikwereti. Nekutengesa chikwereti, bhangi zvakare "inogovera njodzi" yekutadza kune vamwe.
Mabhanga akaita mari kubva pamari yembande, zvichida zviuru zvishoma zvemadhora pachikwereti. Nemhaka yokuti vakatengesa chikwereti, dzimwe nguva mumazuva mashomanana, vakanga vasina hanya kuti mutengi weimba angatadza. Mabhangi akatanga kushandisa nzvimbo dzekufonera uye nzira dzekudzvanyirira zvakanyanya ku "kuburitsa-zhinji" zvikwereti zvemba nekuti purofiti yaive yakawanda - zvikwereti zvingani zvaigona kubvumidzwa nekukurumidza sei. Izvi zvakawedzerwa nehutsotsi mukati meindasitiri yezvivakwa, umo vanoongorora dzimba dzakakosheswa zvakanyanya uye mabhuroka ezvimba vakabvumidza chero munhu ane moyo, asingatarise midziyo, chinzvimbo chebasa, kana mari. Uye indasitiri yedzimba iri kuramba ichiwedzera yakakanganisa upfumi hwose. Pakukura kwese kwemabasa kubva muna 2002 kusvika 2007, kusvika makumi mana kubva muzana aive ane chekuita nedzimba: vatengesi vemba, vaongorori, vamiriri vezvivakwa, vashandi vekufona, vashandi vechikwereti, vashandi vekuvaka nekuvandudza dzimba, nezvimwe.
Kuita kuti zvikwereti zvive nyore kutengesa, mabhangi anoenda kuna Fannie Mae kana Freddie Mac uye kuwana "simbiso" ye "kuenderana" (kana prime, iyo inoreva chikamu chechikwereti chemukwereti) zvikwereti. Assurance zvinoreva imwe yemasangano anosimbisa kuti zvikwereti ndezvechikwereti; ivo zvakare vanochengetedza chikamu chechikwereti kana muridzi wemba akatadza. Vasati vapihwa nyika nguva pfupi yadarika, Fannie naFreddie vaive "masangano anotsigirwa nehurumende" (GSEs). Nepo chero munhu aikwanisa kutenga zvikamu mumakambani maviri aya, vaive pasi pemutemo wemubatanidzwa uye congressional oversight. Iri basa remubatanidzwa rakaonekwa sechivimbiso chakajeka nekuti mapato ese aitenda zvikwereti zvakatsigirwa naFannie naFreddie zvakachengeteka zvachose. Izvi zvakavabvumira kukwereta mazakwatira emari nemitengo yakaderera zvikuru.
Mabhangi akabva atengesa zvikwereti zvavo zvakavimbiswa zvekutanga zvembavha kune "mabundles," kubva kuna Fannie naFreddie kusvika ku "private labels," semabhangi ekutsvaga mari, hedge funds, uye "mabhangi emari" (ayo ane mari yekuchengetedza uye kutarisa maakaunti) . Mabundlers akaunganidza zvikwereti zvakawanda nechinangwa chekutengesa kodzero dzekubhadhara kune vamwe-kureva kuti, mumwe munhu anobhadhara kuti agamuchire mari yako yemwedzi yemwedzi.
Nhanho inotevera yaive ye "kuchengetedza" bundle (chengedzo chinhu chinotengeswa). Yakawanda yehunyanzvi hwemari yeWall Street inosanganisira kushandura zvikwereti kuita zvinhu. Iti uri Bank of America uye unotengesa mazana maviri embavha pazuva. Lehman Brothers vanotenga zvikwereti mushure mekunge vavimbiswa uye "kuzvisunga" nekuisa zvikwereti mubhangi rebhangi-ndiko uko mari yemwedzi kubva kuvaridzi vemba mazana maviri inoenda. Zvadaro, "mortgage-backed security" (MBS) inogadzirwa kubva pairi bundle. MBS chigadzirwa chemari chinobhadhara goho kumutengi, senge hedge fund, pension fund, investment bank, money bank, central bank, uye kunyanya Fannie naFreddie. Goho, kunyanya muripo wemubereko, unobva kumari yemba.
Chinoshanda sei? Muridzi wemba anoramba achibhadhara mwedzi nemwedzi kuBhange reAmerica, iro rinoita mari kubva mubhadharo kubva kune yepakutanga remba uye anowana kuchekwa kwekubhadhara mari yemba, achiipfuudza kuna Lehman Brothers. Lehman anoita mari semutakuri wezvimba uye "munyori wepasi" wechengetedzo inotsigirwa nemortgage. Mutengi wemortgage-backed security, toti, Fannie Mae, anobva abhadharwa kubva kubhangi account akabata mari yembanje.
Pakutanga, iyi nzira yakavhara chete zvikwereti zvekutanga nokuti Fannie naFreddie vaisakwanisa kuvimbisa zvikwereti zve subprime. Kugadzirisa mitengo yakaderera yevaridzi vemba pakati pevanhu vane mari shoma uye nharaunda dzeruvara, kutenderera 2004 Congress yakatanga kukurudzira Fannie naFreddie kuti vatange kuvimbisa subprime mortgages pamwero wakafara. Uye nyore kiredhiti yakadyisa vatengesi 'chishuwo chekuwedzera uye yakawanda-inotsigirwa chengetedzo, iyo yakapa mari yezvivakwa zvitsva.
Imwe tsananguro ye subprime zvikwereti ndeye chero chikwereti pamutengo wemubereko iyo inosvika 3 muzana mapoinzi kupfuura yekutanga chikwereti. Zvizhinji zvezvikwereti izvi zvaive "zvinogadziriswa-chiyero chemondi" (ARMs) ne "teaser rates." Mutengo waive wakadzikira kwemakore mashoma ekutanga, asi zvadaro "waizotangazve," zvichiita kuti mubhadharo wepamwedzi uwedzere zvakanyanya, dzimwe nguva kusvika kaviri kana katatu pamari yekutanga. Subprime vanokwereta vanoonekwa sevane riskier nekuda kwezvibodzwa zvakaderera zvechikwereti uye vanosanganisirwa pakati pevanhu vane ruvara uye vanobva kune dzimwe nyika uye nharaunda dzine mari shoma avo vanowanzotadza kubhadhara, vachidzikisira zvibodzwa zvechikwereti. Nemabrotgage broker nevakweretesi vachisundidzira zvikwereti kune chero munhu uye nemunhu wese, avo vane ruzivo rwemari shoma vaiwanzozviwana vaine zvikwereti izvo zvakava zvisingaite.
Nekuwedzera kuri kuita zvikwereti zvechikwereti, muna 2004, mabhanga akatanga zvakanyanya kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvemari zvinonzi collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). Mabhangi angangobatanidza zvibatiso zvemortgage-backed ivo vagara vanazvo kana kuunganidza madziva makuru e-high-interest subprime mortgages. MaCDO "akachekwa" mu "tranches" -funga nezvawo sekucheka kwenyama - iyo yaibhadhara goho zvichienderana nenjodzi yekutadza. Iwo akanakisa kucheka, iyo filet mignon, yaive nenjodzi yakaderera uye nekudaro yakabhadhara goho rakaderera. Idzo dzine riskiest tranches, imbwa dzisinganzwisisike-nyama dzinopisa dzakabhadhara goho repamusoro, dzaizotanga dzatadza kana vatengi vakarega kubhadhara. Izvi zvakaonekwa senzira yekuparadzira njodzi pamisika yese. Pfungwa ye "kugovera njodzi" inoreva kuti vese vatambi vemusika vanotora njodzi shoma, saka kana chimwe chinhu chakashata, munhu wese anotambura asi hapana anofa.
Tranches dzakapihwa "maratidzo" nemasevhisi akaita seStandard & Poor's, Moody's, uye Fitch. Chiyero chepamusoro, AAA, chaireva kuti pakanga pasina njodzi yekutadza. Kuchengetedzeka kunofungidzirwa kweAAA kwaireva kuti dzakasiyana siyana dzemasangano emari dzaigona kuzvitenga. Nekuti matavi akatengeswa sechishandiso chekugadzirisa njodzi nekudzoka, izvi zvakakurudzira kudiwa kukuru. Iwo masevhisi ezviyero aive nekupesana kwechido, zvisinei, nekuti vaiwana muripo wakakura kubva kumabhanga ekudyara, zvichipa masevhisi kukurudzira kuyera kuchengetedzwa kwedodgy zvakanyanya. Moody's akawana mari inosvika mazana masere nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni emadhora kubva muzvigadzirwa zvemari zvakarongwa muna 850 chete. Bhangi rekudyara rakabatanidzawo yakaderera-yakatemerwa mortgage yakatsigirwa zvibatiso, senge BBB-yakatemerwa, ndokuzoicheka kuti igadzire mitsetse mitsva yakayerwa kubva kuAAA kuenda kujunk. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanana nokusandura mahot dog kuita steaks.
Uyezve, mabhanga aizo "hedge" tranches, imwe nzira yekugovera njodzi, nekutenga credit default swaps (CDSs) inotengeswa nemakambani akaita seAIG neMBIA. The swaps yaiva chimiro cheinishuwarenzi. Izvi zvakaonekwa senzira yekuita kuti tranche dzive dzakachengeteka uye nekudaro dzakayerwa zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, taura kuti uri Goldman Sachs uye une madhora gumi emamiriyoni muAAAA tranches. Iwe unoenda kuAIG kunoisa inishuwarenzi, uye kambani inoona kuti njodzi yekutadza yakaderera zvakanyanya saka iyo premium i10 muzana. Saka iwe unobhadhara AIG $1 pagore uye kana iyo tranche ikatadza, kambani inokubhadhara iwe $100,000 miriyoni. Asi maCDS akatanga kutengwa uye kutengeswa pasi rese zvichienderana nenjodzi yaifungidzirwa. Musika wacho wakakura zvokuti chikwereti chaiiswa inishuwarenzi chaiva $10 tiririyoni—chinoda kuenzana nehupfumi hwenyika hwepagore.
Zvakare zvakapoteredza 2004, zvinhu zvakatanga kutonyanya kuoma apo mabhanga ekudyara akamisa masangano anozivikanwa seakarongeka ekudyara mota (SIVs). MaSIV aizotenga subprime MBSs kubva kumabhanga avo anotsigira. Asi kutenga maMBS aya, mota dzekudyara dzakarongwa dzaida mari dzadzo. Saka maSIV akagadzira zvigadzirwa zvinonzi asset-backed commercial paper (chikwereti chenguva pfupi chemazuva 1 kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe). "Asset-backed" zvinoreva kuti inotsigirwa nechikwereti kubva kubhangi rinotsigira. VeSIV vakabva vatengesa bepa, kunyanya kumari yemusika wemari. Nenzira iyi, maSIV akagadzira mari yekutenga zvibatiso zvinotsigirwa kubva kubhangi ravo. MaSIV akaita mari nekuwana zvibereko zvakakwirira kubva kune subprime MBSs yavakatenga, vachibhadhara zvibereko zvishoma kumisika yemari yakatenga pepa rekutengeserana (kubatsirwa kubva pakupararira kwakadai kunozivikanwa se "arbitrage").
Chinangwa cheWall Street chaive chekugadzira nzira dzekuita mari asi usingasangane nemhosva. Yakanga ichifambisa zvese "off-book" kune maSIV kuti atenderere mitemo nezve "kusimudza." Mabhangi, hedge funds, uye mamwe anowedzera kubudirira kupfurikidza nokutora “capital reserves” zvawo—mari chaiyo kana kuti midziyo inogona kuchinjwa kuva mari nyore nyore—uye kukwereta kakawanda pairi. Semuenzaniso, Merrill Lynch aive nechiyero chekuwedzera che45.8 musi waSeptember 26. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti kana Merrill aiva ne $ 10 mabhiriyoni mubhangi, yakanga ichitamba ne $ 458 bhiriyoni. Iyo Federal Reserve inofanirwa kudzora matura kudzikamisa kukura kwechikwereti, asi maSIV yaive imwe nzira yekutenderera mutemo uyu. Kuwedzera kuwedzera kwairevawo njodzi yakawanda kubhangi, zvisinei, nekuti mari inogona kupera nekukurumidza kana mashoma mabheti akashata. Izvi zvese chikamu cheinonzi "mumvuri banking system," zvichireva kuti inofamba nemirau iripo. Iyo shadow banking system inoonekwa seyo honzeri huru mukuparara kwemafemu eWall Street uye dambudziko rehupfumi hwenyika.
Maitiro ese akashanda chero munhu wese aitenda kuti mitengo yedzimba yaizokwira nekusingaperi. Iyi imhando ye "pfungwa yehupfumi," imwe nheyo yekuti chero chitendero chinotendwa nevakawanda mumusika chinopedzisira chave chiporofita chinozadzikiswa. Panyaya yedzimba, varidzi vedzimba vakatora zvikwereti zvinoramba zvichikura vachitenda kuti mitengo yaizoramba ichikwira nekukasika. Vanokweretesa zvikwereti vaitenda kuti zvikwereti zvakanga zvakachengeteka nokuti kunyange kana mwene weimba akatadza, muridzi wemba aizosara neimba yaiwedzera mutengo. Kuvimbika mukukwira kwemitengo kwakaita kuti vagadziri nevatengi vezvibatiso zvinotsigirwa nembande vafunge kuti mainvestimenti aya akange asina njodzi. Izvi zvinoshandawo kukuwedzera-kurebesa-chero paine chikwereti chiri nyore uye kukurumidza kudzoserwa kunoitwa, vanoisa mari vakapopotera kuti vawane zvimwe zvibatiso zvinotsigirwa nehomwe. Izvi zvakashanda kumari yemusika wemari yakaunza pepa kubva kumotokari dzekudyara dzakarongwa. Chero bedzi mari yemusika wemari yaive nechivimbo muhurongwa, havana kubvisa pepa rekutengeserana payakasvika, asi "vakaiputira" pamari imwechete yezvibereko. Izvi zvakabvumira maSIV kuti agadzire mari pasina kuisa chero zvikwereti kumabhangi avo anotsigira.
Iyi sisitimu yakachengeta hupfumi hweUS huchikwira kwemakore. Kwemamwe makore makumi matatu nemashanu, mihoro chaiyo yanga ikamira kune vazhinji vekuAmerica, asi sezvo tsika dzemumba dzakakwira mumakore gumi apfuura, varidzi vedzimba vazhinji vakadzosera mari uye kubvisa mari yacho — vachishandura dzimba dzavo kuita maATM. Semuenzaniso, kana iwe uine chikwereti che $ 35 pachikwereti asi kukosha kweimba kwakasimuka kusvika ku $ 200,000, unogona kushandura mutsauko we $ 300,000 mumari kuburikidza nekugadzirisa zvakare. Pakazosvika 100,000, vanhu vekuAmerica vaishandisa hupfumi hwepamba kuti vawane mari inosvika madhora mabhiriyoni mazana matatu negumi pagore mukushandisa kwevanhu. Kushandiswa kwechikwereti uku ndiko kwaive injini yekukura.
Kushandisa zvakanyanya kweUS kwakaenzaniswa nekuwedzeredza-kugadzirwa munyika zhinji dzeAsia. Nyika dzakaita seChina, India, Taiwan, neSouth Korea dzinoshandisa mari yakawanda yekutengeserana neUnited States, izvo zvakaita kuti hupfumi hwavo husimukire. Vakadyara mari yakawandisa muUS kiredhiti zviridzwa kubva kuchikwereti chekambani uye MBSs kusvika kumabhondi ehurumende nemabhiri. Ndizvo zvinodaidzwa nevezvehupfumi kutenderera kwakanaka: tinotenga zvinhu zvavo, tichivabatsira kukura, ivo vachishandisa purofiti kutenga chikwereti chedu, zvichitibvumira kutenga zvimwe zvezvinhu zvavo. Asi zvakare haigoneki. Nyika haigoni kunyanyisa-kudya zvachose.
Muchikamu chekupedzisira chebubble reimba, vashoma vekutanga vatengi vaigona kutenga zvikwereti zvechinyakare. Kukwira kwemitengo yeimba kwaida kuramba-yakakura pasi kubhadhara kuitira kuti subprime mortgages iwande, sezvavaiwanzoda mari shoma kana kuti kwete pasi. Kubva muna 2004 kusvika muna 2006, inenge 20 muzana yezvikwereti zvose zvekubhadhara mari yaiva subprime zvikwereti. Sezvo ruzhinji rwaive chiyero chinogadziriswa chemoti, izvi zvakagadzira bhomba renguva. Maminiti emari yemubereko yakakwira, mareti akaiswa patsva, uye varidzi vedzimba vane maARM vakaremerwa nemubhadharo wakakura wepamwedzi.
Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasanganiswa kunonoka real-estate mitengo uye kusvibisa bubble. Kukwira kwemitengo kwakakonzera kuwanda kwekuvaka uye kuwandisa kwedzimba, mitengo inoramba ichikwira yaireva mari yakawanda yakaunza zvibereko zvishoma, uye, zvakare, Fed yakaita basa nekusimudza mitero. Kwakanga kuri kuyedza kumisa inflation, asi nekuwanda kweiyo inogadziriswa mitero yembavha, zvakatungamira kukubhadhara kwakakwira kwemba, zvichisundidzira mazana ezviuru zvevaridzi vedzimba mukuvharirwa.
Kamwe bubble rakatanga kudonha, maitiro akakurumidza, achishandura mania kuita kutya. Kutanga, iyo yekusarudzika yakapararira kune yakarongeka zvikwereti zviridzwa senge collateralized zvikwereti zvisungo uye mortgage-backed securities. Nzira yekugovera njodzi yakakundikana. Kuchengetedzwa kwedziviriro kwakanga kwapararira mugadziriro yose yezvemari—mabhengi ezvokupinza mari nemari, homwe dzepenjeni, mabhanga makuru, makambani einishuwarenzi—zvichiisa munhu wose pangozi. Nekuti chikamu chezvemari chakakurudzira zvine hukasha kwemakumi emakore kuti chidzike mutemo, kushaikwa kwekutarisa kwakawedzera njodzi. Pakange pave nekuchekwa kwakawanda uye kutengeswa kwemamortgages uye zvibatiso zvine hukama hapana ainyatsoziva kuti kurasikirwa kwaive kupi. Sezvo varidzi vemortgage vakatadza, zvibatiso zvemortgage-backed zvakatangawo kusamira. Iyo subprime funding conduit kubva kuWall Street yakamira, ichitungamira hombe dzinokweretesa seNyikawide, New Century Financial, uye American Home Mortgage kuenda mudumbu-kumusoro.
Sezvo kutya kwakatanga, mari yemusika wemari yakatanga kumira pamusoro pebepa rekutengesa-vakada kuibvisa. Saka maSIV aive zvino aifanira kufonera mutsara wavo wechikwereti kubva kumabhangi avo anotsigira kana kutengesa zvinhu zvakaita sezvibatiso zvinotsigirwa nembangi kuti vawane mari. Mortgage defaults uye kutengesa kwekumanikidza kweMBS kwakatanga kukwidza mitengo kudzika zvakanyanya. Izvi zvakamanikidza mabhanga kubhadhara kurasikirwa, zvichida kuti mamwe atengese zvimwe zvinhu kuti abhadhare kurasikirwa, zvichiwedzera kudzikisa mitengo, zvichivamanikidza kutora kurasikirwa kwakawanda, zvichiita kuti pave nemhirizhonga. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se "liquidation trap." Sezvo pasina munhu aive nechokwadi nezvehukuru hwekurasikirwa, mabhangi akatanga kuunganidza mari, izvo zvakaita kuti misika yechikwereti iome.
Mugore rapfuura, iyo Federal Reserve neDhipatimendi rePfuma yakatora matanho akawedzera - kudzikisira mubereko, kupinza mari mubhangi, zvichibvumira mabhanga ekudyara kukwereta mari achiisa zvibatiso zvakaderera sechibatiso. Izvi zvakaenderera mberi nekupa mari yekutora, seFed ichipa $29 bhiriyoni kiredhiti mutsara kuti JP Morgan atore Bear Stearns munaKurume. Zvadaro zvakapa nyika Fannie Mae naFreddie Mac; izvi zvakateverwa nemubatanidzwa wekutora AIG, wakaitwa mukati nekubhejera kwayo nechikwereti default swaps. Pakupedzisira, mabhangi eWall Street ane mukurumbira akanyangarika mukati memavhiki maviri-akashaya mari, akawana, kana kushandurwa kuita makambani ane mabhangi seCitigroup.
Asi utachiona hwacho hahusati hwavapo. Kana chirongwa chekubhadhara mari chinogona kubudirira zvine mubvunzo. Vazhinji vanokahadzika pamusoro pekuti mari yechibatiso ichatodzorera chivimbo—nechikwereti—kubhanga here. Sezvakataurwa neReuters munguva pfupi yapfuura, "Kusava nechokwadi kunoramba kuri pamusoro pekuti [chirongwa chekubhadhara mari] chaigona sei kunyungudutsa mari nemusika wechikwereti." Kunyangwe kubhadhariswa kwebhangi kuchimutsidzira chikamu chebhanga, vashoma vezvehupfumi vanofunga kuti ichakurumidza kutanga muchina wechikwereti. Kune rimwe, rakawandisa, mabhangi akavharirwa mari acharasa nechido zvibatiso zvisingakoshi kune vateresi vachichinjana nemari kuti vawedzere mari yavo. Uyezve, nemaawa ekushanda uye mibairo iri kudzikira uye kushaikwa kwemabasa, kuvharwa kwedzimba, uye kukwira kwemitengo, mabhanga haasati ari muchimiro chekupa vatengi chikwereti chakawanda, saka kushandiswa - uye nekudaro hupfumi - huchaenderera mberi nechibvumirano.
Kune dzimwe dzakawanda, sarudzo dziri nani dzaive dzakarongwa: kunzvenga zvibatiso zvine chepfu uye kutenga masheya akaenzana mumabhanga ari kunetsa, kurongazve indasitiri, kutumira zvikwata zvevaongorori vehurumende kuti vasarudze kukosha chaiko kwemakambani emari uye izvo zvinofanirwa. kurarama uye kufa, kugadzira Sangano reChikwereti cheVaridzi veKumba kuti ribvumire hurumende kutenga zvikwereti zvemba zviri kunetsa zvakananga, zvichibvumira hurumende dzenzvimbo kuti dzitore dzimba dzakavharirwa uye dziite dzimba dzerubatsiro kuti dzideredze kusiiwa (izvo zvinogadzira nharaunda dzezvipoko, zvichidzikisira mutengo wezvichiri- Dzimba dzakagarwa), chirongwa chemabasa eruzhinji, kumwe kudyara kwesimba, uye "Green New Deal." Asi iyi mibvunzo yezvematongerwo enyika inotsamira pakuronga uye masimba ezvematongerwo enyika kutaura, kupa mutemo, mari, uye kusimbisa. Ndizvo zvicharatidza kana paine 21st-century New Deal kana mhosva huru yemari munhoroondo yenyika.